Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and computer networks, such as the Internet. -H.I.Bijoy

1. Routing
Md. Hasan Imam Bijoy
Student of C.S.E
Email: biju.cse143@gmail.com
Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

3. Routing
 A router is a device that
determines the next network
point to which a packet
should be forwarded toward
its destination, is called
Routing
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4. More Details
Allow different networks to communicate with each
other
A router creates and maintain a table of the
available routes and their conditions and uses this
information to determine the best route for a given
packet.
A packet will travel through a number of network
points with routers before arriving at its destination.
There can be multiple routes defined. The route
with a lower weight/metric will be tried first.
Continue
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5. Routing
Routing
To: Destination host (Protocol Address)
Router 1 (Physical address)
Packet
Source
Host PC
To: Destination host (Protocol Address)
Router 3 (Physical Address)
Packet
To: Destination host (Protocol Address)
Destination host (Physical Address)
Packet
Router 1
To: Destination host (Protocol Address)
Router 2 (Physical Address)
Packet
Router 2
Router 3
Destination
Host PC
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6. Routing Protocols
Static Routing
Dynamic Routing
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol): Route data within an
Autonomous System
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP-2 (RIP Version 2)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
IS-IS
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol): Route data between
Autonomous Systems
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
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7. Internetworking Devices
 Definition: An internetworking device is a widely-used term for any
hardware within networks that connect different network resources. Key
devices that comprise a network are routers, bridges, repeaters and
gateways.
• Hubs are used to connect multiple users to a single physical device,
which connects to the network.
• Hubs and concentrators act as repeaters by regenerating the signal as
it passes through them.
Hub
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8. Internetworking DevicesContinue
 Bridges are used to logically separate network segments
within the same network. They operate at the OSI data
link layer (Layer 2) and are independent of higher-layer
protocols.
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9. Internetworking DevicesContinue
• Switches are similar to bridges but usually have more ports.
• Switches provide a unique network segment on each port, thereby
separating collision domains.
• Today, network designers are replacing hubs in their wiring closets
with switches to increase their network performance and bandwidth
while protecting their existing wiring investments.
Switch
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10. Internetworking DevicesContinue
 Routers separate broadcast domains and are used to
connect different networks.
 Routers direct network traffic based on the destination
network layer address (Layer 3) rather than the
workstation data link layer or MAC address
Router
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11. Connection
 Computer networks connect nodes like computers, routers, and
switches using cables, fiber optics, or wireless signals. These
connections allow devices in a network to communicate and share
information and resources
 Some connection Types:
Copper Straight
Cable
Cross over
Cable
Serial DCE
Cable
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12. End Devices
 A source or destination device in a networked system.
For example, a user's PC is an end device, and so is a
server. Network switches, routers and other equipment
work in between to enable messages to travel from
one end device to the other.
Computer
Phone
Printer Server
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13. Routing - Static
 Take Routers, Switches, Devices
 Connect all Device ( Routers, Switches, Devices)
 After Configure Router – All are Green
 Then Starts Static
 IP Router
 Destination Network Address
 Destination Subnet Mask
 Outgoing Interface
Example:
CLI : IP Router 196.156.2.0 255.255.255.240 Se2/0
IP Router 196.156.1.0 255.255.255.240 Se3/0
Se2/0
196.156.1.0
255.255.255.240
196.156.2.0
255.255.255.240
Se3/0
R1
R2
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14. Routing – RIP V2
 Take Routers, Switches, Devices
 Connect all Device ( Routers, Switches, Devices)
 After Configure Router – All are Green
 Then Starts RIP
 Router RIP
 Version 2
 Network Neighbors Network Address
Example:
CLI : Router RIP
Version 2
Network 196.156.1.0
Network 196.156.2.0
Se2/0
196.156.1.0
255.255.255.240
196.156.2.0
255.255.255.240
Se3/0
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15. Routing – EIGRP
 Take Routers, Switches, Devices
 Connect all Device ( Routers, Switches, Devices)
 After Configure Router – All are Green
 Then Starts EIGRP
 Router EIGRP AReaValue
 Network Neighbors Network Address
Example:
CLI : Router EIGRP 10
Network 196.156.1.0
Network 196.156.2.0
Se2/0
196.156.1.0
255.255.255.240
196.156.2.0
255.255.255.240
Se3/0
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16. Routing – OSPF
 Take Routers, Switches, Devices
 Connect all Device ( Routers, Switches, Devices)
 After Configure Router – All are Green
 Then Starts OSPF
 Router OSPF Value
 Network Neighbors Network Address
 Wildcard Subnet Mask
 Area 1
Example:
CLI : Router OSPF 5
Network 196.156.1.0 0.0.0.15 Area1
Network 196.156.2.0 0.0.0.15 Area 1
Se2/0
196.156.1.0
255.255.255.240
196.156.2.0
255.255.255.240
Se3/0
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17. Packet
Source Destination
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
PacketPacket
Packet Transfer
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18. VLANs
VLANs (Virtual LAN) enable network managers to group
users logically (based on functions, project teams or
applications) rather than by physical location.
Traffic can only be routed between VLANs.
VLANs provide the segmentation traditionally provided
by physical routers in LAN configuration.
VLAN H.I.BI
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19. VLANs and Inter VLAN Routing
VLAN
Router X
100 Mbps
ISL
100 Mbps
ISL
VLAN 10
Switch X
100 Mbps ISL
VLAN 20
VLAN 20
Switch Y
Switch Z
VLAN 20
10 Mbps Ethernet
VLAN 10Segment A
Segment B
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20. Packet Transfer in VLAN
VLAN 2
VLAN 1
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
Trunking VLAN 1 & VLAN 2
Source
Destination
Packet
Packet
Packet
PacketPacket
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21. Packet Transfer in VLAN
VLAN 2
VLAN 1
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
Trunking VLAN 1 & VLAN 2
Source
Destination
Packet
Packet
Packet
PacketPacket
Continue
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22. Advantages of Using VLANs
Broadcast Control— Just as switches physically isolate
collision domains for attached hosts and only forward traffic
out a particular port, VLANs provide logical bridging
domains that confine broadcast and multicast traffic to the
VLANs.
Security— If you do not allow routing in a VLAN, no users
outside of that VLAN can communicate with the users in the
VLAN and vice versa. This extreme level of security can be
highly desirable for certain projects and applications.
Performance— You can assign users that require high-
performance or isolated networking to separate VLANs.

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24. TCP/UDP
Transport Layer Protocol
TCP is connection Oriented (uses checksum and
acknowledgment)
UDP is Connectionless
Both use the concept of Connection Port Number (16
Bit Source Port Number and Destination Port
Number)
Standard Applications have standard Port Numbers
(Email 25, Telnet 23, FTP 20 & 21, SSH 22)
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25. H.I.BI
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