Paper Materials for Furniture: A Design Review

International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 68- 81 || June 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 68
 Paper Materials for Furniture: A Design Review
1
Wan Nurazri Wan Bukhari , 2
Mohd Hisham Omar
Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Gong Badak, 21300
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Gong Badak, 21300
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
This paper discusses the paper waste can be the alternative materials for furniture to replace the wood and
metal materials. Furniture is an important product that occupies indoor and outdoor spaces that used for
sitting, lying, storing, eating, sleeping and working. Paper waste in landfills has the higher amount of waste
compared to other waste such as plastics, glass, metals and food waste. Besides, the recycling process is the
best way to overcome the major environmental issues such as the pollution, deforestation, pervasive logging,
landfill waste, dangerous greenhouse gases and global warming. So, the human must play their roles in
recycling activities, process, and campaign. The advantages of the paper materials for furniture such as easy to
handle, cost saving, lightweight, strong, and stiff. The waste materials had been applied in construction
activities already been proven so that it can be the alternative materials to reduce the cost and usage of raw
materials. The futuristic design of paper materials furniture is the best approach to satisfy the customer’s
requirements and the new successor in furniture industries by using Product Development Process (PDP). The
paper waste materials into furniture products is a part of the innovation and Green Technology approach.
Keywords - Design and shape, Furniture, Futuristic, Green Technology, Paper materials, Problem-solving
method.
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Date of Submission: Date, 08 June 2018 Date of Publication: 06 July 2018
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I. INTRODUCTION
The furniture is a group of products that provide many types of furniture such as tables, sofas, chairs,
stools, cupboards, cabinets, wardrobes, panels, shelves, desks and beds that were used for outdoor and indoor
surroundings environment and usable for storage, work, eating, and sitting, sleeping and relaxing and it can be
individually, sets or suites form of furniture [1], [2]. There is two group of furniture characteristics such as the
indoor furniture and outdoor furniture. The indoor furniture is mainly used inside the building while the outdoor
furniture or known as the patio furniture that mainly used outside the building which does not have the similar
function with the indoor furniture [1]. The main purpose of furniture as the communication tools for the
people‟s connection as well as bring peace, welcome, complete and live comfortably in their own homes that
enhancing the human‟s daily life [3], [4], [5], [94]. Secondly, the furniture serves as the functional figure but it
also provides and creates a better connection and link with each other in the particular surrounding spaces and
adding the experience of the aesthetical value for enhancing and improving human‟s daily lives [5]. In the year
of 2000, the furniture industries had been rose as the largest sector of low-tech manufacturing that concluded the
huge success and prospects of developing the economics that encourages to increase furniture sectors [6]. There
are different furniture types such as type–furniture, type–needs and human–limb objects which are for the quest
of the ideal and accomplish the form of furniture that been indicated the aspect of shapes is the crucial and
essential part on designing the furniture product [7].
II. PAPER MATERIALS
Paper materials were used daily in human activities for writing, drawing, printing and wrapping paper for a gift
which is manufactured from wood pulp into a sheet of paper and also can be recycled into the new bundle of
paper [8], [46]. The human is the most responsible people to manage and participating the recycling process [9].
Then, it is the best ways to recycle makes the resources go further to use for next generation, reduce concerning
environmental problems and then avoid the waste to be ended up in the landfill sites [9], [10], [14]. Plus, these
paper materials can be as the new alternative of materials for furniture industries and companies to replace the
wood material in order to save the forest from pervasive logging that can cause deforestation, soil degradation
and damage of animal‟s habitat, waste in the landfills, global warming and changes of climate which is the
major environmental problem to the earth‟s environment.

Paper Materials for Furniture: A Design Review
Figure 1 shows the percentages of different materials that were used in the furniture production in the Europe
nation that clearly shows that the wood materials has the higher value of percentage which is the most common
materials used for furniture sectors [1]. So, it was stated that the wood materials are the most used and common
materials that were usually used for furniture manufacturing in furniture industries and companies along with
neither traditional nor modern concept as the common design concept [1]. Therefore, the waste paper materials
such as cardboard, papers, and newspapers can be the new materials for furniture as the alternatives materials to
replace the wood materials in order to save the major environmental issues such as pollution, dangerous
greenhouse gases, deforestation, global warming, unorganized waste in the landfills and pervasive logging. In
addition, the waste materials recycle into the new products is a part of the Green Technology approach. Besides
that, the recycling process also can give the enormous chances for people to seek for the jobs and then also
create better soft skills among the human [11], [12].
