2. Meyer, Boli, Katzenstein
Stiglitz
and Keohane
Globalization Globalization = form of
international organizational
=
model
mechanism of governance
Perpetuates
Can be used for good if standards/policies that do
smaller powers are better not make progress
represented
4. Universal
Declaration of
Human Rights
World Society and the
Nation-State
Formal Structure as IMF: Globalism‟s
Myth and Ceremony Discontent
World Trade
Organization
Democratizing
Globalization
International Organization and the
Study of World Politics
6. History of the Declaration
• Born out of the atrocities of WWII
• Championed by Eleanor Roosevelt
• It was presented Dec 10, 1948
• Primarily political
• Generally, not considered legislative
• Whether some countries define UDHR as legal document up for
debate
• US not in favor of UDHR to be considered law
7. Praise for the UDHR
• “an international document of the first order of
importance”
-- Charles Malik, Lebanese
diplomat
• “It may well become the international Magna Carta of all
men everywhere.”
-- Eleanor Roosevelt
• “one of the highest expressions of the human
conscience of our time”
-- Pope John Paul II
8. Criticisms of the UDHR
• Unenforceable
• Biased: pro-Western
• Missing minority rights,
International
right to petition, and Law
right to resist oppression
• Can we call it
“international law”? Non-Political Political
• Morgenthau: international law
can be split into
political and Enables powers (small and large) to Legislative; challenges
non-political facets pursue their interests world superpowers
of international law
9. The Document Itself: DIGNITY
• Preamble: “Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of
the human family...”
• Art 1: “All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights.”
• Art 3: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the
security of person.”
10. The Document Itself: Western Bias?
• Art 4: “No one shall be held in slavery...”
• Art 5: “No one shall be subjected to torture...”
• Art 16: “Right to marry and found a family...”
• Art 23: “Right to equal pay ... and trade unions...”
• Art 10: “Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing by
an independent and impartial tribunal”
• Art 11(1): “Right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
according to law in a public trial at which he has all the
guarantees necessary for his defense.”
• Art 21: “right to take part in the government of his country”
• Art 24: “right to rest and leisure”
• Article 25(2): “Motherhood and childhood are entitled to
special care and assistance”
11. UDHR: An Ideal of Global Governance
• Becomes more idyllic and unrealistic as it goes on
• Article 30 assures that no person or State may engage in
activity that may destroy any of the rights or freedoms stated
in the Declaration – does this undermine globalization
efforts? Can‟t truly work, but can help guide
Education
All humans
All are shall be free
born free
equal and shall
and equal in
before the promote the
dignity and
law activities of
rights
the UN
12. World Society and the Nation State
-- John W. Meyer
John Boli,
George M. Thomas
and
Francisco Ramirez
Kiah Thorn
13. Structural Isomorphism
• Realist theories One would
expect striking diversity in
political units around the
world and in social life
• Instead, isomorphic
developments lead to
surprising levels of similarity
between countries.
• Mass schooling systems organized
around a standard curriculum
• Constitutional forms expressing both
power and individual rights
• Rationalized economic and
demographic record keeping/
presence of a Central Bank
• Expanded human rights in general
• Standard definitions of disease and
health care
14. In a nutshell…
• Worldwide models define and
legitimate agendas for local
and national action, shaping
the structures, policies and
expectations of the modern
nation-state in virtually all
domains of social life
• Business
• Politics
• Education
• Medicine/Science
• Family
• Human/Gender/Child rights
15. Newly “Discovered” Isle of Globalization
We can identify the
range of possibilities
by looking at what has
already happened to
practically all of the
societies of the world
after discovery and
incorporation into
world society.
16. Why?
• World models are more highly codified and publicized
than ever.
• World society organizations devoted to “educating” and
“advising” about existing models are more numerous
and active than ever.
• Media and other communications dominated by pre-
existing world models are more accessible than ever.
In conclusion: Because of these
pressures, governments are more willing to acquiesce
to world standards and to play by pre-existing rules that
they did not write and in which they may continue to
have little say.
17. What processes in world society drive
and shape isomorphism in
Nation-States?
18. #1 Construction of nation-state identity
and purpose
• Nation-State Identity is based on a system
of external recognition
• Particularly dependent on formal
recognition from the dominant powers
• Problem 1: Simple mimesis does not solve
substantive problems that are unique on a
national level.
