Brief History Of Computers Essay

Brief History Of Computers Essay
The history of computers is a long and fascinating one. The computer was initially born out of necessity, not just for entertainment, which is more or
less how much people utilize computers these days. In fact, computers were born out of a need to solve a serious number–crunching crisis. By 1880,
the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to
get the job done, giving rise to punch–card based computers that took up entire rooms. (Zimmermann) Today, we carry more computing power on our
smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their
humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.
(Zimmermann) 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early
computers would use similar punch cards. 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam–driven calculating machine that would
be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however, the world's first
computer was actually built. 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three
years and saving the government $5
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History of Computer
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
THE PRE–MECHANICAL AGE:
3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.
1. Writing and Alphabets– Communication
First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words.
Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet)
The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
2. Paper and Pens – input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant.
Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which...show more content...
1906
Lee De Forest invented the Vacuum tube. This was important because it provided an electrically controlled switch; a necessity for digital electronics
computer.
History of the computer electronic age – Presentation Transcript
HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER THE ELECTRONIC AGE 1941–PRESENT

1941: KONRAD ZUSE
Built the first programmable computer called the Z3, capable of following instructions .
Z3– was the first fully functional, PROGRAM CONTROLLED computer of the world.
Z1 Z3`
1942–Howard Hattaway Aiken
A student of Harvard University built the Mark I " The First Stored–Program Computer.
ASCC Harvard Mark 1 is 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3–5 seconds per
calculation.
A– Automatic S–Sequence C–Controlled C–Calculator 1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
Completed the first all–electronic computer, called the ABC Computer, it was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes to help
make electric computation possible. This is used for solving complex system of equations.
ATANASOFF BERRY
THE FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING
THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1951–1958
VACCUM TUBES AS THEIR MAIN LOGIC ELEMENTS.
PUNCH CARDS TO INPUT and EXTENALLY STORE DATA.
ROTATING MAGNETIC DRUMS FOR INTERNAL STORAGE OF DATA PROGRAMS.
First generation computer had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints. They were large, slow,

Evolution of Computers
How many inventions in your lifetime can you think of that have changed everything in our society today? Computers have taken over today 's
society. From everyday tasks to moving satellites in space, PCs have revolutionized almost everything in our society. Computers weren 't always this
complicated though, and were around a long time before anyone even knew what the word "computer" meant.
The Abacus was the first known machine developed to help perform mathematical equations. From what researchers have discovered it was invented
around 500 to 600 BC in an area around China or Egypt. This early tool was used to perform addition and subtraction and can still be found used in
some of today 's Middle Eastern cultures. In 650 AD the Hindus...show more content...
In 1959 Jack Kilby, of Texas instruments, patented the first IC. The first commercial IC product was a hearing aid made and produced in 1963. IBM
produced SABRE in 1964 for American Airlines. It 's a tracking system for ticket reservations, which helped speed up the reservation process
considerably. DEC was the creator of the first "mini–computer" called the PDP–8. It was one of the first mini–computers made in mass production that
pretty much anyone could afford at the time. In 1969 the DOD, Department of Defense, developed the precursor to the internet which was called
ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). This was an experimental WAN (Wide Area Network) that would survive a nuclear war.
(Sandiego 3)
Fourth generation PCs were the first to use microprocessors and were in the era of 1971 to 1987. Gilbert Hyatt patented the microprocessor in 1971.
Later that year Ted Hoff, of Intel, introduced new microprocessors to use in calculators. IBM arrived with the first 8 in. floppy disk. They also started
using these microprocessors in unison with LCD screens in calculators and watches. November of that year Intel introduced the first microcomputer to
the public called the MCS–4. In 1972 Nolan Bushnell introduced the "arcade game" to the public with "Computer Space." Later that year he also
created and introduced Atari and the game "Pong" to the public which became the

