Genetic Divergence in Greengram

Agricultural College, Bapatla
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding 1
ACHARYA N.G.RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BAPATLA
TOPIC : Genetic Divergence in Greengram
(Vigna radiata L.)
Submitted by
B.HIMABINDU
BAM-2020-017
M.Sc.(Ag.) 1st yr
Submitted to
Dr.T.SRINIVAS
Professor,
Head of the department,
Dept of Genetics and Plant Breeding

Common Name: Moongbean / Mungbean (Green gram)
Kingdom: Plantae
Group: Dicotyledonae
Order: Fabales
Family: Leguminosae
Genus: Vigna
Species: radiata
Chromosome no: 2n = 22,24
Origin: India
Botanical Name: Vigna radiata L.

Statistics:
 In India, the total area, production and productivity of greengram is 4.58
million hectares, 25.08 million tonnes and 548 kg/ha, respectively.
 In Andhra Pradesh, greengram is grown in an area of 1.07 lakh hectares with a
production of 0.86 lakh tonnes and productivity of 808 kg/ha (Indiastat, 2019-
20).
 The highest area and production in India is contributed by Rajasthan with
23.26 lakh hectares and 13.03 lakh tonnes respectively.

Source: GoI, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (2019-20)

Stem: Erect to sub-erect, highly branching and hairy
Leaf: compound, trifoliate,
Inflorescence: raceme
Flower: zygomorphic, complete, papilionaceous
Calyx: 5 Sepal , gamosepalous
Corolla: 5 Petal , divided into standard, wing and keel; aestivation vexillary.
Androecium: stamens 10 (9+1) diadelphous
Gynoecium: carpel one, style spirally twisted, ovary superior, placentation marginal.
Fruit: Pod with densely trichomed
Habit: cultivated annual herb
Root: Tap root system, the root contain nodule having the N2-fixing bacteria Rhizobium spp.
Kvk.icar.gov.i

Source:- Gopalan. et.al
(2004)
Nutritional benefits of Pulses

 Green gram is an excellent source of high quality protein (25%) having high digestibility. It
is consumed as whole grains as well as "Dal" in a variety of ways in our food. Sprouted
green gram is used in the preparation of curry or a savory dish (South India).
 It is supposed to be easily digestible and hence the patients prefer it. It is also a good source
of Riboflavin, Thiamine and Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid). When green gram is sprouted,
seeds synthesized remarkable quantity of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
 Green gram is also used as green manure crop. It being a leguminous crop has capacity to
fix the atmospheric nitrogen (30-40 kg N/ha). It also helps in preventing soil erosion.
Economic importance

Economic importance
 Being a short duration crop, it fits well in many intensive crop rotations.
 Green gram can be used as feed for cattle. After harvesting the pods, green plants are
uprooted or cut from the ground level and chopped into small pieces and fed to the cattle.
The husk of the seed can be soaked in water and used as cattle feed. It is self-pollinated
crop.
 In North India, it is cultivated in both Kharif and summer seasons and in South India, it is
cultivated in Rabi season (Abinaya et al., 2019).

Kumar et al. (2017)

Source: Commodities control.com

 The sum total of genetic differences present among different individuals, genotypes, strains,
clones, or populations of a species is called genetic diversity.
 Genetic diversity involves estimation of genetic similarity or dissimilarity between pairs of
entities and use of these estimates for grouping of entities.
 The importance of plant genetic diversity (PGD) is now being recognized as a specific area since
exploding population with urbanization and decreasing cultivable lands are the critical factors
contributing to food insecurity in developing world.
 Diversity in plant genetic resources (PGR) provides opportunity for plant breeders to develop
new and improved cultivars with desirable characteristics, which include both farmer-preferred
traits (yield potential and large seed, etc.) and breeders preferred traits (pest and disease
resistance and photosensitivity, etc.).

 It reveals the amount of genetic variation existing among the varieties of a crop.
 It facilitates identification of diverse lines that could be used for hybridisation to produce
either hybrid varieties or superior segregating populations to be subjected to selection.
 It helps to avoid the use of closely related germplasm lines in hybridisation programmes
since this would narrow down the genetic base of the derived varieties.
 It may help in the introgression of desirable genes or alleles from the diverse germplasm
into the elite germplasm of a crop.

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERGENCE
The variability present in breeding populations can be assessed in four different ways, viz
(i) using simple measures of variability,
(ii) by variance component analysis,
(iii) by Metroglyph analysis, and
(iv) by D² statistics.

