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C H A P T E R
PowerPoint® Lecture by:
Melissa Rowland-Goldsmith
Chapman University
The
Biotechnolo
gy Century
and Its
Workforce
1
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 Contents
• 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What
Does It Mean to You?
• 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Biotechnology – using living organisms,
or the products of living organisms, for
human benefit to make a product or solve
a problem
• Historical Examples
– Fermentation
– Selective breeding
– Use of antibiotics
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Example of Biotechnology – Selective Breeding
• What feature of Casper makes it a "model organism"
to study migration of cancer cells compared to
wildtype fish?
Normal zebrafish "Casper" zebrafish – made
by selective breeding
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
(a) (b)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Based on this tree,
can you become
successful in the
biotech industry
only studying
biology?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Modern Examples
– Gene cloning
– Genetic engineering
– Recombinant DNA technology
– Human Genome Project
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Example of "modern" biotechnology:
– recombinant DNA technology started modern biotech
as an industry
• Examples of applications
– development of disease-resistant plants
– food crops that produce greater yields
– "golden rice" engineered to be more nutritious
– genetically engineered bacteria that can degrade
environmental pollutants
• Work in groups to come up with more
examples of applications
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Look at the two chromosomes and determine which
chromosome has more than one gene involved in
promoting breast cancer. Explain your answer.
– Now use the link to further study the diseases involved in
these chromosomes
• http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Most drugs are developed to combat diseases
affecting humans – Why?
• Which disease has the most drug candidates? Why
does that disease have more drug candidates than
hepatitis C?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Use genetically modified cultured cells to
make protein of interest
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It
Mean to You?
• Products of Modern Biotechnology
– Example of proteins created by gene cloning
called recombinant proteins
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Microbial Biotechnology
• Agricultural Biotechnology
• Animal Biotechnology
• Forensic Biotechnology
• Bioremediation
• Aquatic Biotechnology
• Medical Biotechnology
• Regulatory Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation
of microorganisms such as yeast and
bacteria
– Create better enzymes
– More efficient decontamination processes for
industrial waste product removal
– Used to clone and produce large amounts of
important proteins used in human medicine
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Agricultural Biotechnology
– United Nations Food and Agricultural Org.
predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world
population of 9.1 billion! This requires raising
food production by approximately 70%!
– Work in groups to brainstorm a few
solutions to better feed the world by 2050.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Agricultural Biotechnology
– Plants more environmentally friendly that yield
more per acre (genetically engineered)
– Resistance to diseases and insects
– Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
– Drugs developed and grown as plant products
– These better plants ultimately reduce
production costs to help feed the growing
world population
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Agricultural Biotechnology
– Work in groups to discuss how you can
use this technology in a third world
country to create a better corn crop (main
crop in that country) that contains all of
the 22 essential amino acids.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Will improved crops that are created to
satisfy world hunger reduce available
land for biofuel crops? Discuss in
groups.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Animal Biotechnology
– Animals as a source of medically valuable
proteins
• Antibodies
• Transgenic animals
– Animals as important models in basic
research
• Gene "knockout" experiments
• Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
– Animal cloning
• Source of transplant organs
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Animal Biotechnology
– transgenic animal: way to achieve large
scale production of therapeutic proteins from
animals for use in humans
– Female transgenic animals express
therapeutic proteins in milk (contains genes
from another source)
– Example: human genes coding for clotting
proteins can be introduced into female goats
for production of these proteins in their milk
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Animal Biotechnology
– Gene knockout:
• Disrupt a gene in the animal and then look at what
functions are affected in the animal as a result of
the loss of the gene
• This allows researchers to determine the role and
function of the gene
• Since humans are similar to rats and mice, gene
knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to
better understanding of gene function in humans.
• Work in groups and give an example of a
gene you would like to knockout in mice.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Forensic Biotechnology
– DNA fingerprinting
• Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion
• Paternity cases
• Identification of human remains
• Endangered species
• Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Forensic Biotechnology
• Based on DNA results
from this gel, did the
defendant commit this
crime? Explain based
on the gel results.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Bioremediation
– The use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and manmade
substances
• Particularly those that contribute to environmental
pollution
– Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that
degrade components in crude oil
• 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
• 2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research
into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Bioremediation – adding nutrients to stimulate
growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Aquatic Biotechnology
– Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled
conditions for use as food sources
• 50% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide
– Genetic engineering
• Disease-resistant strains of oysters
• Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish
• Transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/news/20100922/genetically-
engineered-salmon-faq
– Bioprospecting: rich and valuable sources of new
genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important
applications for human benefits
• Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of
antitumor and anticancer molecules
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Aquatic Biotechnology
• Why create transgenic salmon overproducing
growth hormone?
