2. Revision of Last Lecture
1. Normal osmotic pressure of plasma.
a. 35mmHg c. 25mmHg
b. 45mm Hg d. 20 mmHg
2. All plasma proteins are synthesized by liver except-
a. Albumin b. Prothrombin
c. Gamma-globulin d. Fibrinigen
3. 3. Impaired Protein Synthesis occurs in –
a. Cirrhosis of liver b. Chronic diseases
c. Malabsorption d. all of above
4. Total blood volume (% of body weight)
a. 8 b.20
c. 10 d. 7
5. Separation of Plasma proteins
• Salting out method
• Electrophoresis
• Ultracentrifugation Technique
• Cohns Fractionation
• Gel Filtration
6. • Albumin –
• Major constituent of plasma
• Half life – 20 days
• Mol wt. – 66,0000
• Function – Responsible for maintenance of normal plasma osmotic
pressure i.e. 25mmHg
7. • Applied Aspect –
- Normally proteins are not filtered through glomerular capillaries
- In Kidney diseases with glomerular diseases – Albumin appears early
in urine (being smallest in diameter) – Albuminuria –
Hypoalbuminemia – Oedema formation.
- In Liver Diseases – Decreased formation of albumin occurs –
Hypoalbuminemia – oedema formation.
8. Globulin
• Types- globulin, globulin & globulin.
• Function –
- Transport proteins – Transferrin, ceruloplasmin, hemopexin
- globulin – Antibodies
- Normal A:G ratio – 1.7: 1 – It gets altered in many diseases & helps in
diagnosis & prognosis of certain diseases.
9. Fibrinogen
• Produced in liver
• Mol wt – 340000
• Function:
- Blood clotting
- Contributes to viscosity of plasma
- Determination of ESR
10. Whipple’s Experiment-Plasmapheresis
(to see relation of diet with P.P)
• Aim-(1) to exhaust proteins reserve below 4gm%
-(2) to find out Rate of generation of P.P.
on standard diet
• Conclusion-(1) Dispensable plasma proteins are mobilised
when P.P. Reduced to2gm% from Skeletal Muscle,and glands
-(2)Indispensable P.P.Plays no role in compensatory
mechanism, these are required for metabolic activity
-(3)Labile P.P. Move immediately From liver tissue
macrophage system to compensate loss
11. Whipple’s experiment
• After Depletion of plasma proteins – Due to severe hemorrhage,
burns, infection, blood donation – plasma proteins comes to normal
within 14 days.
- Fibrinogen is regenerated first, then globulin and lastly albumin.
- Aim – To see effect of dietary components on plasma protein
regeneration.
- Procedure – He performed his experiment on dogs.
- He removed blood from dogs body – separated cells from plasma
from cells (plasmapheresis) – reinjected cells only.
12. - He purposely dropped the plasma protein level of the animal to
a significant minimum - This acts as a stimulant to regenerate
new plasma cells.
- Dogs fed with animal protein produced more proteins compared
to those fed with vegetable diet.
• Inference – There are 3 types of protein stores in human body
- Labile Reserve Protein – These proteins are released
immediately into circulation from liver to compensate for
proteins lost in haemorrhage, burns etc.
- Dispensable reserve protein – These are reserve stores
proteins like glands & skeletal muscles – and are source of
energy during fasting , starvation etc.
13. - Indispensable proteins – These proteins cannot be mobilized into
circulation for compensation and are fixed cell proteins utilized for
various cellular function.
14. • Whipple’s experiment states that the blood plasma protein
regeneration can be modified by influencing diet and dietary
components. He performed his experiment on dogs to show
that basal diet comprising of animal protein that included liver
and casein was much effective in regenerating new plasma
proteins as opposed to diet comprised mainly of vegetable
diet.
• In his experiment, he purposely dropped the plasma level of
the animal to a significant minimum. This acts as a stimulant
to regenerate new plasma cells. Dogs fed with animal protein
produced 60-70 gms more plasma cells as compared to
those fed with vegetable diet.
15. Functions of plasma proteins
• Osmotic pressure –
• Viscosity – contributes to 50% viscosity of blood.
- Viscosity depends upon molecular shape of plasma poteins.
- Fibrinogen, being elongated & fibrillar in shape – contributes more to
viscosity. Globulins also contribute due to its asymmetric shape.
- By increasing viscosity – they increase peripheral resistance and blood
pressure.
• Immunity
• Coagulation
• Acid – base balance
• Transport
16. • Maintain blood in fluid state – Protein C, protein S, plasminogen, kinin
system maintain blood in fluid state by causing clot lysis and by
inactivating clotting factors
• Protein Store –
- Plasma proteins serves as mobile protein reserve of the body, which
can be utilized in situations of protein depletion.
• Suspension stability of RBC–
- Fibrinogen & globulin maintain.
- ESR mainly depends on the concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma.
Fibrinogen facilitates rouleux formation, which in turn increases ESR
- Condition of Acute inflammation – Fibrinogen concentration
increases – ESR increases.
17. • Role in Lipid Metabolism – Involved in lipid metabolism and transport.
e.g. LDL, VLDL, HDL, Chylomicrons
• Haptoglobin – forms complex with haemoglobin & prevents its
filtration in kidney
• Form Trephones –
- Leukocytes prepare substances from plasma proteins called
trephones.
- These are necessary for nourishment of tissues.
18. • Transport hormones, minerals, vitamins, metals, drugs & gases –
- Transferrin – Iron
- Ceruloplasmin – Copper containing plasma protein
- Thyroid binding globulin
- Cortisol binding globulin
- Vit A,D, E – Lipoproteins
- Bilirubin & drugs - Albumin