Figure 1: The percentages of materials used in furniture production in Europe nation [1].
Figure 2 shows the pie chart of the percentages of the waste materials in the landfills in the United States [10]. It
had been concluded that the paper and paperboard waste has the higher number of percentages compared with
other waste materials which it can be recycled to form a product as well as to produce a new paper. Equally
important, the recycling process of waste paper materials was using about 60% less energy than the new paper
that had been manufactured from the virgin timber [14]. Therefore, the human is the most responsible person to
conduct the recycling process because it is the best way to reduce and minimize the major environmental issue
as well as to avoid nature pollution [9], [10]. The leftover paper waste in the landfill will create methane, carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons are the major production of the dangerous greenhouse gas with global
warming that more powerful than carbon dioxide and bad cause which is the increasing heat temperature that
harms the earth, humans and animals [14], [10], [9], [46]. That is why the paper waste materials as raw materials
can be transformed and formed into the newer furniture product is a part of the recycling and innovation process
towards the reduction of waste disposal, dangerous gases in the landfills and then saving and preserve the forest
from excessive deforestation which is the major problem for global warming, climate changes, soil degradation
and damage of animal‟s habitat [9], [10]. But, remember that not all types of papers in the landfills can be
recycled into new products of paper. For example, used boxes of pizzas and paper plates that still contain the
food waste cannot be clean-out properly during recycling processing are not eligible and compatible to make
into the new production of paper products [10].
So, recycling paper waste materials into the furniture are the best and new alternatives to replace the wood and
metal materials, thus the furniture industry also can form a new product with environmentally-friendly and
Green Technology of the furniture products. The usage of material with the waste material can help to cut the
cost of finding the material that is similar to the selected materials. Furthermore, the development of furniture
that made of all of the waste paper materials will help in terms of sustainable recycling which is quicker and
effective technologies rather than sustainable forestry that takes a long period of time to wait for the
reforestation in the next new production of papers [8]. The production of the environmentally-friendly products
is very important because it had already been proven that increasing demand of raw materials because the
resources are very limited but endlessness, infinite and uncounted of human needs [15]. There are several
communities such as knowledgeable and higher educational individual that really willing to buy on the greenery
and eco-friendly products but still, the females had more feeling concerned on being a responsible and alert
person on the environmental problems than the males [12]. Further, the „Reduce, Reuse and Recycle‟ is the most
common slogan that been applied occasionally in the recycling campaign around the world [9]. Therefore, the
paper waste materials can be the new raw materials that can replace the raw natural materials in furniture
manufacturing.

Figure 2: The pie chart of waste materials in the US landfill sites [10].
Figure 3 shows another percentage of recyclable waste composition that clearly shown that the percentages of
paper and corrugated cardboard with 17.5 % percent comes in second place after the food scraps majority takes
the first place with 54.59 % percent [16]. But surprisingly, the waste of the foods and green leaves is much
quicker materials that had been degraded in the landfills sites [9]. Then, the paper and corrugated cardboard are
classified as important waste materials that suitable and essential for recycling process that can solve the
excessive waste in the landfills. In addition, the recycling approach would be beneficial for extending the life of
the landfills and greatly contributed to reduce and minimize the volume of waste and pollution [16]. Similarly,
the materials that can be classified as the recyclable organic waste such as the cardboard, paperboard, and paper
[16]. In terms of saving the natural materials and solve problems of environmental issues, the production of
cardboard and paperboard as a good example of recycling process that can be followed where it is commonly
used waste paper, cardboard and also waste wood that can be the best advantages for the future generations [17].
Figure 3: Percentage of recyclable waste composition [16].
