In this study, the researcher evaluated the challenges of e-governance implementation in Nigerian aviation industry, using Dana Airline. The objectives of the study are; to examine the factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in the selected airline in aviation industry in Nigeria; and to examine if the factors identified in the implementation of egovernance have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. Recorded population of the study is 850, and the study used Yaro Yamane formula at 95% confidence level to obtain a sample size of 272. Cronbach alpha was employed to obtain a reliability instrument that yielded an index coefficient of 0.843, which made the instrument reliable. In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor that hinders the implementation of egovernance in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that without proper ICT infrastructure, it is impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation industry in a developing country like Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the users of the e-governance system, it is impossible to set up an effective e-governance system. Non-acceptability of IT systems, Low financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access, Lack of training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study also concluded that the factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is paramount to have a proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should take appropriate steps to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing seminar meeting and other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.

1. THE CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNANCE IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIAN
AVIATION INDUSTRY
BY
ELEBERI EBELE LETICIA
Department of Computer Science
Imo State University, PMB 2000, Owerri Nigeria
E-mail: ebyfav2001@yahoo.com
And
EKWOWUNNE EMMANUEL
Department of Computer Science
Imo State University, PMB 2000, Owerri Nigeria
ABSTRACT
In this study, the researcher evaluated the challenges of e-governance implementation in
Nigerian aviation industry, using Dana Airline. The objectives of the study are; to examine the
factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in the selected airline in
aviation industry in Nigeria; and to examine if the factors identified in the implementation of e-
governance have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry
in Nigeria. Recorded population of the study is 850, and the study used Yaro Yamane formula
at 95% confidence level to obtain a sample size of 272. Cronbach alpha was employed to obtain
a reliability instrument that yielded an index coefficient of 0.843, which made the instrument
reliable. In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were
analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were
answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The
hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, it was
concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor that hinders the implementation of e-
governance in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that without proper ICT infrastructure, it is
impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation industry in a developing country like
Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the users of the e-governance system, it is
impossible to set up an effective e-governance system. Non-acceptability of IT systems, Low
financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access, Lack of
training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that hinder the effective implementation of
e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study also concluded that the
factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected
the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study therefore
recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is paramount to have a
proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should take appropriate steps
to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing seminar meeting and
other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.
Keywords: Aviation Industry, E-governance, Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT), Nigeria
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
45 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

2. Introduction
It is obvious that as Information technology is going, one day every organization will fully
embrace information system of its own. Informatics is the science of information, and it studies
the processing, representation, and communication of information technology in natural and
artificial systems (Fourman, 2002).
A vast area of science with having information system as well as technology is known as
Informatics. However, the present study focuses on e-governance which is closely connected to a
great extent with the discipline of informatics. E-governance is a concept that is highly accepted
by practitioners and scholars in the information and communication technology (ICT) domain. In
this study, the e-governance implementation challenges are those for which e-governance
application face obstacles or are deviated from reaching its expected target. Despite the fact that
e-governance has numerous benefits, its challenges are also numerous in its implementation,
especially in developing countries like Nigeria.
The Nigerian aviation industry has been frustrated with poor infrastructural facilities which
constitute as threat to the management of the sector. According to Dode (2007), this has affected
the performance of most airline industries in operation. It on record that most airline operators
have withdrawn their services from Nigeria considering the un-conducive business domain
encountered. Hence, if the challenges of e-governance implementation are identified and tackled,
e-governance implementation in Nigerian aviation industries could go a long way in increasing
revenue, promoting competitiveness and enhancing marketing in the public sectors. This study
focuses on e-governance implementation challenges in Nigerian aviation industries, but the
implementation has two ends; the two ends are the government (provider) and the staff
(receivers). For the sake of this study, only the receivers (staff) of Nigerian aviation shall be
considered to examine the challenges the face.
Meaning of E-Governance
It is necessary to understand the term governance before proceeding to e-governance. The word
"governance" means the technique of decision-making and the approach by which decisions are
executed (or not executed). The phrase “governance” can be employed in many circumstances
like corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance.
Governance can be seen as the compound techniques, processes, associations and institutions by
which citizens and categories articulate their interests, exercise their rights and responsibilities
and conciliate their disagreements (Olufemi, 2012)
It has been normally accepted that e-governance proffers enough future to enlarge the influence
of government pursuits for citizens, which implies that the meaning of e-governance is wholly
different and wide (Fang, 2002). The phrase e-governance simply means the application of
information technologies like the Internet, World Wide Web, and mobile computing by
government agencies that can change their association with citizens, businesses, various areas of
government, and other governments. These technologies assist to carry out government services
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
46 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

