LEUKOPOESIS GRANULOPOESIS

1. For 2nd Yr Bs. MLT
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS [WBC]

2. CONTENT:
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF WBC
 NORMAL VALUES
 FORMATION OF WBC
 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
 FUNCTIONS OF WBC’S
 LIFE SPAN OF WBC
 REVIEW ON PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
 METABOLISM OF WBC’S
 CONCLUSION-SUMMARY
 REFERENCES

3. LEUKOCYTES:[WBC’S]
 MOBILE UNITS OF BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM:
 “SEEK AND DESTROY”FUNCTION:
DESTROY INVADING MICRO ORGANISM
DESTROY ABNORMAL CELLS(I.E.:CANCER)
 CLEAN UP CELLULAR DEBRIS{PHAGOCYTOSIS}
ASSIST IN INJURY REPAIR
 EACH WBC HAS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

4. ETYMOLOGY:
GREEK ROOTS=
“LEUK”-
“CYTE”-
”WHITE”
”CELL”

5. BUFFY COAT:

6. TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

7. GRANULES:
 CYTOPLASM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF GRANULES:
LESS NUMEROUS,LARGE,
REDDISH PURPLE
CONTAINS:MYELOPER OXIDASE/
ACID HYDROLASES
MOST NUMEROUS TYPE,SMALL WITH
PINKISH HUE[NUTRAL STAINING]
SO,NOT EASILY SEEN
AZUROPHILIC
[PRIMARY]
GRANULES
SECONDARY/SPECIFIC
GRANILES

8. GRANULOCYTES
 THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS WITH GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASMARE
CALLED GRANULOCYTES.
 DEPENDING UPON THE COLOUR OF GRANULES,GRANULOCYTES ARE
FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES.

9. AGRANULOCYTES:
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHICH DO NOT CONTAIN GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM
ARE CALLED AGRANULOCYTES.
THEY ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 2:

10. NORMAL WBC COUNT:
TOTAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT[TLC]
 ADULTS: 4000-11,000/MM3 OF BLOOD
 AT BIRTH: 10,000-25,000/MM3 OF BLOOD

11. NORMAL PERCENTAGE
Type of WBC
Normal percentage of overall WBC
count
neutrophil 45 to 75 percent
lymphocyte 20 to 40 percent
eosinophil less than 7 percent
monocyte 1 to 10 percent
basophil less than 3 percent

13. FORMATION OF WBC:
 The process of development and maturation of
wbcs(leucocytes) called leucopoiesis.
 All blood cells-develop from pluripotent
haemopoitic stem cells[phsc’s]
 Leucopoiesis:
* Formation of granulocytes [granulopoiesis]and
monocytes
* Formation of lymphocytes[lymphopoiesis]

14. FORMATION OF GRANULOCYTES AND
MONOCYTES:
 Granulocytes and monocytes are formed from bone
marrow, which is derived from CFU-GM(colony
forming units of granulocytes and monocytes)
 The progenitor cells[CFU-GM] forming different
cells are further named as;
CFU-G=neutrophil forming units
CFU-E=eosinophil forming units CFU-B-
basophil forming units
CFU-M=monocyte forming units

15.  Development of granulocytes-includes
various stages called
MYELOID SERIES
 Development of monocytes –includes various
stages called
MONOCYTES-MACROPHAGES SERIES

16. MYELOID SERIES:
F
ACTS ABOUT GRANULOPOIESIS:
STAGES:
 Process of granulopoiesis-12 days
 Granulocytes are formed and stored in the bone
marrow –when needed it is released in the circulation

17. MYELOBLAST:
 It is the earliest recognizable cell of the
granulocyte series:
Size:16-20um
Cytoplasm: basophilic
Present as thin rim around the
nucleus
Devoid of granules
Nucleus: Large nearly filling the cells
round to oval
Fine chromatin
2-5 well defined pale nucleoli
marked [+++]
Mitosis:

18. PROMYELOCYTES:
SIZE: 14-18um
Cytoplasm : Increased In Amount
Presence Of Azurophil Granules[primary
Non Specific Granules]
Gives +Ve Reaction With The Peroxidase
Staining
Nucleus: Round Or Oval
Slightly Smaller Than Myeloblast Nucleus
Condensed Fine Chromatin
Nucleoli Present-less Prominent
Mitosis: Characteristic Feature{+++}

19. MYELOCYTE:
IT IS CALLED MYLOCYTE PROPER ,NEXT CELL IN THE MYLOID SERIES
SIZE: 12-16uM
CYTOPLASM : SPECIFIC SECONDARY GRANULES PRESENT
IDENTIFIED AT THIS STAGE AS;
NEUTROPHIL MYELOCYTE
EOSINOPHIL MYELOCYTE
BASOPHIL MYELOCYTE
-PRIMARY GRANULESARE ASO PRESENTAT THIS STAGE BUT THEIR
FORMATION IS STOPPED
NUCLEUS: ECCENTRIC,ROUND-OVAL
COARSE NUCLEAR CHROMATIN
NO,NUCLEOLI PRESENT
MITOSIS: CONTINUES UPTO THIS STAGE
MULTIPLICATION OF THESE CELLS ARE MAXIMUM

20. METAMYELOCYTE:
SIZE: 10-14uM
CYTOPLASM: INCREASED IN AMOUNT
MORE LIQUID
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GRANULES ARE PRESENT
ACCORDING TO SECONDARY GRANULES IT IS DISTINGUISHED AS;
NEUTROPHIL METAMYELOCYTE
EOSINOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE
BASOPHIL METAMYELOCYTE
NUCLEUS: DECREASE IN SIZE
LOBED (HORSE SHOE SHAPED)
NUCLEAR CROMATIN IS DENSE AND CLUMPED
NUCLEOLI ARE ABSENT
MITOSIS: STOPED AT THIS ST
AGE.

21. BAND OR STAB FORM:
Also called juvenile granulocytes size:
smaller than metamyelocytes
Cytoplasm: pink and fine evenly distributed granules
Nucleus: further condensation of chromatin
Shape: band configuration [v shaped] of uniform thickness
which may be twisted.

22. MATURE GRANULOCYTES:
 WILL FORM NEUTROPHILS
BASOPHILS
EOSINOPHILS

25. MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGES SERIES:
MONOBLAST
PROMONOCYTES
MONOCYTES

26. MONOBLAST:
 IT IS THE LARGER CELL ,SIMILAR TO MYELOBLAST

28. PROMONOCYTES:
IT IS AN YOUNG MONOCYTE
SIZE: 20uM
NUCLEUS: LARGER
KIDNEY SHAPED
ONE NUCLEOLI
NUCLEAR CHROMATIN: ARRANGED IN A LOOSE
NETWORK
CYTOPLASM: BASOPHILIC
NO AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
-THEY HAVE FINE GRANULES WHICH IS LARGER
THAN MATURE MONOCYTES

30. MONOCYTES:
 RESEMBLES-METAMYELOCYTES
 NUCLEUS:FINE CHROMATIN
FROM BONE MARROW –MONOCYTES---- MIGRATES ----
-SPLEEN
LYMPHOID TISSUES
 TRANSFORMED CELLS IN VARIOUS TISSUES ARE
CALLED TISSUE-MACROPHAGES SYSTEM
PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS;RETICULO-
ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

32. FORMATION OF LYMPHOCYTES:

34. LYMPHOID SERIES:-
LYMPHOBLAST:
 It is the earliest recognizable cell of
lymphoid series
 It is actively dividing cell
Nuclear chromatin: slightly clumped and
stippled
Nuclear membrane: dense

35. PRO-LYMPHOCYTE:
It Is The Intermediate Stage Between
The L
ymphoblast And Mature
Lymphocytes.
Size: 9-18um
Nucleus: Round With Slightly Stippled
Chromatin: Coarse And Has 0-1 Nucleoli
Cytoplasm: Scanty And Non-granular

36. LYMPHOCYTES:
 Matures into;
SMALL
LYMPHOCYTES
LARGE
LYMPHOCYTES

37. LYMPHOCYTES--
LYMPHOCYTES
-------------------B-LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
------THYMOSIN-----T-LYMPHOCYTES
THYMUS
LIVER
BONE
MARROW --------------------B-LYMPHOCYTES

38. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS:
 It is the mechanism to control the production and
release of leucocytes
 During tissue injury and inflammation,bacterial toxins
etc…cause a great increase in the rate of production
and release of leucocytes.
 The substance that stimulate and inhibit the
process are complex

39. REGULATION OF LEUCOPOIESIS:

40. ROLE OF CYTOKINES:
 The cytokines which control the formation of different types of
granulocytes are called Colony Stimulating Factor[CSF]
 CSF is a glycoproteins formed by t and b lymphocytes
 Also forms:
G-CSF: stimulate granulocyte precussors
M-CSF: stimulate monocytic precussors
GM-CSF: both granulocytes and monocytic precussors
-The cytokines that control lymphocyte formation are called
interleukins.
Eg;IL-1,IL-3 etc….
The interleukins are formed by:
MONOCYTES MACROPHAGES
ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS

41. ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINS:
 FORMED BY:
AND ALSO OTHER AGENTS PLA
YS AN ROLE IN
REGULATION.
MONOCYTES LACTOFERRIN

42. MORPHOLOGY:
 NEUTROPHILS
 EOSINOPHILS
 BASOPHILS
 SMALL LYMPHOCYTES
 LARGE LYMPHOCYTES
 MONOCYTES

43. NEUTROPHILS;
 MORPHOLOGY:
SIZE: 10-14um
Nucleus: In Young –Horse Shoe Shaped Nucleus
As cell grows: multulobed
Mature Neutrophil: Purple in colour Multi-lobed[2-6]
The lobes are connected by the chromatin
filaments seen clearly through cytoplasm.

44. NEUTROPHILS;
 CYTOPLASM:
Pale bluish in colour
Fine pin point granules
Takes both acidic and basic stain and
violet pink in colour.

45. FUNCTIONS:
 Phagocytosis
 Reaction of
inflammation
 Febrile response

46. PHAGOCYTOSIS:
 PHAGOCYTOSIS [CELL EATING] REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF ENGULFMENTAND
DESTRUCTION OF SOLID PARTICULATE MATERIALS BY THE CELLS.
 STEPS:
1.Margination
2.Emigration and diapedesis
3.Chemotaxis
4.Opsonization[attachment stage]
5.Engulfment stage
6.Secreating stage[degranulation]
7.Killing or degradation stage

48. VARIATIONS IN COUNTS:
 PHYSIOLOGICAL:
-NEWBORN BABIES
-AFTER EXCERSISE
-AFTER MEALS
-PREGNANCY,MENSURATION,LACTATION
-MENT
ALAND EMOTIONAL STRESS
-AFTER INJECTION OF EPINEPHERINE

49. EOSINOPHILS;
[LOOKS SPECTACLE SHAPE]
 MORPHOLOGY:
SIZE: 10-14uM
NUCLEUS: Purple in colour
Bilobed 85 %
Tri-lobed 15%
CYTOPLASM:
Acidophilic and appears bright pink in colour
Coarse deep red staining granules which don’t
cover the nucleus
Stains +ve for PEROXIDASE
Granules: HISTAMINE,Lysosomal enzyme,ECF-A

50. FUNCTIONS:
 Phagocytosis
 Role in parasitic infection
larvicidal polypeptides
 Eosinophilic cationic protein
 Eosinophilic peroxidase
 Role in allergic reaction
 Role in immunity

51. BASOPHILS;
 MORPHOLOGY:
SIZE:10-14uM
NUCLEUS:IRREGULAR,
BILOBED OR TRI-LOBED
BOUNDARY IS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED
BECAUSE OVERCROWDING WITH COARSE GRANULES
CYTOPLASM:
BASOPHILIC AND APPEARS BLUE
FULL OF GRANULES
CONTAINS-HEPARIN,HISTAMINE AND 5-HT

52. FUNCTIONS:
 PAGHOCYTOSIS
 ROLE IN ALLERGIC RACTION
 ROLE IN PREVENTING
SPREAD OF ALLERGIC
INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
 RELEASE OF HEPARIN

