Understanding Cash and Receivables

7-2
B A B 7
KAS DAN PIUTANG
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

7-3
1. Mengidentifikasi kas.
2. Menunjukkan cara melaporkan kas dan item terkait.
3. Mendefinisikan piutang dan mengidentifikasi jenis piutang.
4. Menjelaskan isu-isu akuntansi yang berkaitan dengan pengakuan piutang.
5. Menjelaskan isu-isu akuntansi yang berkaitan dengan penilaian piutang.
6. Menjelaskan isu-isu akuntansi terkait dengan pengakuan wesel tagih.
7. Menjelaskan isu-isu akuntansi yang berkaitan dengan penilaian wesel
tagih.
8. Memahami Informasi khusus yang berkaitan dengan piutang.
9. Menjelaskan bagaimana melaporkan dan menganalisa piutang.
Tujuan Pembelajaran

7-4
Pengakuan
Penilaian
Proses evaluasi
kerugian
Kas Piutang Piutang Wesel Masalah Khusus
Apa itu Kas?
Pelaporan kas
Ringkasan pos-
pos terkait kas
Pengakuan
Penilaian
Opsi nilai wajar
Penghentian
pengakuan atas
piutang
Penyajian dan
analisis
Cash and Receivables

7-5
Sebuah aset—merupakan suatu instrumen keuangan.
Instrumen keuangan - Setiap kontrak yang menimbulkan
aset keuangan dari satu entitas dan kewajiban keuangan
atau kepentingan ekuitas entitas lain.
Cash
LO 1 Identify items considered cash.
What is cash?
Illustration 7-1
Types of Assets

7-6
► Aset yang paling likuid, tergolong aset lancar
► Alat pembayaran.
► Dasar untuk mengukur dan sebagai laporan bagi
seluruh pos lainnya.
Cash
LO 1 Identify items considered cash.
What is cash?
Examples: mata uang, dana yang tersedia pada deposito di bank,
money order, cek bersertifikat, cek kontan, cek pribadi, bank draft dan
tabungan.

7-7
Investasi jangka pendek (≤ 3 bulan), investasi yang
sangat likuid
Cash
LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.
Reporting Cash
(a) dapat segera dikonversikan menjadi kas, dan
(b) So near their maturity that they present insignificant
risk of changes in interest rates.
Examples: Treasury bills, commercial paper, dan reksa dana pasar
uang.
Cash equivalent

7-8
When material in amount:
Dipisahkan dari rekening kas
Aktiva lancar dan aktiva tidak lancar
Cash
Restrictied cash
Examples, dibatasi untuk: (1) perluasan pabrik, (2) masa jatuh tempo
dari utang jangka panjang, dan (3) saldo kompensasi.

7-9
Ketika sebuah perusahaan menulis cek melebihi
jumlah kas yang ada di rekening bank.
Cash
Bank Overdrafts
Umumnya dilaporkan sebagai kewajiban lancar (utang
usaha)
Dikompensasikan ke rekening kas hanya ketika kas
yang tersedia hadir dalam account lain di bank yang
sama di mana pinjaman rekening koran (overdrafts)
terjadi.

7-10
Cash
LO 2
Illustration 7-3
Summary of Cash-Related Items

7-11
Accounts Receivable
LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.
Perjanjian tertulis dari
pembeli/pelanggan untuk
membayar sejumlah uang
pada tanggal tertentu di
masa depan
Piutang adalah klaim kepada pihak lain atas
uang, barang atau jasa
Perjanjian secara lisan
dari pembeli/pelanggan
untuk membayar barang
atau jasa yang dijual
Piutang Piutang Wesel

7-12
Piutang non-usaha
1. Uang Muka kepada petugas dan karyawan.
2. Uang muka kepada anak perusahaan.
3. Deposit untuk menutupi kerusakan atau kerugian potensial.
4. Deposito sebagai jaminan kinerja atau pembayaran.
5. Dividen dan piutang bunga.
6. Klaim atas:
a) Perusahaan asuransi.
b) Defendants under suit.
c) Badan pemerintah atas pengembalian pajak.
d) Jasa angkutan atas barang yang rusak atau hilang.
e) Kreditor atas pengembalian barang, barang yang rusak dan hilang.
f) Pelanggan atas barang-barang yang dikembalikan.
Accounts Receivable

7-13
Non-trade Receivables
Accounts Receivable
Illustration 7-4
Receivables Statement
of Financial Position
Presentations

7-14
Accounts Receivable
LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Trade diskon
Mengurangi harga
Tidak diakui dalam catatan
akuntansi
Pelanggan ditagih sebesar
harga jual setelah
dikurangi diskon
10 %
Discount
for new
Retail
Store
Customers
Pengakuan Piutang

7-15
Accounts Receivable
Cash Discounts
(Sales Discounts)
Sebagai insentif untuk
segera dibayar
Gross Method vs. Net
Method
Payment terms
are 2/10, n/30
Pengakuan Piutang

7-16
Sales 1,960
Accounts receivable 1,960
June 3
Accounts Receivable
Cash (£2,000 x 98%) 1,960
June 12
E7-5: On June 3, Bolton Company sold to Arquette Company
merchandise having a sale price of £2,000 with terms of 2/10, n/60,
f.o.b. shipping point. On June 12, the company received a check for
the balance due from Arquette Company. Prepare the journal entries
on Bolton Company books to record the sale assuming Bolton records
sales using the net method.