Based on Figure 2 and 3 as shown above, the material of waste paper that been thrown away or left out to the
landfill sites can be prevented by the two best methods that can solve the environmental problems by recycling
again and again into the bundle of new paper or recycling into something useful and innovative things such as
customs furniture by using paper waste materials. Therefore, the waste paper materials can be the new materials
in furniture manufacturing that can solve the major environmental issues such as the pollution, deforestation,
pervasive logging, landfill waste, dangerous greenhouse gases and global warming. In addition, the paper
materials as the alternative materials to replace the wood and metal materials that already so common materials
for the furniture manufacturing and then design into the newer, modern, simple and futuristic design to satisfy
the consumer‟s needs and requirements by using the Product Development Process (PDP) of the engineering
design process. So, the newer, minimalist and futuristic design by using paper materials can be done as to
achieve the customer‟s satisfaction in the market by saving the earth‟s environment from major environmental
issues as well as to recreate and redesign the existing design into modern and futuristic furniture design. The
towering demands and expectations from the consumers had needed to fulfill the high satisfaction in the variety
of furniture design in terms of innovation approach, latest and newer design of furniture [86], [89]. In addition,
the new technologies had helped the furniture designers to think further to the future as to satisfy the customer‟s
needs and requirements. The customs furniture is more encourages as to be more innovative and newer design to
compare to existing product furniture. In addition, furniture industries and companies must grab this opportunity

to put the main priority by using environmentally friendly materials to replace common materials of furniture
such as wood and metal materials. Therefore, the recyclable materials that can be recycled can be used again
and again and then been selected as the main materials for furniture designing and manufacturing which can
avoid and minimize harm to the earth‟s nature and human‟s health. Thus, lessen the impact of the environmental
issues if the usage of the waste materials increased [90].
Figure 4 below shows the design of the chair furniture by using the magazine and newspaper of waste paper
materials respectively which were commonly rare in the market. From Figure 2. (a), a Frenchman designer,
Oscar Lhermitte had designed the chair which was made from the waste bundle of newspapers that been
discarded, unused, and leftover papers with the purpose to create furniture without using other materials to stick
and combine together such as glue adhesives, nails or screws [18]. Figure 2 (b) shows the bundles of the
newspapers that had been tightly rolled and then tied together to form a rounded-shaped chair of the furniture
that had been designed by David Stovell [19]. The newspapers that been left outside and then produced the
newspapers stool that shows an outstanding sustainable and durable seating feature. Therefore, Figure 2 (a) and
(b) are the chair furniture that was made from the paper materials that had been left out or never been used to
read again that ready to be recycled but form into usable, unique and durable furniture products that can be used
again as creative and innovative ideas. Based on Figure 4, there is no nailing or screwing required on both
furniture products which is a good advantage for furniture designing by using the waste paper materials [20].
Based on Figure 4, it can be concluded that that the paper materials are suitable and capable to make furniture
products which is very eco-friendly approach and it also has the same functionality to the present wood-based
furniture in the market plus with good strength, stability and durability.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) The newspaper of paper materials were made into chair of the paper furniture [18] (b) The
newspaper of paper materials was made into the stool of paper furniture [19].
Figure 5 below shows another example product which was made from the paper materials that transformed into
functional and valuable furniture was designed by Jens Praet, a Belgian designer where the shredded furniture
was made by using shredded pieces of unused documents, used full-scrap A4 paper and leftover magazines [21].
It is such an innovative and creative ideas by the use of waste materials in furniture design and industries.
Basically, the pieces of the shredded paper were found in the office or indoor buildings that have the shredding
machine [21]. The adhesives that were used for shredded furniture manufacturing as shown in Figure 4 above is
fiberglass resin adhesives. Besides, the advantages of the fiberglass resin that were used for shredded furniture
in Figure 4 are low cost, strong, durable, water-resistant, light and suitable usage for outdoor furniture that can
be placed outdoors in all conditions of weather [22]. But, there are some disadvantages which are the usage of
resin can cause the furniture a bit heavy since the fiberglass resin have a lightweight characteristic. Besides, the
huge amounts of waste paper that were produced in the office can transform and recycle into the new forms of
objects and then return back to living or working surrounding area as good functional items [21]. Both Figure 2
and 3 respectively had shown that the paper waste materials are very suitable to use as the new materials to
design and produce the eco-friendly furniture product for the sake of earth‟s environment and nature and solve
the environmental problems. In the same way, environmentally-friendly materials are also can be preferred as
the eco-friendly materials [13]. Secondly, the waste that been used again can be known as the eco-materials that
can contribute to help to minimize and reduce the environmental problems and issues, burden and impacts along
with enhancing the competence of the energy and materials used as well as the recycling activities [13]. The
material selection for the future ahead such as the full-scrap A4 paper that basically been used in the offices or
schools, cardboard boxes in shops or supermarkets store and newspapers that had been read and no longer been
used is now ready to be combined as the new combination of materials that also can be classified as the
compound-like materials and then it can form the good strength and durability paper-based furniture products.