History of Computers
ENG 121
The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways
that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending
machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey.
Accept it or not, the computer has invaded our life.
The origins and roots of computers started out as many other inventions and technologies have in the past. They evolved from a relatively simple idea
or plan designed to help perform functions easier and quicker. The...show more content...
It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that
was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stopped gear mechanism for introducing
the addend digits, and this is still being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of
Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of
improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included: Accumulation of partial results,
storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function), and printing of the results. Each of these required manual installation. These
improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science.
While Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting developments in computers was started in Cambridge,
England, by
Charles Babbage (of which the computer store "Babbages" is named), a mathematics professor. In 1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations,
especially those needed to make mathematical tables, were really a series of

The History And How Of Computers
The History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as "$temp = password_hash($object–>password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);". The binary
zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of
information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share new knowledge. The unsung founders of the age of information
are programmers that created the links between peers that we now call the World Wide Web. In the past 200 years, acomputer has gone from reading
punch cards to running simulations on how the universe was created. In the beginning, there was Jacquard. Joseph–Marie Jacquard was an inventor in
France between the 18th and 19th centuries. His most famous work was the Jacquard loom, which read a punch card in order to weave a chosen
design into cloth. In 1822, Charles Babbage had the idea of a device powered by steam to calculate tables of numbers, although the idea was to be
funded by the English government, it never came to be (The Engines). Decades later, in 1890, Herman Hollerith revamped the punch card system in
order to calculate the census. Hollerith's company became what we know as IBM who later paved the way for data storage by floppy discs and hard
drives ("IBM is Founded"). The beginnings of the modern computer

History : The History Of Computers
The History of Computers
What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don 't ask ourselves this question. But if it wasn 't for the people
who came up with these first inventions, we wouldn 't have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries
computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization of personal matter. What many of us don 't know,
is that the beginning of computers goes all the way back to 2400 BC.
The first computing hardware was the Abacus, which was an invention of the Babylonians, Chinese and the Romans. Charles Babbage, also know as
the father of computers. In the year 1830, the Analytical engine used a mechanical power. The Analytical engine had the ability to calculate various
amounts of mathematical tables, even the infinitesimal imperfections would cause errors in the device. The Abacus was funded by the British
government,which eventually the fund that the British government had invested was pulled away, conjecturing that his innovation wouldn 't function
efficiently, even his colleagues didn 't have the confidence in him with his new innovation. To ameliorate hiscomputer hardware, he generated the
analytical engine, to have the capability to accomplish many types of calculations. His son manufactured the only working model version of the
computer machine in 1991. The first programmer was Augusta Ada, Countess Lovelace, she was also well

Generation of Computers
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. A generation refers to the state
of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer technology. With each new
generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power,
and computer memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.
Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in
...show more content...
Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. Today's latest microprocessor
contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors.
Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many disadvantages. They were much larger, required
more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know it
today would not be possible.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube,allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,more energy–efficient and more reliable than their first–generation predecessors. Though
the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second–generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second–generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words. High–level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their

History of the Development of Computers Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
As we are stepping towards the era of 2020, man have consistently been innovative and creative in developing and improving technology for various
sectors to make the world a better place for us to live in. If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have
greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour, finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their
work.
Computers have created a drastic impact in our lives. In fact we are so dependent on computers that life without computers will certainly be incomplete.
In current times most of us own computer gadgets like Private Computer Dekstops Notebooks, Tabloids,...show more content...
It was designed to be used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some form of input, processing as well as output. In a
modern computer, these processing is done electronically hence enabling a vastly greater number of calculation to be performed in lesser time. Binary
codes which are representations of numerical numbers were used to process images, sounds, text and graphic. In digital computers, there are ones and
zeros that represents the electrical on and off states and endless combinations of those to process any input.
Moving on, the development of computer can be assessed from two perspectives. One perspective would be the invention of hardware components
over time like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors that can be referred to as a generation of change. In the other hand,
another perspective would be how user friendly were the computers over a period of time. In the 1950s the computers were almost impossible to use
except by very patient geniuses. Next in the 1960s and 1970s, it could only be programmable by highly trained people. Lastly, from the 1980s till
present time the computers are now smaller cheaper and useable by just about anyone.
From the hardware development perspective, the first generation of computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). These
first electronic computers used vacuum tubes. They were huge and complex,