53. LYMPHOCYTES;
 MORPHOLOGY:
SIZE: 12-16um
……..LARGE 7-
10um……….Small
Nucleus:
Large round
Single nucleus which almost completely fill the
cell
Stains:blue very deeply
[Ink-spot Appearance]
Nuclear Chromatin:

54. CYTOPLASM;
SCANTY
Cresent light blue colour around the nucleus
Does not contains visible granules
FUNCTIONAL SUB TYPES:
SMALL LYMPHOCYTES------------
PROCESSED IN BONE PROCESED IN THYMUS ADCC
MARROW
HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNITY
B-
L
YMPHOCYTES
T-
L
YMPHOCYTES
NK CELLS

55. KINETICS,LIFE SPAN AND FATE OF
LYMPHOCYTES:
B AND T CELLS ENTERS INTO THE CIRCULATION
REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR A FEW HOURS
LEAK OUT THROUGH THE VENULES
SETTLE IN THE PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID TISSUES
1. LYMPH NODE
2. SPLEEN
3. GALT
ATANY GIVEN TIME,ONL
Y 2% OF THE BODY L
YMPHOCYTES ARE IN THE
PER.LYMPHOID TISSUE
SOME LYMPHOCYTES RE-ENTER THE CIRCULATION THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC
DRAINING THE PER.LYMPHOID TISSUES
RE-CIRCULATES FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

56. FUNCTIONS:
B-LYMPHOCYTES
 The plasma cells are
responsible for the
development of humoral
immunity also called
Antibodies mediated
immunity[ami]
T-LYMPHOCYTES
 Responsible for the
development of cellular
immunity, also called
Cell-mediated
immunity[CMI] or T-cell
immunity

57. MONOCYTES;
 MORPHOLOGY:
SIZE: Largest amoung all 12-20uM
NUCLEUS: Large, single, eccentric
Present on one side of the cell Horse Shoe Or
Kidney Shaped
CYTOPLASM:
Abundent
Pale-blue and usually clear
No granules
Dust like granules called-azure granules are present

58. KINETICS,LIFE SPAN AND FATE OF
MONOCYTES:
AFTER RELEASED FROM THE BONE MARROW
REMAINS IN CIRCULATION FOR 10-20 TO OVER 40 HRS
LEAVE THE BLOOD-ENTER INTO EXTRAVASCULAR TISSUES
TISSUES……….MONOCYTES……….CONVERT…..MACROPHAGES
IN TISSUES THEY CAN LIVE FOR MONTHS TO YEARS

59. FUNCTIONS:
 ROLE IN DEFENCE MECHANISM:
MONOCYTES+NEUTROPHILS=PHAGOCYTOSIS
 ROLE IN TUMOUR IMMUNITY:
MONOCYTES+LYMPHOCYTES=KILL TUMOUR CELLS
 SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

60. SUMMARY:
CELLS COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS
NUTROPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES
MODIFIED LYSOSOMES
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF
BACTERIA
EOSINOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES
PHARMACOLOGICALLY
ACTIVE SUBSTANCE
DEFENCE AGAINST
PARADITES,HELMINTHS
MODULATION OF
INFLAMATORY PROCESS
BASOPHILS SPECIFIC GRANULES
CONTAINS HISTAMINS AND
HEPARIN
RELASE OF
HISTAMINS[INFLAMMATION
MEDIATORS]

61. SUMMARY:
MONOCYTES GRANULES WITH
LYSOSOMES
PHAGOCYTOSIS,AND
DIGESTION OF PROTOZOA
VIRUS ETC..
B LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNOGLOBULINS PLASMA CELL PRODUCTION
T LYMPHOCYTES CONTROL THE ACTIVITY OF
OTHER LEUKOCYTES[IL]
KILLING OF VIRUS INFECTED
CELLS
NK CELLS ATTACK VIRUS INFECTED
CELLS AND CANCER CELLS
WITHOUT PREVIOUS
STIMULATION
KILLING SOME TUMOUR AND
VIRUS INFECTED CELLS

62. THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DA
Y