In term of recycling process for environmentally friendly products, many studies had concluded that the
recyclable materials or renewable resources may even cost a bit high than the raw and natural resources
materials, but still the customers can feel appreciate and grateful for the recycling process and willing to buy a
products that are environmentally friendly with the purpose to protect and preserve the nature and environments
of the earth [12].
Figure 5: The bench of shredded furniture [21].
Figure 6 below shows the example of the shapes and design that can be produced, recreate and redesign by
using paper materials respectively. Figure 4. (a) was implied that the design with the combination of retro and
futuristic style [23]. These combinations of table and chair set in Figure 4. (b) were clearly such a very state-of-
art futuristic design with smooth forms have the functional moves that be unseen from sight. In term of
structure, the rounded, curved and reinforced surface forms are definitely strong and flexible enough to provide
more comfortability [24]. Therefore, it is a unique and vintage inspiration that basically transform into the
futuristic design that definitely satisfies the customer‟s expectations, needs, and requirements in the market
along with the proper engineering design approach. But there are the differences between present and futuristic
design which is the present furniture neither in wood or paper materials has a large number of components and
parts while the futuristic furniture is already solved the current design problem by minimizing the joints as well
as the components and parts which is simplified the design of the current furniture these days by using the
engineering design process of Product Development Process (PDP). In the futuristic and modern design, the
color plays a good role on the attractiveness on the customer‟s expectations and desires to have a newer design
of futuristic furniture to replace the present product of furniture in an indoor neither outdoor environment [25].
(a) (b)
Figure 6. (a) Table of the Retro Futuristic Furniture [23] (b) The Futuristic Furniture: Ultramodern Desk &
Chair Design Set [24].
III. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER MATERIALS
Table 1 below shows the types of paper materials that were usually can be found anywhere and anytime such as
the industries sources, supermarkets, stores, recycling waste center, offices, and households. In addition, this
three paper materials will be the new materials combine together in the sandwich arrangement as the alternatives
materials for furniture designing and manufacturing.

Table 1. The types of paper materials
Types of
papers
Advantages Disadvantages References
Cardboard
boxes
Low cost
Recyclable
Environmentally-friendly
Lightweight
Stiff and strong
Good product protection
Can be customized and
easy to be handle or
assemble without heavy
machine
Flexible in designing
process
New and trendy furniture
can be made by these
materials
Sensitive to moisture
and atmospheric
conditions
[17], [26], [27], [28], [29],
[30], [31], [20], [32], [33],
[34], [35], [36].
[37], [26], [38], [27], [28],
[29], [30], [31], [39], [20],
[33], [34], [35], [40].
[26], [27], [39], [33], [41].
[17], [37], [38], [27], [28],
[29], [31], [20], [36].
[37], [38], [31], [20], [34],
[36], [41].
[26], [38], [27], [33].
[37], [20], [33].
[20]
[20]
[37], [42], [28], [32], [43],
[33], [44], [45].
Paper(Full-
scrap)
Used for drawing,
printing, writing,
wrapping decorating and
packaging.
Low cost
Environmentally-friendly
[46], [34].
[32], [47], [36], [48].
[49], [36].

Lightweight
Recyclable
and atmospheric
conditions
Non-durable
[49], [50], [36].
[51], [47], [48].
[28], [32], [33], [45], [46].
[53]
Newspaper Recyclable
Lightweight
Eco-friendly
Cheap
and atmospheric
conditions
Non-durable
Skipping page of
newspaper during
reading that wasting
the materials
Cause negative effect
on human in terms of
bad weather
[52], [91], [92]
[52], [93]
[52]
[52]
[28], [33], [46].
[53]
[54]
[55]
Still, there are 3 major areas that needed to be considered in term of recyclable materials such as compatibility
and capability with other materials, economic aspects and material properties [56]. Based on Table 1, the
strongest paper materials that were usually used for furniture designing nowadays are cardboard and paperboard
because it can gain more potential and favored with the more environmentally-friendly approach [20].