Essay about The History of Computers
The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940
and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large
amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments
from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools
or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the
UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith's tabulator over 50 years before, however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other
users and become the world's first large scale commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the
late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put
together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the
EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started
when they were using the vacuum tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as
the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a computer program is a "bug". Popular legend has it that this word
entered the vocabulary of computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside
machines and caused a short circuit. In order to create more advance computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes,
which would have been

History of the Computer
The History of the Computer
Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It
is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth century
(PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully
programmed–controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer, which consisted of two parts, a calculating section and a storage section. His machine
was capable of reading the punched holes in cards, just as the loom did (Campbell–Kelly, 15–17). In 1890 Herman Hollerith and James Powers,...show
more content...
During this time, Digital Equipment Corporation took advantage of microchips to produce the first minicomputer. Digital was founded by a scientist
named Kenneth Olsen. He and others worked several years to create their small unit which sold for thousands of dollars (Ceruzzi, 264–268). Once
inventors figure out that many transistors and their connections could be etched on a piece of silicon, computers began to shrink in size. The silicon
was a fingernail–sized computer processor unit that was able to do more than entire sections of big computers of only a few years earlier. While Intel
was the first to sell the microprocessor in 1971, firms such as Motorola and Rockwell began manufacturing their own chips. These tiny bits were
running video games making the video game industry the first in home computer for millions (Ceruzzi, 217). The Altair, made in 1975, was the first
personal computer. The Apple II was one of the first reliable personal computers. It was a computer and a keyboard all in one unit, and had a TV
monitor atop it. IBM entered the home computer market in 1981. Their PC quickly gained acceptance in the home and in 1983 they offered the XT.
By the late 1980's, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000
instructions per second (Ceruzzi, 264–268). The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Author, Paul E. Ceruzzi writes, "Between

Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the
morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and
obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn
the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you
try you can get away from them you can't.
It is inevitable. Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old....show more content...
When it was finished in 1950 it became the fastest computer in the world.17 It was built by the National Bureau of standards on the campus of UCLA.
It was names the
National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer or the SWAC. It could be said that the SWAC set the standards for computers for later up
to present times.18 It was because the had all the same primary units. It had a storage device, a internal clock, an input output device, and arithmetic
logic unit that consisting of a control and arithmetic unit. These computers were considered first generation computers (1942 – 1958). In 1948 John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley of Bell labs file for the firs patent on the transistor.19 This invention would foundation for second
generation computers (1958 – 1964). Computers of the second generation were smaller(about the size of a piano now) and much more quicker because
of the new inventions of its time. Computers used the much smaller transistor over the bulky vacuum tubes. Another invention which influenced
second generation computers and every generation after it was the discovery of magnetic core memory. Now magnetic tapes and disks were used to
store programs instead of being stored in the computer. This way the computer could be used for many operations without totally being reprogrammed
or rewired to do another task. All you had to do was pop in another disk. The third generation(1964 – 1970) was when computers

History of Operating Systems
HISTORY OF OPERATIMG SYSTEMS Operating systems (OS) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a
computer, and the linkages needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program
needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like printers and
punched paper card readers. The growing complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity. THE 1ST
GENERATION (1950's) The operating systems of the 1950s were designed to smooth the transition between jobs. Before the systems were developed,
a great deal of time was lost between...show more content...
The concept sold a lot of computers, but it took its toll. Users running particular applications that did not require this kind of power and this played
heavily in increased run–time over head, learning time, debugging time, maintenance, etc. Third generation operating systems were multimode systems.
Some of them simultaneously supported batch processing, time sharing, real–time processing, and multiprocessing. They were large and expensive.
Nothing like them had ever been constructed before, and many of the development efforts finished well over budget and long after scheduled
completion. These systems introduced to computer environments a greater complexity to which users were, at first, unaccustomed. The systems
interposed a software layer between the user and the hardware. This software layer was often so thick that a user lost sight of the hardware and so
only the view created by the software. To get one of these systems to perform the simplest useful task, users had to become familiar with complex job
control languages to specify the jobs their resource requirements. Third generation operating systems represented a great step forward, but a painful
one for many users. Examples include: 1.1966, DOS/360. 2.1969, UNIX. THE 4TH GENERATION (mid 19670's– present) Fourth generation systems
are the current state of the art. Many designers and users are still smarting from their experiences