7-17
E7-5: On June 3, Bolton Company sold to Arquette Company
merchandise having a sale price of £2,000 with terms of 2/10, n/60,
f.o.b. shipping point. Prepare the journal entries on Bolton Company
books to record the sale assuming Bolton records sales using the
gross method, and Arquette did not remit payment until July 29.
Sales 1,960
June 3
Accounts Receivable
Cash 2,000
Sales discounts forfeited 40
June 12

7-18
Sebuah perusahaan harus mengukur piutangnya dengan
nilai saat ini (present value).
Non-Recognition of Interest Element
Accounts Receivable
In practice, perusahaan mengabaikan pendapatan
bunga yang terkait dengan piutang karena tidak material.

7-19
How are these accounts presented on the Statement of
Financial Position?
Account Receivable
Allowance for doubtful
acoounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 500 25 End.
Accounts Receivable

7-20 LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.
Current Assets:
Merchandise inventory 812
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable 500
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts (25) 475
Cash 330
Total current assets 1,657
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable

Current Assets:
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance 475
Cash 330
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable

7-22
Journal entry for credit sale of $100?
Sales 100
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 500 25 End.
Accounts Receivable

7-23
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 600 25 End.
Sale 100
Accounts Receivable
Journal entry for credit sale of $100?
Sales 100

7-24
Collected of $333 on account?
Cash 333
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 600 25 End.
Sale 100
Accounts Receivable

7-25
Collected of $333 on account?
Cash 333
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 25 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll.
Accounts Receivable

7-26
Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts?
Bad debt expense 15
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 15
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 25 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll.
Accounts Receivable

7-27
Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts?
Bad debt expense 15
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 15
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 40 End.
Sale 100 333 Coll. 15 Est.
Accounts Receivable

7-28
Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10?
Allowance for Doubtful accounts 10
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 267 40 End.
Accounts Receivable

7-29
Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10?
Allowance for Doubtful accounts 10
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
Beg. 500 25 Beg.
End. 257 30 End.
W/O 10
10 W/O
Accounts Receivable

Current Assets:
$
Prepaid expense 40
Accounts receivable, net of $30 allowance 227
Cash 330
ABC Corporation
Accounts Receivable

7-31
Accounts Receivable
LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Penilaian Piutang
Klasifikasi
Net realizable value
Piutang tak tertagih
Penjualan kredit meningkatkan piutang tak tertagih

7-32 LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Valuation of Accounts Receivable
Piutang tak tertagih adalah hilangnya potensi pendapatan,
 Penurunan aset piutang and
 penurunan terkait dengan pendapatan dan ekuitas.
Piutang tak tertagih

7-33 LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.
Penyisihan
Menggunakan estimasi:
Persentase dari penjualan
Persentasi dari piutang
Dianjurkan oleh IFRS
Metode Akuntansi Piutang Tak Tertagih
Penghapusan Langsung
Secara teoritis tidak
diinginkan:
Tidak cocok
Piutang tidak dinyatakan
pada nilai realisasi kas
Tidak dapat diterima untuk
pelaporan keuangan
Valuation of Accounts Receivable

7-34
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
Emphasis on
the Income
Statement
Emphasis on
the Statement
of Financial
Position
Illustration 7-7

7-35
Pendekatan Percentage-of-Sales
Persentase berdasarkan pengalaman masa lalu..
Biaya piutang tak tertagih berhubungan dengan akun
penjualan.
Saldo yang ada pada rekening penyisihan tidak
dianggap.

7-36
LO 5
Illustration: Gonzalez Company estimates from past experience
that about 1% of credit sales become uncollectible. If net credit
sales are $800,000 in 2011, it records bad debt expense as follows.
Bad Debt Expense 8,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 8,000
Percentage-of-Sales Approach
Illustration 7-8

7-37
Pendekatan Percentage-of-Receivables
Piutang dilaporkan sebesar nilai kas yang dapat
terealisasi.
Companies may apply this method using
► Composite rate, or
► Aging schedule.