• How does this modified salmon help humans?
transgenic
normal
Two different salmon
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Medical Biotechnology
– Involved with the whole spectrum of human
medicine
• Preventive medicine
• Diagnosis of health and illness
• Treatment of human diseases
– New information from Human Genome
Project
• Gene therapy
– Stem cell technologies
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Stem cells – grown in lab and then treated with
different chemicals to allow them to develop into
specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant
• Current use: stem cells are used for diabetes;
spinal cord injuries
• Work in groups to come up with a list of
other diseases you have read about in the
newspaper or heard on the news that
scientists are testing with stem cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Medical biotechnology
– Genes are headline news items
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.2 Types of Biotechnology
• Regulatory Biotechnology
– Quality Assurance (QA)
• All activities involved in regulating the final quality of
a product
– Quality Control (QC)
• Part of QA process that involves lab testing and
monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent
product standards
• Together QA and QC ensure that biotechnology products meet
strict standards for purity and performance
• Why as a consumer should you care about a
product undergoing intense regulations?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
– Human Genome Project
• Research on the function of human genes and
controlling factors that regulate genes
– Human proteome
• Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a
human cell
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
• Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA
sequences that vary from individual to individual
• These variations are the cause of some genetic
diseases (sickle cell anemia)
• SNPs will help identify genes involved in medical
conditions including arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart
disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional
illnesses
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• Example of SNPs and breast cancer
• Identification of SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2
genes involved in promoting breast cancer led to
development of better targeted treatments for
people who have those specific gene mutations
• Can you think of how this knowledge might
be useful for someone who is not already
diagnosed with cancer? (Hint: think of your
basic knowledge of genetics.)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Example of how we can benefit from the human
genome project
• Based on the figure, why doesn't person 2 develop a
genetic disease due to the SNP (G → T)?
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How can you test one person's DNA for
many different SNPs?
• Microarray (gene chip)
– Isolate DNA from patient
– Apply this sample to a microarray which
contains many DNA sequences
– Compare patterns of DNA binding between
patient's DNA and DNA on microarray to
reveal patient's SNP patterns
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
– Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine
• Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment
strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient
– Do microarray analysis and then design drugs against
genes that are mutated for an individual patient
– Metabolomics
• A snapshot of the small molecules produced during
cellular metabolism
– Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules
– Can distinguish between disease process and
physiological adaptation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
– Nanotechnology
• Applications that
incorporate extremely
small devices
• Small particles that
can deliver drugs
to cells
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• Gene therapy technology
– Replacing or augmenting defective genes with
normal copies of the gene
• Still have barriers to overcome before this
technology becomes safe and effective
• Obstacles include:
– How can normal genes be delivered to virtually all cells in
the body?
– What are the long-term effects of introducing extra genes
in humans?
– What must be done to ensure the proper protein is made
after the genes are delivered to the body?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is
emerging technology to silence genes that
are involved in disease progression
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• Stem cell technology
– Stem cells are immature cells that grow and divide to
produce different cell types
– Most stem cells are from embryos called embryonic
stem cells (ESCs) but they are controversial since the
process involves death of an embryo
– Some stem cells are from adult cells (ASCs)
• Either type of stem cell can be coaxed to grow into cells of
interest to replace damaged tissue or failing organs (liver,
pancreas, retina)
• Work in groups to explain why scientists are
doing more research using embryonic vs.
adult stem cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• ESCs can give rise to many types of
differentiated cells
1.3 Biotechnology in the 21st Century
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st
Century
• How will medical biotechnology change
our lives in the years ahead?
– Regenerative medicine
• Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to
treat genetic disease conditions
• In future scientists will be able to…
1. Isolate adult stem cells from a patient with a
genetic disorder
2. Genetically manipulate these cells by gene
therapy approaches
3. Reinsert the cells into the same patient to help
treat their genetic disease
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Biotechnology is a global industry
– Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide
revenues
– $40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the
United States
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
• Differences between a biotech and
pharmaceutical company
– Pharmaceutical companies is involved in drug
development (chemically synthesizing or
purifying compounds to make the drug)
– Pharmaceutical company does not use living
organisms to grow or produce a product
– Biotech company is involved in drug
development using live organisms
– Biotech companies also create products that
are not drugs
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Insert table 1.3
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
• How does a biotech company start?