Technology : History Of Computers
Carlo Sorvillo
Daphine Ethington
English IV
22 October 2015
Technology: History of Computers
Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a
revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only
the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew acomputer would find a home in everyone's
household. The history of computers is a vast ocean of events that happened to make computers user friendly to where young children can even use
computers. We going to learn about the history of computers and how it has become such a big part of our everyday life. Starting off with the first
computer to then newest in technology. After the history of computers is the hardware the make the computer and how the technology has
dramatically changed over the recent years. Explaining the importance of hardware in computer, such as CPU, MOTHERBOARD, GPU and, HDD
(Hard Disk Drive). Software will be the final and last topic to learn about. Going over Microsoft Windows and Apples iOS . Computers have just
broke the tip of the sword and are getting bigger every year. From being humongous calculators to handheld computers. Who knows what the future
holds for computers, but we know it's going to be huge.
The first computer was actually an audio oscillator,

Table of Contents
Table of ContentsВ…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…В….2
AbstractВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…В…3
Body of ResearchВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….4 – 6
ConclusionВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В….В…7
BibliographyВ…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…В…..8
Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone
over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty
years, computers have come from complex, slow, room–sized machines, to the small and fast computers of today. These powerful machines are the art
of many great men and women, which I will also briefly explain in the project. This project is to show others how...show more content...
From then on computers started to become more advanced. Many companies now exist that produce computer hardware, and software. These
companies are among the richest in the world, in fact, the richest man in the world, Bill Gates, is the owner of Microsoft, one of the largest computer
companies around. Computers have replaced many things. Instead of tellers, people can use ATM machines; instead of typewriters, people can use
one of the many word processors available; card catalogs in libraries, have been replaced with computers. And now many jobs require that employees
have computer experience. These machines have come a long way and they still have a long way to go.
Conclusion Through this project, I now have a greater understanding for the origins of computers. I think it is astounding at how the small size, and
speed, of this computer I am typing on right now, is the result of a slow, room–sized machine that existed only twenty years ago.
Bibliography
Ritchie, David. The Computer Pioneers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Spencer, Donald. Great Men and Women ofComputing. Ormand Beach: Camelot Publishing Company, 1996.

Rusch, Richard Computers: Their History and How They Work. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1969.
Hintz, Sandy. Hintz, Martin. Computers in our World, Today and Tomorrow.

The History Of Computer Engineering
The History of Computer Engineering What exactly is computer engineering? Many people may consider computer engineering as the branch of
engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences. Being a computer engineering major, I must be aware of what I am
dealing with in that major and how I plan to use what I learned from it in the future. If I was to just pick a major without any prior knowledge to it,
then that would be senseless on my behalf. Now that I am mindful of the major that I am dealing with, I can tell and speak about the history of computer
engineering. I just hope that what I learn from this major is helpful towards my career. In my opinion, computer engineering is the form of engineering
that deals...show more content...
Proposals are made for giving historical studies greater space in engineering education. In Dias' text, he explains how engineering may be classified as
a science field, but is way deeper than that. With engineering, you have the opportunity to do the "hands–on" process. In the engineering field, you have
the ability to gain the 'know–how' method as opposed to the 'know–what' method associated with science. Dias goes on to point out that, "We consider
now some aspects of the history of technology, because that is an area where there is already some nexus between history and engineering, a key
component of technology." 3 Virtual worlds represent a small but vigorous sector of the computer technology field with global applications alternating
from art and entertainment to online instructional delivery and educational research.4 In "History of the (Virtual) World," Steve Downey discusses the
three different generations of virtual worlds and how they vary. Downey expresses, "First generation virtual worlds were primarily text–based, small in
scale and set in the realm of fantasy adventure." 5 Then, he notes, "Second generation worlds witnessed the growing use of graphical worlds, larger
scale systems, the introduction of social–oriented worlds, and the development of worlds in which users could create objects and shape their world in
real time." 6 Lastly, he explains that the third generation marks the age of massive systems, visually striking 3D