7-38
What entry
would Wilson
make assuming
that no balance
existed in the
allowance
account?
Illustration 7-9
Accounts Receivable
Aging Schedule

7-39
Bad Debt Expense ($37,650 – $800) 36,850
What entry
would Wilson
make assuming
the allowance
account had a
credit balance
of $800 before
adjustment?
Illustration 7-9
Accounts Receivable
Aging Schedule

7-40
Recovery of Uncollectible Accounts
LO 5
Illustration: Assume that the financial vice president of Brown
Furniture authorizes a write-off of the $1,000 balance owed by
Randall Co. on March 1, 2012. The entry to record the write-off is:
Accounts Receivable 1,000
Assume that on July 1, Randall Co. pays the $1,000 amount that
Brown had written off on March 1. These are the entries:
Cash 1,000

7-41
Accounts Receivable
Proses Evaluasi Penurunan
Perusahaan menilai penurunan terhadap piutang di setiap periode pelaporan.
Peristiwa yang memungkinkan terjadinya penurunan antara lain:
1. Masalah keuangan yang signifikan dari pelanggan.
2. Kegagalan pembayaran.
3. Negosiasi ulang persyaratan piutang karena kesulitan keuangan
pelanggan.
4. Penurunan estimasi arus kas masa depan dari kelompok piutang sejak
pengakuan awal, meskipun penurunannya belum dapat diidentifikasi
dengan aset dalam kelompok perusahaan tersebut.

7-42
Accounts Receivable
LO 5
Illustration: Hector Company has the following receivables classified into
individually significant and all other receivables.
Hector determines that Yaan’s receivable is impaired by $15,000, and
Blanchard’s receivable is totally impaired. Both Randon’s and Fernando’s
receivables are not considered impaired. Hector also determines that a
composite rate of 2% is appropriate to measure impairment on all other
receivables.

7-43
Accounts Receivable
The total impairment is computed as follows.
Illustration 7-10

7-44
Didukung oleh promissory note
Notes Receivable
LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Instrumen yang dapat dinegosiasikan.
Ditandatangani oleh pembuat (maker).
Diklasifikasikan menjadi:
Interest bearing notes
Zero interest bearing notes

7-45
Illustration: Jeremiah Company receives a three-year, $10,000
zero-interest-bearing note. The market rate of interest for a
note of similar risk is 9 percent. How does Jeremiah record the
receipt of the note?
Zero-Interest-Bearing Note
0 1 3 3
$0 $0 Interest
$0
$10,000 Principal
4
i = 9%
n = 3

7-46
$10,000 x .77218 = $7,721.80
Principal Factor Present Value
PV of Principal

7-47 LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Illustration 7-14

7-48
Journal Entries for Zero-Interest-Bearing note
Present value of Principal $7,721.80
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Jan. yr. 1 Notes receivable 7,721.80
Cash 7,721.80
Dec. yr. 1 Notes receivable 694.96
Interest revenue 694.96
($7,721.80 x 9%)

7-49
Illustration: Morgan Corp. makes a loan to Marie Co. and
receives in exchange a three-year, $10,000 note bearing interest
at 10 percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of
similar risk is 12 percent. How does Morgan record the receipt of
the note?
Interest-Bearing Note
0 1 2 3
$1,000 $1,000 Interest
$1,000
$10,000 Principal
4
i = 12%
n = 3

7-50
$1,000 x 2.40183 = $2,402
Interest Received Factor Present Value
PV of Interest

7-51
$10,000 x .71178 = $7,118
Principal Factor Present Value
PV of Principal

7-52
Illustration: How does Morgan record the receipt of the note?
Illustration 7-13
Notes Receivable 9,520
Cash 9,520

7-53
Illustration 7-14

7-54
Journal Entries for Interest-Bearing Note
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Beg. yr. 1 Notes receivable 9,520
Cash 9,520
End. yr. 1
($9,520 x 12%)
Cash 1,000
Notes receivable 142
Interest revenue 1,142

7-55
Notes Receivable
Umumnya berasal dari:
Pelanggan yang perlu untuk memperpanjang jangka
waktu pembayaran atas piutang yang beredar.
Beresiko tinggi atau pelanggan baru.
Pinjaman untuk karyawan dan anak perusahaan.
Penjualan properti, pabrik dan peralatan.
Mayoritas berasal dari transaksi peminjaman

7-56 LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.
Pengakuan Piutang Wesel
Jangka Pendek Jangka Panjang
Dicatat
Nilai Nominal,
Dikurangi
penyisihan
Dicatat
Nilai sekarang
Dari kas yang
diperkirakan akan
tertagih
Suku Bunga
Ditetapkan = Pasar
Ditetapkan > Pasar
Ditetapkan < Pasar
Dijual pada:
Nilai Nominal
Premium
Discount

