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2.  In Russia the beginning of
anatomic openings is
connected with Peter's I board
which showed a great interest
to medicine and development
of medical business. Being in
Amsterdam (in 1698 and
1717), Peter I attended
Frederik Ruysch’s lectures and
anatomic museum, operations
and anatomic dissections.

3.  In 1717 Peter I got Ruysh's anatomic collection (about 2
thousand exhibits) for 30 thousand Dutch guldens. It began
funds of the first Russian museum — Kunstkamera — the
Peter’s museum of rarities (nowadays the Museum of
anthropology and ethnography of the Russian Academy of
Sciences in St. Petersburg). Under the decree of the tsar (1718)
this collection began to extend and replenish with works of the
Russian scientists.

4.  Having come back to Russia after the first
travel on countries of Western Europe (1697-
1698), Peter I founded for boyars in Moscow
in 1699 a course of lectures on anatomy with
demonstrations on corpses.
 In based under Peter's decree medical
school at General hospital in Moscow (1707)
dissections also were made at which he
often was present.

5.  Anatomy teaching in Russia was
conducted with the first steps on a
natural-science basis. In the
beginning when training students
textbooks of foreign authors in
Latin and German languages
were used. Then best of them
began to translate into Russian.
 The first translation of the
anatomic treatise on Slavic
language was made in 1658:
monk Epifany Slavinetsky
translated A.Vezaly's book
"Epitoma", published in
Amsterdam in 1642, and called it
«Vrachevskaya anatomy».

6.  At the beginning of the XVIII century specially
for Peter I the anatomic atlas of Gottfried
Bidloo well-known at that time «Anatomy of a
human body in 105 tables» («was translated
to Russian to Anatomia humani corporis...»),
published in 1685 in Amsterdam. In 1729 this
translation was made repeatedly, but, as well
as the first, it was not published in Russian
and existed only in hand-written option.
 Nephew of G. Bidloo — Nikolay Lambertovich
Bidloo who was invited to Russia in 1702 and
has based the first doctor school in Moscow,
made the hand-written management «Manual
for studying surgery in dissecting room» on
which the first Russian doctors studied.

7.  The first domestic atlas of anatomy «Syllabus, seu
index omnium partium corporis humani figuris
illustratus» in Latin was made in 1744 by Martyn
Ivanovich Sheyin whose activity was important for
development of domestic anatomy and surgery.
M.I.Shein himself executed the majority of
illustrations to the edition of the first anatomic atlas
in Russia.
 In 1757 he for the first time translated into Russian
«The reduced anatomy, all business anatomic is
short in itself concluding» of Lavrenti Geyster which
became the first guide to anatomy in Russian.

8.  Despite the hostile relation which was tested
by a young Russian science in the formation
from some scientists-foreigners, Russia in a
short space of time became the homeland of
outstanding scientists-anatomists. Among them
K.I.Shchepin — the first Russian the professor
of the anatomy which has begun teaching of
medicine in Russian, and A.P.Protasov — the
first Russian anatomist academician (1771),
pupil of Lomonosov.
 The anatomic school first in Russia was
created in the Petersburg medico-surgical
academy by academician Peter Andriyovych
Zagorski.

9.  Here it is important to note that the anatomy as
a science and a subject of teaching wasn't
allocated in independent discipline up to the
beginning of the XIX century It united with
physiology, pathology, and later and by
pathological physiology and was studied in
close connection with surgery. Thus,
outstanding anatomists of that time were at the
same time and brilliant surgeons, therapists,
physiologists.

10.  Great value for embriology
formation as sciences about
development had researches of
anatomist Caspar Friedrich Wolf.
 Wolf stated the views in the
dissertation «The origin theory»
(«Theoria Generations», 1759)
and the work published in Russia
«About formation of intestines at a
chicken» («De Formatione
Intestinorum», 1768-1769).

11.  In the XVIII century the wife of the English
ambassador in Turkey Mary Wartley Montague
transferred an inoculation method from the East
to England. Doctors conducted wide polemic
about positive and negative sides of an
inoculation which nevertheless widely extended
in the countries of Europe and America.
 In Russia Ekaterina II and her son Pavel in
1768 subjected itself to an inoculation for what
from England doctor T.Dimsdale was invited.

12.  Before the times of Peter I in Russia there was
no highest medical educational institutions.
Education of doctors (mainly for army) began in
the second half of the XVII century when at the
Aptekarskiy prikaz first doctor school (1654)
was opened. It functioned not for long and let
out some tens of doctors. The need for doctors
was felt and some Russian people went for
receiving the higher medical education to the
advanced universities of Western Europe.

13.  In 1692 Peter I sent Peter Vasilyevich
Posnikov to Padua. In two years P. V.
Posnikov excellently defended the doctoral
thesis «The signs indicating emergence of
putrefactive fevers» («Significant febres
putridinus adventus causarum») and
received «dokhtursky gradus» in philosophy
and medicine «with a great praise».

14.  Then within a year it improved the
knowledge in the field of medicine in Venice,
Paris, Brussels and Leiden; mastered
several foreign languages.
 In 1698 it accompanied Peter 1 as a part of
Great embassy in Holland and England then
it was left in France «for acquaintance with
local behavior», and then in England for
acquaintance with activity of the Oxford
university.