Generally, the double layer cardboard had the highest values of strength and toughness compared to the single
layer cardboard [57]. Therefore, the double layer cardboard is highly recommended for furniture designing and
manufacturing. The major advantages of paper materials in term of designing and manufacturing which is so
easy to form to the proposed design and flexible to design and create in any variety of shapes, sizes and design
but sometimes the paper materials do not need for screwing and nailing with the tools to join the parts or
assembly parts of the furniture but needed for metal and wood furniture [58], [20]. Furthermore, there is no need
to hire the trained and professional workers to assemble the furniture and it also can be assembled by any person
in anywhere and anytime. In addition, the cardboard of the paper materials can be better and enhanced materials
than the simple thick paper layer that was usually used for making packaging or boxes with the help of the
advanced technology [58]. But, there is a weakness of paper materials where the paper had displayed the
irregular properties in both below and then beyond the limit of the elastic properties and lastly end up to the
failure state in terms of mechanical tensile [59]. To overcome the disadvantages of these paper materials as
shown in Table 1, the plastic materials are the suitable materials that have the water-resistant properties.

The plastic materials that can help to contribute further the value of the waste plastic which is very eco-friendly
materials [60]. Besides, the plastic materials will remain in the land in many several years because the waste that
never can be degraded and it is non-biodegradable in earth‟s nature [61], [62], [11]. The plastic materials are
significantly cheap and lighter in weight [63], [60]. The economic alternatives of plastic materials are can be
used as the furniture coatings all over the furniture surfaces that can prevent from getting wet and acts as the
water-resistant product for designing the new recyclable paper furniture. By these alternatives, the paper
materials can enhance its negativity and disadvantages into advantages characteristic of paper materials combine
with plastic materials. The plastic materials as the economic materials because of its long-lasting, durable,
versatile, and low maintenance characteristic [11], [63]. The selection for the furniture material in term of
designing, manufacturing and producing the furniture products also is a very important aspect because the
selected material that had been chosen is a must and can be classified as the non-harm material for the
environment and human [15]. The contribution of the paper materials into the new furniture products can open a
new breakthrough and opportunities as well as enhances the chances for sustainable development in term of
economic growth and society in the several countries [13]. By these contributions, it also benefits human on
saving and preserving the earth‟s natural environment and also can solve the environmental problems.
The mixture of paper materials such as new paper, paper waste, cardboard box as well as junk material with
additional adhesives of glue solution will help to strengthen the whole combination to turn the mixture like
Paper-Mache solution form that can transform into the desired shapes solid paper as tough, strong and durable to
make the mixture into the construction material of the futuristic furniture. In addition, these mixtures of the
combination will definitely strengthen the structure and properties of the furniture product. The advantages of
PVA glue adhesives such as versatile glue adhesive and dries very clear after drying process completed [64].
One study had found out that the woodworkers that specialize in wood carpentry industries and manufacturing
seem very relieved that the Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) glue adhesives were performed in carpentry work very
competently [65]. Therefore, these PVA glue adhesives are considered as the best value of the glue adhesives
that been proven by the woodworkers. The PVA glue adhesives also very easy to handle because it was
classified as the cold adhesives and it also can be dissolved in water or liquid to form the water-based glue
adhesives solution [66]. In addition, the general purpose of the PVA glue adhesives is for the bonding of
assembly work and joining where it is a very good strength of bonding and shorter time to clamp together [67].
Furthermore, there is a glue adhesive that similar to the PVA glue adhesives which are the cornstarch glue
adhesives. The low cost, non-toxic, pure resources, and biodegradable are several advantages of cornstarch glue
adhesives [68].
In the construction activities, the studies had shown that the waste materials are very suitable and it can be also
carried out various construction works in the construction of roads, bridges, buildings and engineering works of
civil as the alternative materials for construction of buildings [69], [56]. The recycling of waste materials into
the construction materials will enhancing the accomplishment and success on recycling approach that been
established by law and principle that produces a positive outcome and then it will significantly reduce the
amount of disposal in landfills, environmental pollution and dangerous greenhouse gases [70], [69], [11]. And
then, the buildings that mainly used the „green‟ or environmentally friendly materials nowadays are genuinely
more popular and widely used in the construction industries and then these materials were non-toxic, safe to use
or reuse and made from the recyclable or renewable resources that are proven capable for construction industries
as our communities and societies were aware of the future consequences [71]. By these methods, it is more
efficient use to solve major environmental issues for construction activities. Moreover, the Paper-Mache
technique or „Papier-Mache‟ in the French language was the common technique that been used to the three-
dimension objects or 3D-objects which have the basic core of paper materials for designing the paper furniture
in the past time [72].
