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(1) INTRODUCTION.ppt
- 3. SIVA
Copyright©2001
3
Defination of soils
Soil as an engineering material
The term "soil" means different things to different people: To a geologist it
represents the products of past surface processes.
To a pedologist it represents currently occurring physical and chemical processes.
To an engineer it is a material that can be:
built on: foundations to buildings, bridges.
built in: tunnels, culverts, basements.
built with: roads, runways, embankments, dams.
supported: retaining walls, quays.
Definition according to “KARL TERZAGHI”
Soil Mechanics is the solution of solid partical which is by product of mechanical
and chemical decomposition of rock consist organic material or not ,
by using principal of mechanical and hydraulics.
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- 4. SIVA
Copyright©2001
Basic characteristics of soils
Soils consist of grains (mineral grains,
rock, etc.) with water and air in the
voids between grains. The water and
air contents are readily changed by
changes in conditions and location:
soils can be perfectly dry (have no
water content) or be fully saturated
(have no air content) or be partly
saturated (with both air and water
present). Although the size and shape
of the solid (granular) content rarely
changes at a given point, they can
vary considerably from point to point.
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- 5. SIVA
Copyright©2001
5
Basic characteristics of soils
First of all, consider soil as a engineering
material –
it is not a coherent solid material like steel
and concrete, but is a particulate material.
It is important to understand the
significance of particle size, shape and
composition, and of a soil's internal
structure or fabric.
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- 6. SIVA
Copyright©2001
History of Soil Engineering
Soil engineering knowledge is widely used from ancient time.
Initialy soil is used as a construction material like Filling, Dams,
Canals, Ponds, Wells excavation.
In Egypt before 2000 BC Foundation made in soft soil by use
of wood and stone cassions.
Roman Empire has good knowledge of soil properties and
stability of foundation. During roman time excellent engineering
construction like harbour, aquaducts,bridges, public buildings
and Road was constructed.
“We have to take care of foundation construction because
most of the structure fail by FOUNDATION FAILURE” According
to “Ten Books Of Architecture” book Written by Roman Engineer
VITRUVIOUS,
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- 7. SIVA
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History of Soil Engineering
American scientist Dr. Karl Terzaghi invent physical properties
of soil, loading on soil and moisture content in soil.
By this invention of Terzaghi Soil Mechanics branch fully
develope.
on this Invention Dr. Karl Terzaghi Known as a “FATHER OF
SOIL MECHANICS”
After 1925 many investigation done on various properties of
soil like Permeability, seepage, compaction, consolidation, shear
strength, bearing capacity, Earth pressure etc.
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- 8. SIVA
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Importance of Soil Engineering
Soil engineering is very important in Civil Engineering.
foundation of many structure like Building, bridge, Dams,
Retaining wall etc. is resting on soil.
by the properties of soil, type of foundation is decide.
We have to know the type of soil, underground water
situation, bearing capacity of soil for the safety and stability of
the foundation.
Foundation of Structure :
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- 13. SIVA
Copyright©2001
Physical Chemical
Weathering
Temperature changes
Impact and wearing effect
of water, ice and wind
Root of trees
Water in Cavity of rocks
Cohession less soil
produced by physical
weathering
Hydration
Carbonation
Oxidation
Solution
Clay is Produced by
Chemical Weathering
Residual soil: Soil produced by weathering, if this soil
deposited on parent rock is known as residual soil.
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