– Generally created as a startup company with few
employees backed by venture capital investments
(derived from financial institutions and private donors
called angel investors)
– Why invest as an angel donor? To ultimately have
company ownership in exchange for donating funds –
get rich if company is successful!
– Takes 10 years to get a product to market at a big
cost!
– Eventually startups are bought out by bigger
established companies
– Bringing drug close to market = value to the company
– File for initial public offering (IPO) stock
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
• Jobs in Biotechnology
– Research and development: preclinical,
discovery research, bioinformatics, lab safety
– Operations: process/product development,
manufacturing and production
– Quality: quality control and assurance
– Clinical research: clinical research and
regulatory affairs
– Finance and administration: finance, business
development, administration, information
systems, legal, facilities management
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Based on this graph, which type of job requires more
education and why?
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Organizational structure of medium sized
biotech company
• Based on this table, which jobs look like they require
the least amount of education?
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
• What is the best approach to landing a
good job in a biotech company?
– Obtain a degree in molecular biology,
biochemistry, or bioinformatics
– Minor in information technology
– Take lots of math courses
– Have great skills in oral and written
communication
– Must be a collaborative team player
– Why go into this field? It pays well and is
personally rewarding!

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Biotechnology

  • 1. C H A P T E R PowerPoint® Lecture by: Melissa Rowland-Goldsmith Chapman University The Biotechnolo gy Century and Its Workforce 1
  • 2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Contents • 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
  • 3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Biotechnology – using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem • Historical Examples – Fermentation – Selective breeding – Use of antibiotics
  • 4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Example of Biotechnology – Selective Breeding • What feature of Casper makes it a "model organism" to study migration of cancer cells compared to wildtype fish? Normal zebrafish "Casper" zebrafish – made by selective breeding 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? (a) (b)
  • 5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Based on this tree, can you become successful in the biotech industry only studying biology?
  • 6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Modern Examples – Gene cloning – Genetic engineering – Recombinant DNA technology – Human Genome Project
  • 7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Example of "modern" biotechnology: – recombinant DNA technology started modern biotech as an industry • Examples of applications – development of disease-resistant plants – food crops that produce greater yields – "golden rice" engineered to be more nutritious – genetically engineered bacteria that can degrade environmental pollutants • Work in groups to come up with more examples of applications
  • 8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Look at the two chromosomes and determine which chromosome has more than one gene involved in promoting breast cancer. Explain your answer. – Now use the link to further study the diseases involved in these chromosomes • http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You?
  • 9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Most drugs are developed to combat diseases affecting humans – Why? • Which disease has the most drug candidates? Why does that disease have more drug candidates than hepatitis C?
  • 10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Use genetically modified cultured cells to make protein of interest
  • 11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? • Products of Modern Biotechnology – Example of proteins created by gene cloning called recombinant proteins
  • 12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology • Bioremediation • Aquatic Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology • Regulatory Biotechnology
  • 13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Microbial Biotechnology – manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria – Create better enzymes – More efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal – Used to clone and produce large amounts of important proteins used in human medicine
  • 14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology – United Nations Food and Agricultural Org. predicts by 2050, we will need to feed a world population of 9.1 billion! This requires raising food production by approximately 70%! – Work in groups to brainstorm a few solutions to better feed the world by 2050.
  • 15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology – Plants more environmentally friendly that yield more per acre (genetically engineered) – Resistance to diseases and insects – Foods with higher protein or vitamin content – Drugs developed and grown as plant products – These better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed the growing world population
  • 16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Agricultural Biotechnology – Work in groups to discuss how you can use this technology in a third world country to create a better corn crop (main crop in that country) that contains all of the 22 essential amino acids.
  • 17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Will improved crops that are created to satisfy world hunger reduce available land for biofuel crops? Discuss in groups.