3. to citizens, enhance interactions with businesses and industries, and provide entrance to
information. The phrase e-governance can be explained as the application of emerging
information and communication technologies to ease the procedures of government and public
administration (Moon, 2002). E-governance according to Basu (2004) means the application by
government agencies, like the aviation industry, of information technologies that have the
capability to change relations with citizens, businesses and other arms of government.
Statement of problem
There are problems associated with e-governance implementation in aviation industries
especially in developing countries, such as psychological as well as technical. It is imperative to
accommodate good enough to the present-day situation of the e-governance application area to
prevent bad user reactions. User acceptance is one of the most important quality factors of an e-
governance. Implementing e-governance in developing countries like Nigeria is not rosy, as it
has taken the first step towards applying e-governance and is encountering difficulties and will
encounter challenges in future before achieving user acceptance. The aviation industry in
developing countries is left behind as it faces a lot of challenges in implantation of e-governance.
Hence, in this research, the main focus is to ascertain the challenges of e-governance
implementation in Nigerian aviation industry and make it user friendly.
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to evaluate the challenges of e-governance implementation in Nigerian
aviation industry, using Dana Airline, the specific objectives are
i. To examine the factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in
the selected airline in aviation industry in Nigeria
ii. To examine if the factors identified in the implementation of e-governance have
significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in
Nigeria
Related Literature Review
Abasilim and Edet (2015) carried out a research on E-Governance and its implementation
challenges in the Nigerian Public Service. In the study, the researchers said that E-governance is
an improved tool that is geared in regards to effective public service delivery that is postulated
on the expectation that the significant use of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT) technique in the day to day tasks of government will bring productive service delivery. It
was as a result of many confrontations that hinder the effectual application of e-governance in
Nigerian public service that led researcher to identifying some confrontations to e-governance
application in Nigerian public service. The study did not employ any strong statistical analysis,
as it was based on quality related study done by past researchers and inferences were drawn from
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
47 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

4. them, and the findings concluded that e-governance was the ultimate in encouraging
transparency and accountability in government business. The study further recommended that
government should be more committed to the application of e-governance, and also embarks on
sufficient enlightenment about e-governance.
Okeudo and Nwokoro (2015) worked on Enhancing Airlines Operations through ICT Integration
into Reservation Procedures: An Evaluation of Its Prospects in Nigeria. The study assessed the
impact of ICT enhanced reservation procedures on the performance of airline industries with an
intention that the information provided will guide airline operators and policy makers in their bid
to sustain productivity and maintain efficiency. The study adopted an exploratory framework to
evaluate the role of Airline Reservation System on the performance of airline companies with
offices located in Sam-Mbakwe International Cargo Airport Owerri, Imo state Nigeria as the
target populations. Two hypotheses were guided to achieve the objectives of the study, and the
findings of the study revealed that there is significant relationship between the use of airline
reservation system and the performance. Again there is correlation between the performance of
an airline (Return on Asset) and the use of the Airline Reservation system.
Binuyo et al (2016) embarked a Study of the Application of Information and Communications
Technology in Customer Relationship Management in Selected Airlines in Nigeria. The study
examined the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) practices employed in selected
airlines in the Nigerian Aviation industry. Again, the researchers conducted an enquiry on the
factors affecting the successful deployment of Information and Communications Technology
(ICT) for CRM and determined the effects of ICT on the performance of the industry. The study
was carried out in the Head Offices of the local airlines (Lagos state and the Federal Capital
Territory Abuja). The sampling technique employed was a multistage, which was used to choose
ten local airlines and ten travel agencies. A random sample of two hundred Airline passengers
was chosen for the study. The method of data collection was by Primary means via
questionnaire. The data collected were collated and analyzed using statistical techniques such as
descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the analysis revealed that the adoption of ICT
in airlines operations significantly reduced operational costs, improved service quality and
improved identification of high value customers; hence concluded that the effective deployment
of ICT assisted the Airlines in rendering better services to their passengers and ease an utmost
performance of their operations.
Having reviewed these past researches, this study shall focus on the challenges of e-governance
implementation Nigerian aviation industry.
Methodology
In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were analyzed
using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were
answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The
hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
48 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