7-57
Notes Receivable
LO 7 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of notes receivable.
Jangka Pendek  dicatat dan dilaporkan pada nilai
realisasi bersihnya, yaitu pada jumlah nominalnya dikurangi
semua penyisihan yang diperlukan.
Jangka Panjang  tes penurunan nilai sering dilakukan
secara penilaian individu. Rugi penurunan nilai diukur
sebagai selisih antara nilai tercatat piutang dan nilai
sekarang dari estimasi arus kas masa depan yang
didiskontokan pada tingkat bunga efektif awal.
Penilaian Piutang Wesel

7-58
Notes Receivable
Illustration: Tesco Inc. has a note receivable with a carrying amount
of $200,000. The debtor, Morganese Company, has indicated that it is
experiencing financial difficulty. Tesco decides that Morganese’s note
receivable is therefore impaired. Tesco computes the present value of
the future cash flows discounted at its original effective-interest rate to
be $175,000. The computation of the loss on impairment is as follows.

7-59
Notes Receivable
The entry to record the impairment loss is as follows.
The computation of the loss on impairment is as follows.

7-60
Special Issued
 Terdapat 3 (tiga) isu khusus terkait
akuntansi dan pelaporan piutang, yaitu:
1. Fair Value Option;
2. Derecognition of receivables;
3. Presentation and analysis.

7-61
Special Issued
LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Fair Value Option
Perusahaan memiliki pilihan untuk mencatat nilai wajar dalam
rekening mereka untuk sebagian besar aset dan kewajiban, termasuk
piutang. [6]
The IASB percaya bahwa pengukuran nilai wajar untuk instrumen
keuangan memberikan informasi yang lebih relevan dan mudah
dipahami daripada biaya historis karena mencerminkan arus nilai
setara kas dari instrumen keuangan.
[6] International Accounting Standard 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
(London, U.K.: International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, 2003), paras. IN16 and 9.

7-62
Special Issued
Pengukuran Nilai Wajar
► Piutang dicatat berdasarkan nilai wajar.
► Keuntungan atau kerugian yang belum direalisasi
dilaporkan sebagai bagian dari laba bersih.
► Jika perusahaan memilih nilai wajar untuk piutangnya, maka
pilihan tersebut harus terus digunakan sampai perusahaan
tidak memiliki piutang.

7-63
Special Issues Related To Receivables
Illustration (Recording Fair Value Option): Assume that Escobar
Company has notes receivable that have a fair value of $810,000
and a carrying amount of $620,000. Escobar decides on December
31, 2011, to use the fair value option for these receivables. This is
the first valuation of these recently acquired receivables. At
December 31, 2011, Escobar makes an adjusting entry to record
the increase in value of Notes Receivable and to record the
unrealized holding gain, as follows.
Notes Receivable 190,000
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 190,000

7-64 LO 8 Understand special topics related to receivables.
Perusahaan dapat mengalihkan (misalnya, menjual) piutang
kepada perusahaan lain untuk memperoleh kas.
Alasan-alasannya:
Kompetisi.
Menjual piutang karena kekurangan kas.
Penagihan yang memakan waktu dan biaya yang mahal.
Transfer dilakukan dengan:
1. Pinjaman yang dijaminkan
2. Penjualan piutang
Special Issued
Derecognition of receivables

7-65
Factor merupakan perusahaan keuangan atau bank yang membeli
piutang dari perusahaan untuk mendapatkan fee.
Penjualan Piutang
Illustration 7-19

7-66
Sales of Receivables
Illustration: Crest Textiles, Inc. factors €500,000 of accounts
receivable with Commercial Factors, Inc., on a non-guarantee (or
without recourse) basis. Commercial Factors assesses a finance
charge of 3 percent of the amount of accounts receivable and retains
an amount equal to 5 percent of the accounts receivable (for probable
adjustments). Crest Textiles and Commercial Factors make the
following journal entries for the receivables transferred without
recourse.
Illustration 7-20

7-67
Penjualan Piutang
Assume Crest Textiles sold the receivables on a with guarantee basis.
Illustration 7-21

7-68
Presentation:
1. Mengidentifikasi dalam laporan posisi keuangan atau dalam
catatan setiap jenis utama piutang.
2. Melaporkan piutang jangka pendek di aset lancar.
3. Melaporkan nilai bruto piutang dan penyisihan piutang tak
tertagih.
4. Melaporkan beban piutang tak tertagih dan beban imbalan jasa
sebagai beban penjualan.
5. Melaporkan pendapatan bunga pada bagian lain-lain non
operasional.
Presentation and Analysis
LO 9 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.

7-69
Analysis of Receivables
Presentation and Analysis
This Ratio used to:
Menilai likuiditas piutang.
Mengukur jumlah rata-rata perusahaan mengumpulkan
piutang selama periode berjalan
Illustration 7-24
LO 9 Describe how to report and analyze receivables.

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