• Problem 2: Once recognition has been
achieved, there is an increased emphasis
on sovereignty at all costs. This occurs
despite the fact that sovereignty does not
preclude and may even increase instability
within the government and nation.
19. #2 Systemic maintenance of nation-state
actor identity
• Occurs from above and within the nation-state
• By mere existence, nation-states are inherently
defined as being committed to certain self-
evident goals (e.g. socio-economic
development, citizen rights etc.)
• If a nation-state does not put proper or
expected policies in place to achieve these
goals, world-society organizations step in.
• Local actors can rely on legitimacy myths
(democracy, freedom, equality) to activate the
support of external groups to oppose the
regime.
20. #3 Legitimation of sub-national actors and
practices
• Nation-states are identity-supplying to
their citizens.
• Nation-state governments create
agencies and programs that support
domestic actors (e.g. education, public
health, economic stimulation).
• Citizen watchdogs serve as another force
to ensure that the nation follows world
standards.
• Education
• Media
• External Organizations
21. Benefits to Nation-States Conforming to Pre-existing
Models and Measures: Why Reinvent the Wheel?
• Already available
• Morally Compelling
• Easy to identify and decry
failures
• Economic Incentive*
• Pre-determined prescriptions
about standardized social
actors/policies that should be
engaged to resolve these newly
recognized problems
22. Potential Problems/Disadvantages
• What does this mean for
developing vs. developed
countries (Global North vs.
Global South etc.)?
• Who is currently running the
majority of world institutions? What
sort of voice do those who are not
in charge have?
• Who wrote the rules for the current
global standards? And who are
they in favor of/biased towards (if
anyone)?
• How much individual nation
deviation is permitted and what
effect(s) does this have on a
nation‟s ability to thrive?
24. Neo-institutionalism
Explains isomorphism, or why so many
organizations have similar formal structures:
• Organizations do not act out of rationality
• Rather, they act based on the norms of other
organizations
• Even if these norms are inefficient
• Institutional environments affect the way in which
new institutions are created
• Only institutions that incorporate preexisting practices
gain legitimacy and survive
25. Organization Theory
• Attempts to explain how rationalized formal
structures came to be.
• The underlying assumption being that rational
formal structure is the best form of coordinating
activities.
• The problem: The assumption that formal
organizations have succeeded based on the
coordination of activities is wrong, according to Meyer
and Rowan.
• Research shows that organizations do not follow the
central, “coordinating” structure of the organization.
26. Main Point
• The formal structures of international
organizations are not reflective of their day-
to-day operations, rather they are just a
collection of the myths of their institutional
environment.
• Example of rationalized myths include:
• Universalism, contracts, and expertise
• Econometric analyses
• Education system
27. What This Means: Globalization
• The more centralized and integrated a state is,
the stronger the extent to which these rationalized
myths of rules and procedures become
institutional requirements.
• In an institutional environment, organizations look
to outside „experts‟ for validation
28. Problems with Institutionalized Organizations
• Rules/myths come from different parts of
the environment, so they may conflict
• Demands for efficiency create tension with
efforts to conform
• Organizations may be sacrificing efficiency in
exchange for legitimacy/survival
• For example, a Nobel Prize winning professor brings
legitimacy and respect, but not efficient on return per
dollar
29. Working Within This System
• Decoupling
• Organizations can show similarity in formal
structures, but diversity in actual practice
• Logic of confidence
• Avoidance, discretion, overlooking (to maintain
face)
• Rituals of confidence and good faith
31. Debate (recap from last week)
• Prosperity vs Problems
• Destroying cultures and increasing poverty?
• Distributing benefits (equitably or not?)
• Stiglitz: globalization means different things in
different places
32. IMF Ideology
• Ideology from the finance world
• Concerns about special interest groups
• Tradeoff between inflation and unemployment
• Unfair Trade agenda: set by north, policies better
for developing countries
33. East Asia: Before Institutional Interference
• Management of globalization
• Controlled engagement in world economy
• Grown the fastest
• Reduced poverty
• Went against the „Washington Consensus‟
• Financial markets highly regulated
34. IMF: top-down governance
• Top-down approach
• Idea of „market fundamentalism‟
• Stiglitz argues that globalization is not necessarily
bad, it just depends on how the transition is
managed
• Globalization with the help of institutions e.g. IMF
have not fared as well
• When the IMF and pressure from US Treasury
stripped East Asia of regulations, that is when
they started to encounter problems
35. Negatives
• Increased tax burden on middle and poor classes
• Hot money problem
• Loss of jobs and creation of poverty
• Ad hoc governance
• Lack of accountability
36. Suggestions
• Lack of suggestions from Stiglitz
• Liberalization at a slower rate
• IMF needs a broader vision of society and the
role of economics
• Address concerns that it is governed by and for
special corporate and financial interests
• Differentiate recommendations/policies
• One sided view – lets look at other institutions!