  • 18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology – Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins • Antibodies • Transgenic animals – Animals as important models in basic research • Gene "knockout" experiments • Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies – Animal cloning • Source of transplant organs
  • 19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology – transgenic animal: way to achieve large scale production of therapeutic proteins from animals for use in humans – Female transgenic animals express therapeutic proteins in milk (contains genes from another source) – Example: human genes coding for clotting proteins can be introduced into female goats for production of these proteins in their milk
  • 20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Animal Biotechnology – Gene knockout: • Disrupt a gene in the animal and then look at what functions are affected in the animal as a result of the loss of the gene • This allows researchers to determine the role and function of the gene • Since humans are similar to rats and mice, gene knockout studies in rats and mice can lead to better understanding of gene function in humans. • Work in groups and give an example of a gene you would like to knockout in mice.
  • 21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Forensic Biotechnology – DNA fingerprinting • Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion • Paternity cases • Identification of human remains • Endangered species • Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
  • 22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Forensic Biotechnology • Based on DNA results from this gel, did the defendant commit this crime? Explain based on the gel results. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
  • 23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Bioremediation – The use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of natural and manmade substances • Particularly those that contribute to environmental pollution – Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil • 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska • 2010 Deep Water Horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes
  • 24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Bioremediation – adding nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
  • 25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Aquatic Biotechnology – Aquaculture – raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for use as food sources • 50% of all fish consumed by humans worldwide – Genetic engineering • Disease-resistant strains of oysters • Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and other finfish • Transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/news/20100922/genetically- engineered-salmon-faq – Bioprospecting: rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins and metabolic processes with important applications for human benefits • Marine plankton and snails found to be rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules
  • 26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Aquatic Biotechnology • Why create transgenic salmon overproducing growth hormone? • How does this modified salmon help humans? transgenic normal Two different salmon 1.2 Types of Biotechnology
  • 27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Medical Biotechnology – Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine • Preventive medicine • Diagnosis of health and illness • Treatment of human diseases – New information from Human Genome Project • Gene therapy – Stem cell technologies
  • 28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Stem cells – grown in lab and then treated with different chemicals to allow them to develop into specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant • Current use: stem cells are used for diabetes; spinal cord injuries • Work in groups to come up with a list of other diseases you have read about in the newspaper or heard on the news that scientists are testing with stem cells.
  • 29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Medical biotechnology – Genes are headline news items
  • 30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.2 Types of Biotechnology • Regulatory Biotechnology – Quality Assurance (QA) • All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product – Quality Control (QC) • Part of QA process that involves lab testing and monitoring of processes and applications to ensure consistent product standards • Together QA and QC ensure that biotechnology products meet strict standards for purity and performance • Why as a consumer should you care about a product undergoing intense regulations?
  • 31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? – Human Genome Project • Research on the function of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes – Human proteome • Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell
  • 32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? – Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) • Single nucleotide changes (mutations) in DNA sequences that vary from individual to individual • These variations are the cause of some genetic diseases (sickle cell anemia) • SNPs will help identify genes involved in medical conditions including arthritis, stroke, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and behavioral and emotional illnesses
  • 33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • Example of SNPs and breast cancer • Identification of SNPs in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes involved in promoting breast cancer led to development of better targeted treatments for people who have those specific gene mutations • Can you think of how this knowledge might be useful for someone who is not already diagnosed with cancer? (Hint: think of your basic knowledge of genetics.)
  • 34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Example of how we can benefit from the human genome project • Based on the figure, why doesn't person 2 develop a genetic disease due to the SNP (G → T)? 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
  • 35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How can you test one person's DNA for many different SNPs? • Microarray (gene chip) – Isolate DNA from patient – Apply this sample to a microarray which contains many DNA sequences – Compare patterns of DNA binding between patient's DNA and DNA on microarray to reveal patient's SNP patterns
  • 36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? – Pharmacogenomics is customized medicine • Tailor-designing drug therapy and treatment strategies based on the genetic profile of a patient – Do microarray analysis and then design drugs against genes that are mutated for an individual patient – Metabolomics • A snapshot of the small molecules produced during cellular metabolism – Glucose, cholesterol, ATP, and signaling molecules – Can distinguish between disease process and physiological adaptation
  • 37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? – Nanotechnology • Applications that incorporate extremely small devices • Small particles that can deliver drugs to cells
  • 38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • Gene therapy technology – Replacing or augmenting defective genes with normal copies of the gene • Still have barriers to overcome before this technology becomes safe and effective • Obstacles include: – How can normal genes be delivered to virtually all cells in the body? – What are the long-term effects of introducing extra genes in humans? – What must be done to ensure the proper protein is made after the genes are delivered to the body?
