what is zoophily, Types of zoophily, entomophilous flowers characteristics, Pollination in yucca, poliination in salvia, Calotropis, Trap door rmechanism, pseudocopulation, Save the pollinators

1. By – HARSHIKA ( B.Sc. II yr. )
Roll no. - 2180830029
MADE BY – HARSHIKA
St. Bedes College, Shimla

2. INTRODUCTION
Zoophily is a form of pollination
whereby pollen is transferred by
animals, usually vertebrates but may
include invertebrates, particularly by
hummingbirds and other birds, and bats,
but also by monkeys, marsupials, lemurs,
bears, rabbits, deer, rodents, lizards,
and other animals. Insects are the most
common type of pollinators. The most
common families pollinated are
Asteraceae and Lamiaceae.

3. TYPES of
ZOOPHILY
ENTOMOPHILY
(By Insects)
ORNITHOPHILY
(By Birds)
CHIROPTEROPHILY
( By Bats)
MALACOPHILY
(By Snails)
OPHIOPHILY
(By Snakes)
MELLITOPHILY
(By Bees)
PSYCHOPHILY
(By Butterflies)
CANTHAROPHILY
(By Beetles)
SPHECOPHILY
(By Wasps)
PHALAENOPHILY
(By Moths)

4. ENTOMOPHILY
It is the most common type of pollination in which the
pollen
grains are transferred through the agency of INSECTS
like
moths, butterflies, wasps, bees, beetles, flies etc. These
insects
visit flowers for pollen, nectar, or shelter.
SO LET’S GET TO KNOW SOME
BASIC TRAITS OF OUR
POLLINATING
INSECTS

5. HONEYBEES – They perform 80% of the total
pollination. After collecting pollen from the flower it
puts it in a special pollen basket on its hind legs.
Some pollen also stick on the hair of its body, which
gets transferred to the stigma of the next flower it
visits. They are attracted to purple, violet flowers.
Bees are colour blind to red. They use U.V.
Radiations through which red appears black.
Therefore, bees seldom pollinate red flowers.
BUMBLEBEES - They are known for the
pollination of tomato flower. The anther of tomato
flower will only release its pollen if vibrated.
This is called as BUZZ POLLINATION and
requires bumblebees to shake it in a certain way.

6. FLIES - They are important pollinators of many
plants. Even common houseflies and bluebottles
that we find annoying are important pollinators of
crops like mango and avocado. A perfect example is
of VODOO LILY or DEVIL’S TONGUE needs
flies for pollination. It smells like dead rotting and
stinking waxy substance. Flies that like to hang out
on this substance come to visit. OUR LOVE OF CHOCOLATE RELIES
UPON TROPICAL FLIES TO POLLINATE COCOA.
BUTTERFLIES – They enjoy bright colours
like yellow, orange, pink and red and ones with
fragrance. They prefer flowers with flat petals
that act like landing strips for them to sit on.

7. BEETLES – Beetles pollinated the first flowers
at the time of dinosaurs more than 140 million
years ago! They are especially important
pollinators for ancient species such as magnolias
and spicebush.
WASPS - Wasps play a crucial role in ecosystems
as specialist pollinators. The relationship between
figs and fig wasps is arguably the most
interdependent pollination symbiosis known to
man. Without one another, neither the fig nor
fig wasp can complete their life-cycle.

9. 1. They are usually
large showy or brightly
coloured
3. When petals are not conspicuous then
other
parts become showy like
2. The small flowers
become conspicuous of
their grouping.
e.g. - Sunflower

10. 4. These flowers have
landing platform.
5. In some, special
markings occur on
petals called nectar
guides for guiding
insects.
e.g. - Viola
6. Nectar glands that
feed insects are
present in such a
position that touch
both anther and
stigma.
8. Edible pollens are
produced by them.
e.g.-
Rose
Magnolia
Clematis
Papaver
9. Stigmas are often
inserted and sticky.
7. Usually stamens are
inserted except when
they are specialized for
attracting insects.
e.g. - Mimosa

11. 10. They produce odour
13. Pollinia of
Calotropis cannot
be transferred to
stigma without
insects.
11. Pollen grains
are heavy and
surrounded by
yellow sticky
substance;
carotenoids +
lipids called
pollenkitt.
12. Flowers are
strong to bear the
weight of insects.
14. Irritability is
shown when pistil
bends and
exposes stigma on
being touched .
e.g. - Centauria
Pleasant odour of
Jasmine
Human dung smell
of Arum
Rotten meat odour
of Rafflesia
Foul odour of
Aristolochia

13. 1. POLLINATION IN Salvia
BY LEVER MECHANISM
In Salvia a turn pipe or lever
mechanism operates to promote cross
pollination .
Salvia is pollinated by bees of
hymenoptera group. It has
protandrous flowers with bilipped
corolla.
Each stamen has long connective which
bears a fertile anther lobe at upper end
and sterile plate like anther lobe at
lower end. Both the plates lie side by
side and block the path of insect.
As a bee moves inside a young flower
for nectar, its head pushes the anther
plates and forces the fertile anther lobe
to strike against its back. In older
flowers the style brings the stigma in
such a position that it brushes against
the back of insect and collect pollen
grains brought by insect from young

