describe the toxicity of MgO nanoparticles and how it makes cytotoxicity.

1. In Vitro Toxicological Assessment
of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle
Exposure in Several Mammalian Cell
Types
Haneen Abukatab Mohyydin Assali

2. What is nanoparticles?
A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between
1 to 100 nanometres in size.
Undetectable by the human eye, nanoparticles can
exhibit significantly different physical and chemical
properties to their larger material counterparts.

3.  nanoparticles could be absorbed through the
respiratory, digestive, or dermal route into the
bloodstream and then could reach to secondary
organs such as brain, heart, and liver. Moreover,
nanoparticles have been reported to frequently affect
cellular molecules and have toxic effects such as:
 oxidative damage.
 DNA damage.
 cell death.

4. What are the Uses and Applications
of Nanoparticles?
Due to the ability to generate the materials in a particular
way to play a specific role, the use of nanomaterials spans
across a wide variety of industries:
 Healthcare .
 Cosmetics.
 Environmental preservation .
 Air purification.

5. The nanoparticle toxicity dependent
on:
The nanoparticle toxicity is controversial and
dependent on the:
 sensitivity of the cell type.
 route of exposure.
 condition as well as the characteristics of the
nanoparticles.

6. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO)
Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are:
• Spinel. - a hard glassy mineral consisting of an oxide of
magnesium and aluminum.
• high surface area particles.
Nanoscale Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles are
typically 5 - 100 nanometers (nm) with specific
surface area (SSA) in the 25 - 50 m2/g range.
• Compound Formula: MgO
• Melting Point: 2,852° C (5,166° F)
• Density: 3.58 g/cm3

7. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle
Due to increasing usage as promising structural
materials in various fields there is a lot of study
about it on mammalian cells. However, there is a
serious lack of information about their toxicity at the
cellular and molecular levels.

8. toxic effects of MgO nanoparticles on:
 Liver (HepG2).
 Kidney (NRK-52E).
 Colon (Caco-2).
 Lung (A549) cell lines.
 including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative damage,
and apoptosis, after determination of size and cellular
uptake of the nanoparticles in vitro.
Magnesium oxide toxicity

9. Is being used as biosensors for liver cancer
immunoassay and MgO nanoparticles have been
informed as a promising material in nano-
cryosurgery for tumor treatment.
While MgO nanoparticles effectively killed the
several types of cancer cells.
Advantage of MgO Nanoparticles:

10. The cell sensitivity to cytotoxic and genotoxic
damage induced by MgO nanoparticles
was ranked as HepG2 < A549 < Caco-2 < NRK-52E.
Although it was observed that MgO nanoparticles
induced apoptotic effects on the cells, apoptosis was not
the main cell death.

11. How MgO nanoparticles lead to
cytotoxicity?
• MgO nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity through
decreased cell metabolic activity which was assessed
by the determination of functional changes in
mitochondrial and lysosomal functions.
• Nanoparticles could cause DNA damage directly or by
inducing oxidative damage and inflammatory
responses in the cells.

12. oxidative damage
Oxidative stress has been implicated as main
mechanisms behind nanoparticles toxicity.
Cell death, DNA, and oxidative damage effects of MgO
nanoparticles should raise concern about the safety
associated with their applications in consumer
products.
.

13. Oxidative damage
increasing
membrane
lipid
peroxidation
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
decreasing
intracellular
GSH
LEAD TO

15. The particle size and size distribution of
MgO nanoparticles were analyzed with
TEM images.
Agglomerated ToxicitySize distribution
The size distribution of
nanoparticles

16. Cellular Uptake and Morphological
Examinations
Based on the Mg amounts in intracellular fluid, the
cellular uptake potentials of MgO nanoparticles could be
graded as A549>HepG2~NRK-52E>Caco-2 cells.
The morphological examinations by TEM show MgO
nanoparticles were taken by all the cells. The particles
were observed in the cytoplasmic vacuoles.
Mitochondria were visible in few of the cells exposed to
100 mg/mL MgO nanoparticles. Some cells revealed
nuclear fragmentation.

17. concentration
High concentration of MgO nanoparticles lead to
high amount of particles enter the cell and make
cytotoxicity.
concentration cytotoxicity