  • 39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is emerging technology to silence genes that are involved in disease progression
  • 40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • Stem cell technology – Stem cells are immature cells that grow and divide to produce different cell types – Most stem cells are from embryos called embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but they are controversial since the process involves death of an embryo – Some stem cells are from adult cells (ASCs) • Either type of stem cell can be coaxed to grow into cells of interest to replace damaged tissue or failing organs (liver, pancreas, retina) • Work in groups to explain why scientists are doing more research using embryonic vs. adult stem cells.
  • 41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • ESCs can give rise to many types of differentiated cells 1.3 Biotechnology in the 21st Century
  • 42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century • How will medical biotechnology change our lives in the years ahead? – Regenerative medicine • Genetically modifying stem cells of patients to treat genetic disease conditions • In future scientists will be able to… 1. Isolate adult stem cells from a patient with a genetic disorder 2. Genetically manipulate these cells by gene therapy approaches 3. Reinsert the cells into the same patient to help treat their genetic disease
  • 43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Biotechnology is a global industry – Generates more than $63 billion in worldwide revenues – $40 billion in sales of biological drugs in the United States 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
  • 44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce • Differences between a biotech and pharmaceutical company – Pharmaceutical companies is involved in drug development (chemically synthesizing or purifying compounds to make the drug) – Pharmaceutical company does not use living organisms to grow or produce a product – Biotech company is involved in drug development using live organisms – Biotech companies also create products that are not drugs
  • 45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Insert table 1.3 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
  • 46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce • How does a biotech company start? – Generally created as a startup company with few employees backed by venture capital investments (derived from financial institutions and private donors called angel investors) – Why invest as an angel donor? To ultimately have company ownership in exchange for donating funds – get rich if company is successful! – Takes 10 years to get a product to market at a big cost! – Eventually startups are bought out by bigger established companies – Bringing drug close to market = value to the company – File for initial public offering (IPO) stock
  • 47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce • Jobs in Biotechnology – Research and development: preclinical, discovery research, bioinformatics, lab safety – Operations: process/product development, manufacturing and production – Quality: quality control and assurance – Clinical research: clinical research and regulatory affairs – Finance and administration: finance, business development, administration, information systems, legal, facilities management
  • 48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Based on this graph, which type of job requires more education and why? 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
  • 49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Organizational structure of medium sized biotech company • Based on this table, which jobs look like they require the least amount of education? 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce
  • 50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce • What is the best approach to landing a good job in a biotech company? – Obtain a degree in molecular biology, biochemistry, or bioinformatics – Minor in information technology – Take lots of math courses – Have great skills in oral and written communication – Must be a collaborative team player – Why go into this field? It pays well and is personally rewarding!

Editor's Notes

  1. Answer: Via selective breeding, by mating a zebrafish mutant that lacked reflective pigment with a zebrafish that lacked black pigment, Casper is transparent. This feature allows scientists to inject fluorescent cancer cells into Casper's abdominal cavity and then track the migration of those cells to specific locations in his body.
  2. Answer: No, you need to take many science courses including biology, computer science, chemistry, math (especially statistics). If you are not broadly trained, you will not be able to obtain a job in this growing field!
  3. Answer: The answers will vary. Low cost production of proteins used to treat diseases Development of recombinant enzymes to be used by molecular biologists for research Students can come up with many more great ideas. This exercise really makes students stretch their imaginations and they really enjoy working together to generate great ideas!
  4. Answer: chromosome 13 has 2 genes listed regarding breast cancer and chromosome 21 only has 1 gene related to breast cancer. Answer: this is an exploratory exercise for the students- answers will vary depending on what diseases they further studied. chromosome 13: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay bladder cancer breast cancer COL4A1-related brain small-vessel disease familial porencephaly Fanconi anemia hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps syndrome limb-girdle muscular dystrophy nonsyndromic deafness nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly ornithine translocase deficiency Peters plus syndrome propionic acidemia retinoblastoma succinate-CoA ligase deficiency Tourette syndrome Troyer syndrome Waardenburg syndrome Wilson disease Chromosome 21: Alzheimer disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, type 1 Bethlem myopathy familial atrial fibrillation glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency homocystinuria Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Knobloch syndrome microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II nonsyndromic deafness Romano-Ward syndrome Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy Unverricht-Lundborg disease  
  5. Answer: This reflects the current needs of humans- we have too many diseases and currently too few drugs to target them. Answer: By far, cancer has the most drug candidates than any other disease. This disease has many more drug candidates than hepatitis C because hepatitis C affects less people worldwide than different kinds of cancer. Cancer, of course, can affect many different organs. On the other hand, hepatitis C only affects the liver.