These alternatives of these paper materials into new furniture products can also be classified as the part of the
Green Technology approach. The Green Technology is the best way to preserve and protect the environment
earth from the human‟s greediness as the solution to avoid forest‟s damage and pollution [73]. The Green
technology also provides variety aspects of technology which help to reduce and minimize the human impact in
the environment and create several ways of sustainable development that also had similar purpose along with
recycling process. In addition, it will develop better greener scenery and sustainability of green life for our
future generations [74]. An effort had been made to do a futuristic furniture by using the waste materials such as
paper, paper cardboard and paperboard waste to form into the furniture is the best method and approach in
furniture industries and companies. Furthermore, sustainable and recycling products will definitely provide the
alternatives to the Green Technology products that ensure the longer life cycle of the material and the
environmental. The first strategies are trying to aim at saving the cost and improve the design and quality

characteristic in term of the ability to create and develop new design products. In addition, the Green
Technology is the best way towards preserving and protecting nature environment [75]. One of the main factors
for environmental issue pollution was the unorganized waste disposal, hence the answer to solve these problems
is Green Technology adoption where the human go beyond to „green‟ activities and not harm the planet earth
environmental [75]. The product from the Green Technology approach had its advantages where it can be
expected to attract consumers to see eco-friendly products in their house [75]. For further information, it is the
best way for the paper waste that ready to recycle but it had the enormous chances as the raw materials that
ready to be used in the technology development of the compound or composite materials approach [47]. “Going
green” is another way which is the best way for the business entrepreneur on helping to reduce and minimize the
waste in order to preserve and protect the environment of planet earth [73], [76]. For instance, the IKEA
companies were been attracted with the Brazilian consumers that demanding with the eco-friendly products
trend [77]. Therefore, these Green Technology approach will lead to less usage of raw natural resources as well
minimizing the environmental problems [73].
The furniture designers must study, understand, discuss, learn and observe the past, present, and future as to
determine the best design to replace the existing design of the furniture [78], [7]. So, knowledge is needed to
design the new designs and shapes of the furniture products. The customer‟s expectation needed to be
considered and more alert in the modern world nowadays as well as the furniture designers must have a high
imagination in order to create the new design of furniture. Therefore, the design of a product must achieve the
market trend in term of the time moving ahead to move further the progress of the advanced technology process
[79]. The awareness and encouragement from the designers and consumers that brought the changes in the
design world as the requirements and expectation of the new design and shape are in a needed situation in order
to achieve the advanced world. Product development process is a part of the innovation process [80]. The
innovation can be defined as to develop and bring the different and newer products and use of new materials or
components in manufacturing process to the consumer that want the changes from the previous products which
is something new to the market business and counted as a product which is „first of its kind‟ [81]. Newer and
latest product produced from possibilities of new technologies and materials that are currently increasing in
production lines in the furniture industries. In order to solve economic, social, and concerning environmental
problems, the introduction of technology is the solution to solve in all life aspects [79]. Futuristic is indeed an
innovation and design movement that must be designed with time ahead with advanced technology and then
come up with the better quality and design of the furniture products. Interior design particularly had already
changed for the time to time for one simple reason thus the life is changing rapidly, requirements and needs also
had changed and lastly, development and optimizations are in a continuous form [82]. Hence the furniture
designers must have the environmentally-friendly thinking to explore and produce the new materials in
designing work and process [58].
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a systematic and development activities approach that applied to satisfy
and improve the customer‟s requirements and needs that will be transformed into House of Quality (HOQ)
method [83]. In term of shape, pattern, color, functionality and materials used, the House of Quality (HOQ) is
the key part of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) that used to enhance the profit and success with
customer‟s satisfaction and produce new products [84], [85]. It helps to help go through the design process flow
by focusing on the customer‟s voice which is the main priority. The customers can describe in words on what
the product or service will be prepared by identifying the customer needs for their own benefits [84]. The
approach of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ) had concluded that the huge
impact of increasing satisfaction of customer requirement between existing and newer design [85]. Hundreds of
companies in the US were already assigned to these process development techniques that helped in engineering
design process flow [84]. The survey questionnaire, research reading, observations, previous studies or designs,
customer-based techniques, creativity techniques and unrecognized projects is the first medium to start with
several originality ideas from the designers in the product development process of engineering design
development [86]. But there are the differences between present and futuristic design which is the present
furniture neither in wood or paper materials has a large number of components and parts while the futuristic
furniture is already solved the current design problem by minimizing the joints as well as the components and
parts which is simplified the design of the current furniture these days with the engineering process of Product
Development Process (PDP). The concern of the consumers is the main priority of the product innovations that
can be achieved through the consumer‟s view. Approach to the problem solving is very important to identify the
current problems of environmental issues in order to redesign into the new futuristic and modern design of
furniture by using waste materials with full satisfaction of consumers. So, the Product Development Process
(PDP) is the best problem-solving approach on engineering design aspects to recreate and redesign the existing
furniture into the futuristic design with the additional potential materials of paper waste materials to replace the

wood materials. The House of Quality (HOQ) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique as one
important design process to achieve and provide the customer‟s satisfaction by producing the new product using
the product development process activities [85]. Plus, both House of Quality (HOQ) and Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) had helped to provide the engineering process flow by designing according to consumer‟s
voice and improve further the quality of design.