CASE STUDY: 1
Ajay et al. (2012)

 The present investigations were conducted at Department of Crop science, Mahatma
Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) during Kharif
season.
 The experimental material comprised of 30 genotypes.
 The Experiment was conducted to evaluate the thirty genotypes/varieties under normal soil
and rain fed condition.
 The experiment was laid out fallowing Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three
replications.
 Each treatment was grown in 3m long single row plot spaced 45cm apart.
MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study of genetic divergence of 30 mungbean germplasm for twelve quantitative characters was
done through Mahalanobis’s D² statistics as described by (Rao, 1952).
Table 1:Distribution of 30 mungbean germplasm in different clusters

 The inter-cluster distances were greater than intracluster distances, revealing that considerable
amount of genetic diversity existed among the genotypes studied.
 Cluster I showed maximum intra-cluster distances (149.11), inter-cluster distance is the main
criterion for selection of genotypes using D² analysis.
 The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between IX and III (1190.48) followed by
Cluster IX and V (895.34) which indicated that these clusters were most diverse.
 The minimum inter-cluster values was between cluster X and VII (103.15) followed by
Cluster II and VII (170.26) which indicated that these group were less diverse.

Table 2: Intra and inter cluster distances of 14 clusters

Table 3: Cluster mean for 12 quantitative characters
Table 4: Per cent character contribution in mung bean

 Genotypes belonging to the clusters with maximum inter-cluster distances are genetically
more divergent and hybridization between genotypes of divergent clusters are likely to
produce wide variability with desirable segregants.
 The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between IX and III (1190.48) followed by
Cluster IX and V (895.34) which indicated that these clusters were most diverse.
 Thus, the genotypes of outstanding mean performance from these clusters may be identified
as potential parents and could be utilized in hybridization programme for developing high
yielding varieties.
CONCLUSION:

CASE STUDY 2
Naveen et al. (2018)

 In present investigation, Thirty mungbean genotypes were grown following standard
cultural practices for evaluation in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications
during Kharif- 2015 at the Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant
Breeding, SHIATS, Allahabad with spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm and plot size (0.6m x 2m) 1.2
m² .
 Five competitive plants were selected to record data on 12 traits.
 The recorded data were analysed to assess the genetic divergence using cluster analysis-
PCA-based methods with INDOSTAT computer software.

Table 1: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of 5 principal components for 12 characters of 30 genotypes

 There is significant genetic variability among tested genotypes that indicates the presence of
excellent opportunities to bring about improvement through wide hybridization by crossing
genotypes with high genetic distance.
 The information obtained from this study can be used to plan crosses and maximized the use
of genetic diversity and expression of heterosis and transgressive segregants.
CONCLUSION:
 The cumulative variance of 91.739% of total variation among eleven characters was
explained by the first four principal components.

CASE STUDY 3
Gadakh et al. (2013)

 The experiment was conducted in the Botany farm of College of Agriculture, Latur,
Maharashtra, India.
 Fifty genotypes of green gram were collected from all over India and grown in a
Randomized Block Design with three replications in a plot size of 18.2 x 3 m² for
kharif season.
 Observations were recorded from five plants from the middle rows of the plot
excluding the border plants, regarding fifteen characters.

 Mahalanobis (1936) defined the distance between two populations as D² which was
obtained by Tochers method, described by Rao (1952).
 Contribution of individual characters towards divergence was estimated according to the
method described by Singh and Chandhary (1985).
 The experimental data was analyzed statistically by the method of analysis of variance for
single factor (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) and lastly to find out the significance mean
difference between varieties different genetic parameters were estimated.

Table:1 Distribution of fifty genotypes into different clusters

Table 2: Intra and inter cluster distances

Cluster diagram showing interrelationships among 7 clusters

Mean performance of different clusters for different characters in green gram

The crosses of genotypes from cluster 1. i.e. Kopergaon, Vaibhav, BM-4 and BM-2005-1 with
those of genotypes BM-2003-2. PM-203 18, AKM-9907 and AKM-08-01 belonging to
cluster III and RVSM-11. PM-201-19, ML-1354, AKM-0603 belonging to cluster II has the
higher intercluster distance and might produce high level of segregating population in regards
to yield as well as earliness.
CONCLUSION:

CASE STUDY 4
Srikanth et al. (2017)

 The material for the study comprised 60 green gram germplasm accessions. The
collection was undertaken in ANGRAU, Hyderabad.
 These genotypes were raised in a randomized block design with three replications in
College farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar.
 Five randomly selected plants from each genotype in each replication was taken for
recording observations on 11 characters

 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as a data reduction technique to
summarise the information of different phenotypic observations.
 The standardized values were used to perform principal component analysis (PCA) using
XLSTAT to know the importance of different traits explaining multivariate
polymorphism.
 The principal component analysis was performed in order to confirm the diversity pattern
brought out by cluster analysis.

Table 1: Analysis of variance for yield and yield components in sixty genotypes of green gram
(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Table 2: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of 5 principal components for 11characters of 60 genotypes

 The cumulative variance of 71.07% of total variation among eleven characters was explained
by the first five principal components.
 Thus the results of principal component analysis revealed, wide genetic variability exists in
this green gram germplasm accessions.
CONCLUSION:

Genetic Divergence in Greengram

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