  6. Answer: This will vary, depending on what students come up with. Probably, most will discuss use of recombinant technology to genetically modify foods. For example, scientists can create better crops that are perhaps more drought resistant. They can create ways to better preserve fruits and vegetables so they don't quickly rot and get wasted. Perhaps create crops that are foul tasting to pests including bugs and animals so that the crops survive. Perhaps create ways to have crops grow even in the most extreme conditions. Students will probably discuss better ways to feed people without relying on being carnivores. A lot of the discussion will be ways to obtain proteins from other novel food sources.
  7. Answer: This is an ethical question and should lead to some powerful discussions during class. Make sure to discuss what is meant by biofuel crops.
  8. Answer: Will vary depending on the group's idea. Perhaps, you want to study the role of insulin in preventing diabetes. By knocking out the gene coding for insulin, you can observe the animal's response (development of diabetes). Then scientists can inject recombinant insulin to the animal and again, study their responses to the treatment.
  9. Answer: Based on the gel results, there is evidence that the defendant committed the crime. The position of the bands as well as number of bands on the gel match with the victim's blood. It is important to note, that though the bands are very light for the sample from the jeans, they also match the victim's blood. Based on this gel, you CAN ONLY say that the defendant is linked to the crime scene. You cannot use this evidence to state that the defendant is guilty of the murder.
  10. Answer 1. By creating transgenic salmon that overproduce Growth Hormone, it allows the salmon to have fast growth rates over a short period of time. Answer 2. This modified salmon helps humans because it decreases the time and expenses required to grow the salmon for market sale.
  11. Answer: the answers will vary! Remember, most of these diseases are only be tested with stem cell therapy in animal models. They are not being used in the clinic yet!!! Some possible answers: Parkinson's Alzheimer's Leukemia Other types of cancer Eye diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration
  12. Answer: You want to use a product that will be used only to do its specified job. If it is contaminated with some other source, it might not do its job! For example, when you buy a car at the dealer, you are ensured that the car will work because of high regulations within that industry. Now that biotech is a mainstay, it also needs tight regulations too!
  13. Answer: Assume that your mom and sister both had breast cancer and found out that they both had the BRCA1 gene mutation. Your doctor would counsel you to be tested for this mutation too. Then, if you have the mutation, the doctor could monitor you more closely for developing breast cancer. If you were to develop this cancer, they would be able to catch it early on when you have a better chance of being treated successfully. It is important to note that even if you were tested and had this genetic mutation, it does NOT mean that you will definitely develop cancer. It just means that you have an increased risk! It is also important to note that both men and women can develop breast cancer.
  14. Answer: Since there can be multiple codons coding for the same amino acid, then even if person 2 has a SNP, the new codon can still code for the same amino acid as in person 1. Thus, the same protein will ultimately be made and it will therefore have the correct function. This type of mutation is called silent since the nucleotide change did not affect a change in the amino acid sequence. Person 3 had a SNP that changed the codon so it coded for a different amino acid. Thus, this will affect the way the protein is folded and, if not in the proper structure, it will have impaired function or perhaps no function.
  15. Answer: Scientists are using embryonic cells more often because they can give rise to all kinds of cells in the body. Adult stem cells are limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin.
  16. Answer: Research and development jobs require the most education because these people are involved in the design, execution, and interpretation of the experiments and results. They also have to be able to read and interpret scientific literature. They must sometimes prepare technical reports, write lab protocols and data summaries. Overall, they must understand the scientific details of their project. They generally collaborate with other scientists on a team.
  17. Answer: For the R&D part of the company, it would be the glass washer and for the finance and operations, it would be the shipper/ receiver. Based on this overview of a typical medium sized biotech company, even a person with barely a high school diploma can obtain a job in that industry.