15.  P.V.Posnikov was the first Russian doctor
enlisted in the Pharmaceutical order (1701).
 Formation of the higher medical education in
Russia is connected with Nikolay Lambertovich
Bidloo's name. In 1702 N. Bidloo was invited to
Russia and became «the near doctor» Peter I.
In 1707 he headed the hospital school first in
Russia opened in Moscow at the initiative of
Peter I at the first military overland hospital
behind the Yauza River.

16.  The program of training included anatomy,
surgery, a desmurgiya, internally diseases with
pathoanatomical openings, a pharmaceutical
science, Latin and drawing. Teaching of
anatomy was conducted on corpses. A
pharmaceutical science studied in a
pharmaceutical kitchen garden. Textbooks
wasn't, and N.L.Bidloo trained students
according to the hand-written books.

17.  The great influence on development of medical
education in Russia was rendered by opening
of Academy of Sciences and activity of
Lomonosov.

18.  The academy of Sciences in Petersburg was founded by
Peter's I decree in 1724 and is open in 1725. Its first
president (1725-1733) was Peter’s I physician Lavrentius
Blyumentrost. The academy was not only scientific, but
also educational institution into which tasks entered
«sciences to make and it to extend».
 At academy the gymnasium, the academic university
(developing three direction were created: mathematical,
physical, humanitarian), library, Kunstkamera (1728),
astronomical observatory, dissecting room and botanical
garden. In the beginning as a part of academy the invited
foreign scientists among whom there were outstanding
figures of the time prevailed: D. Bernulli, L.Euler and
others.

19.  The project of the first Russian university
was written by Lomonosov in 1754. And in
1755 in the Moscow university teaching
began on three faculties: philosophical, legal
and medical.
 Studies at medical faculty began in 1765 on
three chairs: anatomy (with applied
medicine), physical and pharmaceutical
chemistry, natural history.

20.  Simeon Gerasimovich Zybelin was the first
Russian professor of medical department of
the Moscow university. In 1758 it finished
philosophical department of the Moscow
university, some months studied at the
academic university at Academy of Sciences
which was directed by Lomonosov. In 1759
he was sent to Leiden for receiving degree of
the doctor of medicine.

21.  In 1764 Zybelin successfully defended the
doctoral dissertation and, having returned to
Russia in 1765, began teaching of
theoretical medicine (physiology and
pathology with the general therapy and
dietetics). He was the first professor of the
Moscow university who started to give
lectures in Russian (1768), instead of in
Latin as it then was accepted.

22.  Some time at medical faculty wasn't neither
laboratories nor clinics. The first clinical
chamber on 10 patients was open in 1797 at
the Moscow military hospital. It E.O.Mukhin —
the outstanding Russian physiologist and the
surgeon managed.
 In 1791 Moscow university acquired the right of
assignment of a scientific degree of the doctor
of medicine. Before since 1754 only Medical
board (founded in 1763 instead of existing
earlier Medical office) had such right.

23.  In Russia active participation in fight
against plague epidemics in the
various cities of the country was
accepted by Daniel Samoylovich
Samoylovich. Having got medical
education in Petersburg, it continued it
in Strasbourg and Leiden where in
1780 g, defended the doctoral
dissertation. After that within three
years it got acquainted with the
organization of medical business in
England, France, Germany and
Austria.

24.  D.S.Samoylovich recognized live nature of
the causative agent of diseases, was the
supporter of the contagious theory of
distribution of an infection and for the first
time put forward idea about specificity of
plague. Using one of the first microscopes
(system of Dellebar), he undertook attempts
to find in discharges of the patient and dead
bodies tissues the causative agent of plague.

25.  In time «pestilence in the capital city of Moscow» in
1770-1772 D. S. Samoylovich worked with in «The
commission for protection and doctoring from
pestilence», tested on himself disinfectant action of
the means offered by the commission, and burned
thus hands so that «signs as though ruts and gaps
remained on them till his death». Samoylovich
repeatedly dressed himself into the clothes taken
off from patients with plague and fumigated with a
smoke, proving that efficiency of proposed
measures of protection against infection.

26.  In 1803 he made the first attempt of an
inoculation against plague, using for this
purpose contents of the ripened bubo of the
patient with plague. Thus he tried to find a
way of an inoculation of the weakened
infectious beginning: «... my expectation will
come true... all of us also will see that the
lethal pestilence, … plague so in the people
any more won't be dangerous, as well as
smallpox».

27.  Being the main doctor of the South of
Russia, D. S. Samoylovich actively
participated and in fight against plague
epidemics in the Crimea, the Kherson and
Ekaterinoslav provinces. For the first time in
Russia it gave the detailed description of a
clinical picture of plague, studied conditions
of its distribution and pathological anatomy
of plague.

28.  D.S.Samoylovich's long-term researches are
generalized in his fundamental work «The
description of microscopic researches about a
being of pest poison» (1792-1794), published in
Petersburg, and also in work «Memoire sur la
peste, qui, en 1771, ravagea l'empire de
Russie, surtout Moscow, la capitale» (Paris,
1783), etc.
 The international recognition of merits of D. S.
Samoylovich in fight against plague was
election him as honorary member of 12 foreign
academies.

29. 1. Who wrote the first Russian anatomical
treaties?
2. When did smallpox inoculations in Russia
begin?
3. Who was the first president of Russian
Academy of Sciences?
4. When was Moscow University founded?
5. Who was the first Russian professor of medical
department?
6. Which works, concerning plague epidemics,
were written by Dr.Samoylovich?