Human‟s needs are the main key needed to be achieved and fulfill because of the best the environment of the
classroom, offices or home residential, the more comfortable in improving the productivity and performances of
the works and activities. In term of the new design of the futuristic design, it is a must in order to satisfy the
consumers as to improve the surroundings of the indoor and outdoor environment that can help to motivate the
human to achieve a new lifestyle [87]. The studies had shown that productivity and attitude had been improved
due to the better work environment and improved arrangement of office design that boosted the worker‟s
performances [87], [88]. The employees had motivated with improving their performances and productivity by
the comfort and ergonomic features of furniture [87]. The futuristic design will encourage human to be more
productive, comfortable and positive attitude. Besides, modern furniture nowadays is totally focusing on
targeting the person or individuals that who are very interested in a newer, simplicity, minimalist, innovative
design along with advanced technologies to enhance and create a peaceful, comfortable, better and modern
environment atmosphere [89]. Still, the newer and futuristic design needed with the proper design guidelines in
term of engineering design process that to ensure and enhance the possibility and advantages on producing the
lighter and cheaper than the wood-based furniture where the materials used such as the paper waste materials are
easy to be collected anywhere and anytime. The color can provide as the communication tools to the consumers
as to link people through the packages, products, brochures, advertisements and environmental of the store as
well as the variety and forms of the marketing process [25]. Color is definitely the main attractiveness and
attention to the consumer as to appear more attractive, appealing and interesting to view the furniture products.
The various colors in the furniture to make it more active, lively and appealing design and improve quality of
the furniture products.
IV. CONCLUSION
The paper waste materials are very capable of furniture making because it can solve the major
environmental issues such as the pollution, deforestation, pervasive logging, landfill waste, dangerous
greenhouse gases and global warming. The waste paper had the highest amount of the waste in the landfills.
Therefore the best way to overcome the environmental problem by recycling into the new production of paper
and used for making furniture that is environmentally-friendly and part of the Green Technology approach.
Besides, the paper waste materials have a great potential to succeed in the future with adapting the materials that
can have a long-term usage. It is very beneficial for the waste to be reused as the alternative materials for paper
materials to turn into usable and eco-friendly furniture that can solve the environmental problem in the landfills.
And then, the waste paper materials which is the recyclable paper to furniture products can be the new
innovation process. These alternatives of waste paper materials into furniture that have newer, simple and
modern design can ensure that the consumer will definitely like these innovative, sustainable, and eco-friendly
ideas that can help the raw materials can be kept longer in the period of times. In terms of design and shapes,
these paper materials also can produce the newer, modern, simple and futuristic design and shape because of its
advantages such as flexible to design in any variety shapes and design form, lightweight, inexpensive materials
and very durable. Therefore, the new design of the furniture definitely will lead the consumer to achieve the
consumer‟s needs and requirements for the lifestyle of their own houses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my colleagues, lecturers and supervisor, Dr Mohd. Hisham Omar in UniSZA for his
support and guidance on the publication on this paper.
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Biographies and Photographs
Wan Nurazri bin Wan Bukhari is the full name of the author that currently the bachelor degree holder in
Mechanical Engineering in Design and Innovation at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). The
secondary school that he attended is at Sekolah Menengah Teknik Terengganu (SMTT) in the Mechanical
Engineering field class. Then, he also went to the Pahang Technical Matriculation College (KMTPh) also to
pursue in Mechanical Engineering classes. He had a work experience at Jabatan Kerja Raya Cawangan
Mekanikal Negeri Terengganu (JKRCMNT) as a trainee. In 2016, he was participated in the International
Postgraduate Research Conference (IPRC 2016) as the paper presenter. The research on paper waste materials
into futuristic paper furniture had been discovered by the author‟s interest in the world of papercraft making.

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