14. 2. POLLINATION IN FIG BY TRAP DOOR MECHANISM

15. 3.POLLINATION IN
Yucca
The female Yucca moth
Pronuba yuceasella visits yucca flowers
at night. These flowers are white,
pendulous and fragrant.
It deposits eggs in the ovary of Yucca
flower. Simultaneously, it collects pollen
in the form of ball and deposits the same
in the hollow of stigma for pollination.
In due course, the eggs develop
caterpillar and ovules into seeds. The
caterpillar eats some ovules and pierces
the wall of unripe fruit and enters the
ground to form cocoon.
When Yucca flowers in spring, the moths
come out of cocoon and again infest
Yucca plant.
Thus neither plant nor moth can
complete their life cycle. They show
obligate symbiotic relationship between
plant and animal.

16. 4. MIMICRY/
PSEUDOCOPULATION
In the orchid Ophyrs the shape,
colour and odour of the flowers is
like female moth Colpa.
The male moth matures earlier
than the female. It mistakes the
Ophrys flower for female moth
and tries to copulate. In this
attempt, it carries pollinia from
one flower to another and
pollinates the flowers.
This plant- insect relationship is
beneficial only to the plant as
pollination is accomplished.

17. 5.TRANSFER MECHANISM
OF POLLINATION IN
Calotropis
In Calotropis gynostegium is
present which is formed by
fusion of stigma with stamen.
Pollens are found in pollinia. The
two pollinia are attached to a
sticky disc at the angle of
gynostegium.
These sticky discs get stuck to
the legs of bee so that pollinia
are pulled out when the bee
moves away.
When this bee visits another
flower, the latter gets pollinated
with sticky pollinia.

18. 6. POLLINATION IN
Aristolochia BY FLY TRAP
MECHANISM
Diptera flowers are pollinated by flies of
diptera group.
They emit naseous smell, e.g. ,
Amorphophallus, Colocasia, Alocasia
emit strong fetid odour during night.
Rafflesia emits rotten meat smell to
attract Carrion flies.
Aristolochia clematitis shows pit fall (fly
trap) mechanism of pollination. It emits
smell of decaying tobacco to attract flies.
The flowers have long perianth tube with
sex organs at the base. In the young stage
flowers are upright and flies of Diptera
group can crawl down the corolla tube
but cannot get out because of deflexed
hair pointed down in the corolla tube.
On maturity, flowers droop down with
bursting of anthers and the hairs wither
up allowing escape of flies.

19. 7. MYRMECOPHILY
Pollination by ants is called
myrmecophily.
Some ferocious ants take shelter
and food from plants like mango,
licthi, jamun.
The ants protect the trees from
other animals.
In Acacia sphaerocephala, the
stipules are hollow and serve as
ant shelter. The plants secretes
some foods at the tip of leaflets
for feeding the ants. They are
called belts’ corpuscles.
Extra floral nectaries also occurs
on rachis. The ants protect plants
from herbivores too.

20. ORNITHOPHILY
It is the mode of allogamy performed by birds. Only a
few types of birds are specialized for this.
They usually have small size and long beaks.
Sun birds, Hummingbirds, Crow, Bulbil, Parrot,
Meynah. Ornithophilous plants are less as compared
to Entomophilous plants. Common bird pollinated
plants are Bombax(Red silk cotton),
Erythrina(Coral Tree),
Callistemon, Bignonia, Lobelia,
Agave, Strelitzia. Strelitzia is
pollinated by honey birds,
Erythrina by crow and
Bignonia by hummingbirds.
Strelitzia by Honey Birds
Bignonia by Hummingbird Erythrina by Crow

22. 1. These flowers are brightly
coloured- red, yellow or
blue.
3. All the floral parts
are large and are
leathery . In some,
corolla is funnel
shaped.
e.g.- Bignonia
2. Nectar is secreted in such abundance that
drops of it can be brought down by shaking the
branches
of Erythrina and Grevillea.
4. The flowers secrete
abundant watery nectar
rich in sugar. A
hummingbird takes in
nectar equivalent to one
half of its body weight.
5. Scent is often
absent as olfaction in
birds is poor.

23. CHIROPTEROPHILY
Bats are very important pollinators in tropical
and desert climates. They feed on the insects in
the flowers as well as on the nectar and flower parts.
Over300 species of fruit depend on bats for pollination.
The Agave plant and the Saguaro also depend upon
bats for pollination. Fruit-eating bats in the tropics
disperse seeds that are critical to restoring cleared
or damaged rainforests. Even bat droppings
(called guano) are valuable as a rich natural fertilizer.
The flowers that are visited by bats are usually open
at night, large, pale or white so they are easier to see
at night, very fragrant and have lots of nectar. Bats will
feed on the insects within the flowers as well as the
nectar and flower parts.

24. MALACOPHILY
Malacophily is referred to as the
pollination by bats. Snails perform
pollination in Arisaema
(snake or cobra plant) which has
a spathe mimicking a snake hood,
some arum lilies, Lemna, Evolvulus.
Arisaema

25. OPHIOPHILY
Pollination by snakes is called
ophiophily. They are found on
Michelia, Sandal.