History of Computers: 3D Printing
Computers are everywhere, they are in homes, they are at schools, and most of people even carry them around on us everyday. But it was not
always like this. As strange as this might sound, there was a time when a single computer would take up an entire room and still not be able to do a
fraction of what an iphone can do. So how did people get from a computer taking up an entire room just to do basic things, from being able to do
about anything on a small device in peoples pockets? Well, the most basic answer is advancement; the human race is moving forward everyday and
what is in movies, about having holographs and robots, are a lot closer than many may think. This will be a guide through time itself as it will look at
some of the first...show more content...
(Computer History) (Kim Ann Zimmermann). We are now at 1974 where Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center created the first
workstation computer with a mouse built in called the Alto (Lau and Boyko). One thing that was unique about this computers is that it wa able to
stored several files simultaneously in windows, had menus and icons, and could even link to a local area network (Lau and Boyko). One thing that
seems strange is that they, for some reason, never sold this computer commercially but they did give some of these computers free to various
universities (Lau and Boyko). But even though this was not sold Engineers later on used some of the things in this computer on later models of
computers later on(Lau and Boyko). 1977 is the year when people actually start seeing personal computers go on to the market and actually start
becoming a reality. The first of them was The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor or The Commodore PET for short(Lau and Boyko). Another
personal computer that came out in 1977 is the Apple II (Lau and Boyko). The Apple II was one computer that was an instant hit. The reason for this
computers great success is because of all the features it had including: printed circuit motherboard, switching power supply, keyboard, case assembly,
manual, game paddles, A/C power cord, and cassette tape with the computer game "Breakout" (Lau and Boyko). But that was not the only

The History Of Ibm Computers Essay
The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly 4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big
lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959, IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and
performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of air defense (Yost 27–35). IBM is also the developer
of the first general purpose computers, first computers with a byte–addressable memory (1964 IBM System/360), as well as Personal Computer (IBM
PC, 1981) (Yost 87–90). The company owns such significant scientific and technological developments as the invention of hard drive and floppy drive,
Dynamic Random Access Memory application, universal computer language SQL, the discovery of high–temperature superconductivity, and other truly
revolutionary innovations.
As a result, at one time, IBM was producing up to 90% of all computers in the United States (Yost 113). The architecture of IBM PC became the de
facto standard for the whole industry, and its openness greatly contributed to the huge success of IBM PC and mass production of PC–compatible
clones by other companies, and, ultimately, to the unfolding of personal computers and computer revolution era. Until now, IBM–compatible
computers still make about 90% of all the personal computers produced (Yost 171). However, contrary to its tough principles of intellectual property
protection, IBM patented

The History of Computer Development Essay
Every generation of computer experienced a major technological development that basically changed the way computers operate, thus resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices .The history of computer development is always referred to in
reference to the different generations of computing devices.
The first generation (1940–1956) is the Vacuum Tubes. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for their
memory, and because of that they big and were often large, taking up entire rooms to build. They are so expensive to operate because they are very
large and took a lot of maintenance and in addition they use a great deal of electricity and similarly...show more content...
The second–generation computers are still relied on the punched cards for input and the paper printouts for output. The second–generation computers
have moved from cryptic binary machine language to languages, or assembly, symbolic, which will allow the programmers to specify the instructions
in words. At this time, high–level of programming languages are also being developed, such as the early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These
were also the first computers that able to store their programmer instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology. The first computers of this second–generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964–1971), the Integrated Circuit. The development of the integrated circuit was the pioneer of the third generation of computers.
The same transistor, but miniature in size and placed on silicon chip, that are called the semiconductors, which dramatically increase the speed and
efficiency of the computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacting with third generation computers by using the keyboards and
monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run through many different applications at same time with a central
program that monitoring the memory. Computers for the first time became an accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller, faster and
cheaper than their

Essay about History of the Computer
History of the Computer
The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid–20th century (around 1940 – 1945), although the computer concept and various
machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several
hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable
while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch
battery. Personal computers in various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "acomputer"; however, the most
This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the
Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The
emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were
modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information,
and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high–tech
environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e–mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast
networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are
networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive
information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile
computing environments.

Brief History Of Computers Essay

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