37. Fair Trade for All: The WTO
-- Stiglitz, Charlton
Julienne Lam
38. World Trade Organization
• The WTO agreements are negotiated by the majority of
the world‟s trading nations
• The goal is to help producers of goods and
services, exporters, and importers conduct their business
• The WTO agreements cover goods, services and
intellectual property.
• They spell out the principles of liberalization, and the
permitted exceptions.
• They include individual countries‟ commitments to lower
customs tariffs and other trade barriers.
• They set procedures for settling disputes.
39. What Constitutes a “Fair Trade”
• Any agreement that differentially hurts developing
countries more or benefits developed countries more
should be presumptively viewed as unfair. In any case, a
fair agreement aspires to have fair outcomes produced by
fair, apparent procedures.
• Transparency is one of the most important factors of a fair
trade as more voices can be heard during the negotiation
process and it limits abuse by the most powerful.
41. Least Developed Countries
• Limited human capital and productive capacity
• Weak institutions
• Geographical handicaps
• Poor Soil, Vulnerability to natural disasters, communicable
diseases,
• Poorly diversified industries and underdeveloped markets
• Limited access to education, health, and other social
services
• Poor infrastructure
• & Lack of access to information and communication
technologies.
42. Special and Differential Treatment (SDT)
The SDT are special conditions for LDC‟s which allow
developed countries to give them special rights and treat
them more favorably than other members of the WTO.
43. Opposition to STD
• Abrogation to reciprocity
• Leads to ineffective protectionist trade policies
• Trade liberalization leads to a long adjustment
period that may result in more costs than benefits
44. Doha Round Market Access Proposal
(MAP)
WTO members would provide free market access in all goods to developing
countries smaller and poorer than themselves.
45. Market Access Proposal (MAP)
• Smallest and poorest countries benefit the most
• Largest and richest countries are liberalizing the
most
• Does not demand complete reciprocity from poor
to rich nations
48. Key Issue
• Economic globalization has outpaced
political globalization.
• Two major outcomes of this imbalance:
• Growing inequality
• A democratic deficit in international
organizations
49. The Threat of Outsourcing
• Lessons Learned: US and other service-oriented
economies aren‟t immune.
• “Upskilling” citizens doesn‟t seem to be enough.
• Complete integration one global nation.
• Average wages for unskilled labor in developed nations
will drop.
• Average wages overall increase, but wages at the
bottom will decrease.
51. Cope With and
Shape
Globalization
• Developed nations –
accept the
depression of wages
for unskilled labor
• Implement
measures to deal
with this (more
progressive
income
taxes, “upskilling”,
research).
52. The Democratic Deficit
• International Organizations reflect the interests of
large industrialized nations.
• Local thinking
• Declining confidence in IOs
• Response
• Look at methods of international decision making more
carefully.
53. Major Elements of Reform
• Changes in Voting Structure
• Changes in Representation
• Increased Transparency
• Conflict-of Interest Rules
• Improved Accountability
• Better Judicial Procedures
• Better Enforcement of Rule of Law
54. “This is not how it is supposed to
be. We can make globalization work,
not just for the rich and powerful but
also for all people, including those
in the poorest countries…The time
to begin is now.”
-- Joseph Stiglitz
60. Although policy and academia are
sometimes separated by a huge
gulf...
Scholars (like everyone else) are
influenced by real-world events.
61. Let‟s trace some historical events
and how they‟ve influenced
academics studying international
organizations
(particularly those related to
political economy: WTO, IMF, etc.)
63. 1940s and 1950s
“[International organization scholars]
had the task of analyzing both the
formation of new international
organizations and the superpower
rivalry that threatened to kill or maim
them at birth”
64. 1940s and 1950s
But scholars were sharply focused on
realist assumptions of self-interested
nations and their work did not stray
from the analysis of formal international
organizations.
73. Author‟s Conclusion
Despite the seemingly incompatible
different theories, we can continue to
respect their differences while
borrowing and blending their specific
research methods.