5. Sample Size Determination and Questionnaire Distributed
Onyenakeya (2001) states that sample are the number of people drawn from a population large
and good enough to represent the entire population. A representative size is an essential
requirement of any research study. As a result, it is pertinent to apply a mathematical approach to
obtain such representative sample. However, the mathematical analysis on how the sample size
will be derived is shown using Yaro Yamane Formula.
n =
2)(1 eN
N
+
Where: n = sample size
N = population size
e = Allowable errors
There:
2)05.0(8501
850
+
=n
)0025.0(8501
850
+
=n
272
125.3
850
125.21
850
==
+
=n
Base on the calculation, the sample size is 272.
A total figure of two hundred and seventy two (272) was distributed in the selected airline (Dana
Airline) to the respondents (airline agencies and airline officials) using purposive sampling
technique. Out of the total figure distributed, two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were
retrieved, that is 91.9%, while twenty two (22) questionnaires were not retrieved, which is 8.1%.
Reliability of the Instrument
The reliability of the instrument was achieved through a one-shot method of trial testing using
thirty (30) respondents. The instruments were administered to the group and the scores were
collated. Their responses (scores) were analyzed using Cronbach alpha which yielded an index
coefficient of 0.843 via SPSS package as displayed in Table 1. The researcher therefore
considered the instrument suitable and adequate for the study.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
49 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

6. Table 1: SPSS output for the Reliability Test
Results and Discussion
Table 2: The following factors are the challenges that hinder the effective implementation of
e-governance in Nigerian aviation industry.
S/N Indicators X SD
1 Lack of ICT infrastructure 3.72 0.74
2 Non-acceptability of IT systems 3.53 0.72
3 Lack of awareness 3.54 0.70
4 Low financial capability 3.56 0.71
5 Lack of electricity 3.58 0.77
6 High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access 3.52 0.73
7 Lack of training facilities 3.57 0.72
8 Lack of planning 3.58 0.72
Cluster mean 3.58 0.73
Key: VLE= Very Large Extent (4 Points), LE = Large Extent (3 Points), LE=Low Extent (2
Points) and VLE =Very Low Extent (1 Point)
From Table 2, all the factors considered in this study obtained an approximate average value of
4.00 which implies that they are the factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-
governance in Nigerian aviation industry to a very large extent.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items
N of Items
.843 .846 8
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
50 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

7. Table 4: SPSS Output of factors identified in the implementation of e-governance on
Airline Performance
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
VAR00001 8 3.5750 .06279 .02220
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
VAR00001 161.033 7 .000 3.57500 3.5225 3.6275
From the SPSS output, the p-value (0.000) is less than 0.05, which implies that the
factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected
the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria.
Conclusion
Having conducted the analysis, it has been concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor
that hinders the implementation of e-governance in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that
without proper ICT infrastructure, it is impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation
industry in a developing country like Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the
users of the e-governance system, it is impossible to set up an effective e-governance system.
There should be adequate knowledge of the users of e-governance system and its services. Non-
acceptability of IT systems, Low financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-
reliability of Internet access, Lack of training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that
hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study
also concluded that the factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have
significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria.
The study therefore recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is
paramount to have a proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should
take appropriate steps to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing
seminar meeting and other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
51 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

8. References
Dode, R.O. (2007). Prospects of E-Government Implementation in Nigeria. 1st International
Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, Macao, China, pp. 380-
383, December 10-13.
Fourman, M. ( 2002). Informatics Research Report EDI-INF-RR-0139
Olufemi, F.J. (2012). Electronic Governance: Myth or Opportunity for Nigerian Public
Administration? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social
Sciences September 2012, Vol. 2, No. 9
Moon, M. J. (2002). “The Evolution of E-governance Among Municipalities: Rhetoric or
Reality?” Public Administration Review, 62(4).
Basu, S, (2004). “E-governance and Developing Countries: An Overview”, International Review
of Law Computers, 18(1)
Abasilim, U.D. and Edet, L.I. (2015). E-Governance and Its Implementation Challenges in the
Nigerian Public Service. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Administratio, Vol 7, No 1 (2015).
Fang, Z. (2002), E-government in Digital Era: Concept, Practice and Development. International
Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, Vol.10, No. 2.
Okeudo, J.N. and Nwokoro, I.A. (2015). Enhancing Airlines Operations through ICT Integration
into Reservation Procedures: An Evaluation of Its Prospects in Nigeria. British Journal of
Economics, Management & Trade 8(3): 190-199, 2015, Article no.BJEMT.2015.110
Binuyo, G.O., Olasupo, J.O., Ogunjemilua, E.M. (2016). A Study of the Application of
Information and Communications Technology in Customer Relationship Management in
Selected Airlines in Nigeria. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 –
8887) Volume 139 – No.1, April 2016
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
52 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500