New era in Afghanistan

1. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF
AFGHANISTAN
HEKMAT ASEFI - INDIA

2.  Introductions.
Area, Map, National Flag
provinces, districts, populations and
languages.
Independence and constitutions.
Politics of Afghanistan
Types of government.
Parliament.
Education and Public holidays.
Content:

3. Official Name Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan
Official languages Dari, Pashto,
Landlocked Yes
Currencies Used Afghanistan Afghani
Nation
Religion
Government type
Capital
Afghan
99%Muslims and rest others,
include Sikh
presidential Islamic republic
Kabul
Introductions

4. Map and borders:
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located
within South Asia.
Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan
in the south and east; Iran in the
west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and
Tajikistan in the north; and in the far
northeast, China. Its territory covers
652,000 square kilometres and much
of it is covered by the Hindu Kush
mountain range, which experience
very cold winters. The north consists
of fertile plains, whilst the south-west
consists of deserts where
temperatures can get very hot in
summers. Kabul serves as the capital
and its largest city.

5. NATIONAL FLAG:
THE CURRENT AFGHANISTAN FLAG IS CONTAINED THREE SOLID
COLOURS SUCH AS BLACK, RED AND GREEN AND EACH COLOUR
REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT PAGE IN THE HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN.

6. The black represents the 19th century era when Afghanistan was occupied and did not have
independence. The red color means blood shed and fights for independence and the green
means the independence achieved as well as hope and prosperity for the future. This three
stripe flag was designed during King Amanullah Khan after he returned from a visit of
Europe in 1928.
Afghanistan flag is made of equal three stripe colours with an emblem (mehrab) in the
middle of the red stripe in white colour. There are two wheat branches on each side of the
(Mehrab) and on top of the wheat branches, there is the declaration of Shahdah ( Muslim’s
faith declaration) which means There is no god but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet.
The meaning of Afghanistan flag:
Black: Darkness of the past history of Afghanistan
Red: Blood shed and war in the history of Afghanistan
Green: Hope, Prosperity, and a Bright future
The two branches of wheat on Afghanistan flag emblem comes from the time of the legend.
During the Aryan Empire, King Yamah and the founder of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Durani
was crowned with it for the first time as a symbol of bravery. Afghanistan flag has been
changed several times during every single regime as well as the emblem of Afghan flag. To
know more about Afghanistan flags and kingdoms, we start from the kingdom of Amir
Habibullah Khan 1901 to the last or current flag of Aghanistan.

7.  Afghanistan Gains Independence from the United Kingdom
 Afghan Independence Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 19 August to
commemorate the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919. The treaty granted a
complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain. The First Anglo-
Afghan War (1839–1842) led to the British force taking and occupying Kabul.
 Ghazi Amanullah khan is go
 Ghazi Amanullah khan was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Afghanistan from
1919 to 1929, first as Emir and after 1926 as Malik. After the third Anglo-
Afghan War, Afghanistan was able to pursue an independent foreign policy
free from the influence of the United Kingdom, and his rule was marked by
dramatic political and social change.
 National holiday (Independence Day, 19 August) (1919)
Afghanistan Independence:

8. Provinces and districts of
Afghanistan
 Afghanistan is made up of 34 provinces.
 The provinces of Afghanistan are the primary
administrative divisions.
 Each province encompasses a number of districts
and/or usually over 1,000 villages. Provincial
governments are led by a governor who is appointed
by the President of Afghanistan.
 As of June 2005, the Afghan Ministry of the Interior
recognised 364 districts, divided between the 34
provinces.

9. Afghanistan's population is estimated at 36.37 million in 2018
based on the most recent UN data. It's unclear how accurate these
estimates may be, given that the last census was nearly 40 years
ago in 1979. This census estimated the population at 15.5 million.
If the current estimate is correct, then Afghanistan would be the
40th most populous country in the world, falling after Morocco.
Most Afghans live in rural areas in tribal and kinship groups.
Around 10% of the population lives in the capital city, Kabul.
Kabul's 2015 population is estimated at 3.1 million, which makes it
the only Afghan city with a population of more than 1 million. The
second-largest city is Kandahar, with less than 400,000 people.
Population

10. Languages:
 According to the Article Sixteen of Afghanistan
Constitution: From amongst Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki,
Turkmani, Hazaragi, Baluchi, Pachaie, Nuristani,
Pamiri and other current languages in the country,
Pashto and Dari shall be the official languages of the
state.
 Pashto: this is this language of Pathans which is know
commonly known as Pashtuns.
 Dari (Persian)Tajik people speaks with this language

11. Politics of Afghanistan:
The politics of Afghanistan consists of the council of
ministers, provincial governors and the national
assembly with a president serving as the head of state
and commander – commander - chief of the Afghan
Armed Forced. The nation is currently led by President
Ashraf Ghani who is backed by two vice presidents,
Abdul Rashid Dostum and Sarwar Danish. in an effort
to stabilise and democratise the country. In 2004, the
nation's new constitution was adopted and an
executive president was elected. The following year a
general election to choose parliamentarians took
place.

12. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani born 19 May
(1949) is a Afghan politician who is the
current President of Afghanistan, elected
on 21 September 2014.
President:
Abdullah Abdullah is an Afghan politician, serving
as Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan since September 2014. From October
2001 to April 2005, he served as Minister of
Foreign Affairs.
Chief Executive:

13. What Type Of Government Does
Afghanistan Have?
The President, the council of ministers, provincial governors, and the
national assembly, constitute the Government of Afghanistan
The elected president and his two vice presidents as dictated by the new
constitution adopted in 2004 have a 5-year term.
The National Assembly of Afghanistan makes up the national legislature.
The Judiciary is an independent branch of the government comprising of
one Supreme Court, Appeal Courts, and Primary Courts.
The Executive branch is constitutionally mandated to implement rules,
regulations, and laws.
Currently, Mohammad Ashraf Ghani is the head of state in the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan.

14. According to the new constitution adopted in 2004, the elected
president and two vice presidents have a 5-year term. The president
becomes the chief of state and the head of government. He or she
appoints ministers who are subject to the approval of the Wolesi
Jirga, the lower house of the National Assembly. Today, the executive
branch has 25 ministries and several independent departments and
agencies as well as commissions who carry out government duties
dictated by the constitution. The constitution concentrates decision
making to the presidency. Like most nations around the world, the
Afghan Constitution assigns little official roles and responsibilities to
the vice president beyond assuming the presidency for a short while
in the absence of the incumbent. The major function of the vice
presidents is to attract ethnic voters for their running mates.
The Executive Branch Of The Government
Of Afghanistan:

15. The 2004 constitution replaced the ad hoc system of the judiciary that
involved justice administration under the Strict Islamic Law during the
Taliban Extremists era in (1996–2001). As per the new constitution the
judicial system constitutes of nine justices (appointed by the president
and approved by the Wolesi Jirga) that serve for a 10-year term. The
judges manage the personnel, budgets, and policy decisions of the
regional and local court systems. The Afghan Supreme Court, the
highest court in the country rarely functions as a constitutional
interpreter. The court is an appellate court exercising jurisdiction of
primary courts. The National Security Court handles threats to national
security and terrorism. There is a lower and higher court in every
province of the country, but the judicial procedures are mostly
influenced by traditions and the local authorities. The majority of law
court officials are Muslims. The respective roles of secular law and
Islamic law are not well established with Taliban rules still applying in
rural areas.
The Judiciary:

16. The Legislature Of The Government
Of Afghanistan:
The Afghan Parliament is bicameral; the Wolesi Jirga and Meshrano Jirga. The Meshrano Jirga
is the upper house with 102 senators while the lower house has 249 directly elected members.
The constitution allows for the convening of a Loya Jirga, the Constituent Assembly to discuss
urgent matters of independence, territorial integrity, and national sovereignty. The assembly
must include members of the National Assembly and heads of the provincial and district
councils. The Constituent Assembly can bring charges against the President and also amend
the constitution. The legislation originates either in the executive branch when parliament is in
recess or the Legislative Branch when either the Wolesi Jirga or Meshrano Jirga introduces a
bill. In the legislature, the bill passes from one house to the other, and upon receiving a
majority vote, it goes to the President who can either approve or veto the bill in 15 days. When
passed the Ministry of Justice enforces it after publication in the Gazette. If the president
vetoes the bill, it goes back to the House for further deliberation. Also, the Lower House can
override the Presidential veto by a two-third majority. If the head of state fails to approve the
bill within 15 days, it becomes the law. The Wolesi Jirga has ten seats reserved for Kuchis and
sixty-eight for female representatives. The house will review, discuss, and approve rules
drafted by the ministries and government agencies. The Meshrano Jirga has three parts: 34
indirectly elected representatives of the provincial councils; 34 representatives of the District
Councils serving for three years; and the third part constitutes presidentially-elected 34
qualified candidates to hold office for five years.

17. The Electoral System:
The 2004 constitution dictates that the President should be elected for a
five-year term in office. On October 9, 2004, Afghanistan elected Interim
President Hamid Karzai as president with 55.4% victory through the
Independent Party. The first parliamentary and local elections in the
country were held in September 2005 with a 50% vote turn up. The 11-
member Joint Electoral Management Body, appointed by Karzai
oversaw the registration and the election process. In 2009, insecurity,
lower voter turnout, intimidation, widespread ballot stuffing and other
electoral frauds characterized the presidential elections. There was a
lengthy vote-counting period followed by a fraud investigation and the
incumbent President Hamid Karzai and primary rival Abdullah Abdullah
were forced to a second round run-off vote. However, Abdullah walked
away claiming that transparency was not possible as his proposed
changes to the National Electoral Commission were not met. On
November 2, 2009, Hamid Karzai was declared President of the Republic
of Afghanistan for another 5-year term.

18.  The Constitution of Afghanistan is the supreme law of the
state Afghanistan, which serves as the legal framework
between the Afghan government and the Afghan citizens.
 Afghanistan (Afghan Empire) was made a state in 1747 by
Ahmad Shah Durrani.
 The earliest Afghan constitution was written during the reign
of Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in the 1890s followed by the
1923 version.
 The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan transformed
Afghanistan into a modern democracy.
 The current Afghan constitution was approved by the
consensus in January 2004 after the 2003 loya jirga.
 The Constitution consists of 162 articles and was officially
signed by former president Hamid Karzai on January 26, 2004.
Afghanistan Constitution:

19. Education in Afghanistan includes K–12 and higher
education, which is supervised by the Ministry of
Education and Ministry of Higher Education in Kabul,
Afghanistan. Afghanistan is going through a
nationwide rebuilding process and, despite setbacks,
institutions are established across the country.
Education in Afghanistan

20. THANK YOU!
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