optics of Angles & Axis of eyeball. There are three angles & three axis in human eyeball. The reference are given in the last slide.

1. By:-
Harsh Jain
2nd year B-Optometry

2. OPTIC AXIS
VISUALAXIS
FIXATION AXIS

3.  Optic axis is the line passing through the center
of the cornea as well as center of all the elements
of eyeball.
 Like Center of curvature of two surfaces of
cornea and center of curvature of two surfaces of
crystalline lens and nodal point of the eye ball
lies on optic axis.

4.  Visual axis is the line joining the
fixation point, nodal point and the
fovea.

5.  Fixation axis is the line joining the
fixation point and the center of
rotation.

7. AngleAlpha
Angle Gamma
Angle Kappa

8.  Angle formed between optics axis and
visual axis is called Angle Alpha.

9.  Angle formed between optics axis and
fixation axis is called angle gamma.

10.  Angle formed between Pupillary line
and visual axis measured on the center
of pupil from outside of eyeball is
called angle kappa.

11. REFERENCE
• Theory and practice of optics & refraction-
A.K KHURANA