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1. Nikolay Pirogov
&
Its Ice Anatomy
Presentation By -
Dhruv Patel
Raj Solanki
Hardik Siwach

2. Introduction
• Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович
Пирого́в; 25 November [O.S. 13 November] 1810 — 5
December [O.S. 23 November] 1881) was a Russian scientist,
medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding
member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847), one of the
most widely recognized Russian physicians. Considered to be
the founder of field surgery, he was the first surgeon to use
anaesthesia in a field operation (1847) and one of the first
surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic. He is
credited with invention of various kinds of surgical operations
and developing his own technique of using plaster casts to treat
fractured bones.

3. Nikolay Pirogov was born in Moscow, the 13th of 14
children of Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (born around
1772), a major in the commissary service and a
treasurer at the Moscow Food Depot whose own
father came from peasants and served as a soldier
in Peter the Great's army before retiring and opening
a brewery in Moscow; Pirogov's mother Elizaveta
Ivanovna Pirogova (nee Novikova) belonged to an
old Moscow merchant family and was four years
younger than her husband.

4. Pirogov originally intended to
become a civil servant, but
the family doctor Yefrem
Mukhin who was a professor
of anatomy and physiology at
the Imperial Moscow
University persuaded the
authorities to accept a 14-old
Pirogov as a student.

5. Education & Academics
• In 1828 he finished the Faculty of Medicine and entered
the Imperial University of Dorpat where he studied
under Professor Moyer (who, in return, studied under
Antonio Scarpa) and received a doctorate on ligation of
the ventral aorta in 1832. During his doctoral studies, he
participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic,
saw many deaths from it, on the basis of this he made
many sketches of posthumous changes in the muscles
of those who died from cholera, which he subsequently
combined in the corresponding atlas.

6. • In October 1840, Pirogov took up an appointment as professor
of surgery at the Imperial Academy of Military Medicine in Saint
Petersburg,[3] and undertook three years of military service in
this period. He first used ether as an anaesthetic in 1847, and
investigated cholera from 1848. In search of an effective
teaching method, he decided to apply anatomical research on
frozen corpses. Pirogov called it “ice anatomy”. Thus, a new
medical discipline was born — topographic anatomy. After a few
years of such study anatomy Pirogov published the first
anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body
(vol. 1–4, 1851–1854).

7. • He worked as an army surgeon in the Crimean War, arriving in Simferopol
on 11 December 1854. From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to
be the father of field surgery. He followed work by Louis-Joseph Seutin[4]
in introducing plaster casts for setting broken bones, and developed a new
osteoplastic method for amputation of the foot, known as the "Pirogov
amputation". He was also the first to use anesthesia in the field,
particularly during the siege of Sevastopol,
• In 1870 he visited the battlefields and field hospitals of the Franco-
Prussian War as a representative of the Russian Red Cross, and in
1877—1878 spent several months working as a field surgeon during the
Russo-Turkish War, treating both Russian and Bulgarian soldiers and
organizing field hospitals. In 1879 he published The Old Physician's Diary
and "Questions of Life".

8. Ice Anatomy
• An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions across the
Frozen Human Body , often referred to in modern medical literature as “Ice Anatomy”) was
published in Latin in four volumes. The volumes cover saw cuts of head, neck and spine,
thorax, abdomen, and arms and legs. Pirogov wanted to investigate the “normal and
pathological position of different organs and body parts by sections made in three main
directions (transversal, longitudinal and anterioposterior) throughout all regions.” In order to
reveal true representation of organs’ position Pirogov decided to freeze corpses below
−18.75ºC “to the density of the thickest wood” and then cut them by a special mechanical saw
(similar to that used at furniture factories) into thin plates. A painter then transferred figures
and contours of cuts onto paper ruled with squares, using a ruled glass. Pirogov suggested
another method of frozen body investigation which he called the sculpture method: “Different
internal organs such as stomach, heart etc, position of which had to be defined with previously
unattainable accuracy, were chiseled out of adjacent frozen tissues with chisel and hammer
similar to exposure of antique remains from lava in Herculaneum,” he wrote.
• “Ice Anatomy” apparently came to Pirogov’s mind at the meat market in St Petersburg in
winter, where he noticed cuts across frozen pigs’ carcasses.

9. It has 995 black and white pictures of saw
cuts of the human body and four books of
comments. It took eight years and the
enormous sum of 35 000 silver rubles
(more than £5500 in 1850s) to publish.
The lithographs, printed from marble
stones, strikingly resemble modern high
resolution CT and MRI scans. Initially it
was planned to print 300 copies, but
circulation of each volume varied
depending on availability of funds and the
number of subscribers. By the turn of the
20th century the book became a rarity.

10. • “Ice Anatomy” was reprinted in 1997 and translated from
Latin into Russian and English for a limited edition of 500
copies. One set includes four volumes of pictures and two
volumes of comments in a special case weighing about
20 kg—surely one of the heaviest medical books ever.
• He last appeared in public on 24 May 1881 and died later
that year at his Vishnya estate, Podolian Governorate
(modern-day Vinnytsia, Ukraine). His body is preserved
using embalming techniques he himself developed, and
rests in a church in Vinnytsia.

11. THANKS