Lenses of development

Lenses of Development
Framework for Analysis and Assessment
of Emerging Economic Thought
Jean Lee C. Patindol

AUTHENTIC HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
1. The Catholic Church’s
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum_en.html

“The Development of Peoples”
• Populorum progressio is the encyclical
written by Pope Paul VI on the topic of "the
development of peoples" and that the
economy of the world should serve mankind
and not just the few. It was released on
March 26, 1967

• 14. “The development We speak of here cannot be
restricted to economic growth alone. To be
authentic, it must be well rounded; it must foster the
development of each man and of the whole man. As
an eminent specialist on this question has rightly
said: "We cannot allow economics to be separated
from human realities, nor development from the
civilization in which it takes place. What counts for
us is man—each individual man, each human group,
and humanity as a whole.''

• 19. Neither individuals nor nations should regard the possession of
more and more goods as the ultimate objective. Every kind of
progress is a two-edged sword. It is necessary if man is to grow as a
human being; yet it can also enslave him, if he comes to regard it as
the supreme good and cannot look beyond it. When this happens,
men harden their hearts, shut out others from their minds and gather
together solely for reasons of self-interest rather than out of
friendship; dissension and disunity follow soon after.
• Thus the exclusive pursuit of material possessions prevents man's
growth as a human being and stands in opposition to his true
grandeur. Avarice, in individuals and in nations, is the most obvious
form of stultified moral development.

• 20. “If development calls for an ever-growing
number of technical experts, even more necessary
still is the deep thought and reflection of wise men in
search of a new humanism, one which will enable
our contemporaries to enjoy the higher values of
love and friendship, of prayer and contemplation,
(17) and thus find themselves. This is what will
guarantee man's authentic development—his
transition from less than human conditions to truly
human ones.”

LESS THAN HUMAN
CONDITIONS
• 21. “What are less than human conditions?
– The material poverty of those who lack the bare
necessities of life, and
– the moral poverty of those who are crushed under
the weight of their own self-love;
– oppressive political structures resulting from the
abuse of ownership or the improper exercise of
power, from the exploitation of the worker or
unjust transactions.”

TRULY HUMAN CONDITIONS
• “What are truly human conditions?
 The rise from poverty to the acquisition of life's necessities;
 the elimination of social ills;
 broadening the horizons of knowledge;
 acquiring refinement and culture.
From there one can go on to
 acquire a growing awareness of other people's dignity,
 a taste for the spirit of poverty,
 (l8) an active interest in the common good, and
 a desire for peace.
 Then man can acknowledge the highest values and God Himself, their
author and end.
Finally and above all, there is faith—God's gift to men of good will—and our
loving unity in Christ, who calls all men to share God's life as sons of the
living God, the Father of all men.”

SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
2. The United Nations’

Sustainable Development
• "development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs."
• Must be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving
major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and
national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic
growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of
poverty.
• Must represent the whole gamut of change by which an entire
social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and desires of
individuals and social groups within that system, moves away
from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory
toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially
and spiritually better.

Amartya Sen’s “Capabilities” Approach
 “The capability to function is what really matters for status as
a poor or nonpoor person. Economic growth cannot be
sensibly treated as an end in itself. Development has to be
more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the
freedoms we enjoy.” – Amartya Sen, 1998 Nobel laureate in
Economics
 Poverty cannot be properly measured by income or even by
utility as conventionally understood; what matters is not the
things a person has or the feelings these provide—but what a
person is, or can be, and does, or can do.
 To make any sense of the concept of human well-being in
general, and poverty in particular, we need to think beyond
the availability of commodities and consider their use or
“functionalities”.
 “Capabilities” – the freedom that a person has in terms of the
choice of functionings, given his/her personal features
(conversion of characteristics into functionings) and his/her
command over commodities.

3 Core Values of Development
• Sustenance – the ability to meet basic needs; “to have enough in order to be more”
• Self-esteem – to be a person; a sense of worth and self-respect, of not being used
as a tool by others for their own ends
– the nature and form of this self-esteem may vary from society to society and from
culture to culture. However, with the proliferation of the “modernizing values” of
developed nations, many societies in developing countries that have a profound
sense of their own worth suffer from serious cultural confusion when they come in
contact with economically and technologically advanced societies.
• Freedom from servitude – to be able to choose; emancipation from alienating
material conditions in life and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other
people, misery, institutions, and dogmatic beliefs, especially the belief that one’s
poverty is one’s predestination.

PEACE AS DEVELOPMENT
3. Peace and Conflict Studies’

Levels of Peace

Global Peace*
• “A culture of peace is a set of values,
attitudes and forms of behavior that reflect
respect for life and for human dignity, the
rejection of violence in all its forms and
commitment to the principles of freedom,
justice, solidarity and tolerance.”
* From the UNESCO/UN “Declaration on a Culture of Peace”, 1998

National Peace*
• True peace is the fruit of justice and love,
concern, care
• Solidarity is the unity of heart among peoples
of different cultures, classes and beliefs,
generations and genders
• Vision of peace: “Peace by ways of Peace” –
grounded on justice, enlivened by love and
solidarity
*National Peace Conference, 1990

Cultural-religious Concepts of Peace
• Pax (Latin) – a pact, a contract; an absence of war through the
imposition of order by a dominant power
• Sala’m (Arabic) – peace with justice/order/following the right
path of God
• Shalom (Hebrew) – wholeness, integrity, harmony; co-
existence of opposites through acceptance of differences;
continuous growth of all creative human powers
• Shanti (Sanskrit) – equananimity, spiritual peace, oneness with
the Divine, non-attachment, self-realization
• Heping (Chinese) – harmony within and without, stability and
order
• Filipino?

Key Elements of Peace
• Absence of war and physical violence
• Conditions necessary for human fulfillment and
the growth of our creative powers
• Conditions necessary for human harmony
• Conditions necessary for oneness with all
creation, inner peace
• Upholding basic human rights:
– Respect
– Truth
– Justice
– Freedom
– Compassion

Total Peace
(Johan Galtung, 1964)
Total Peace
Integrated Peace:
Absence of Indirect Violence
Direct/Symptomatic Peace:
Absence of Direct Physical Violence
“Negative” Peace “Positive” Peace

Violence: Inflicting Harm, Damage
• Direct Violence
-usually physically
manifested (hitting,
beating, shooting,
bombing, raping,
kicking, etc.)
• Indirect Violence – usually
insidiously/subtly
manifested; “killing people
without using guns”
– Cultural Violence: hate speech,
gossip, xenophobia, discrimination
in any form, gender violence,
“chosen-ness”, etc.
– Structural Violence: poverty,
slavery, apartheid, colonialism,
corruption, excessive material
inequality
– Ecological Violence:
overconsumption, pollution,
environmental harm and damage

When there is violence, is there
necessarily conflict?

What is Conflict?
Conflict is a process through which two or
more actors try to pursue incompatible
goals while trying the undermine the goal-
seeking potential of the others.
It may also arise when two or more actors
pursue compatible goals with
incompatible methods.
Conflict basically arises because of unmet
needs or changes in needs.

Sources of Conflict
• Scarce resources (economy)
• Uneven distribution of power (polity)
• Poor or no communication between parties
(media, education)
• Parties have incorrect perceptions of each other
(media, education)
• There is a lack or very low level of trust (media,
education)
• Unresolved grievances exist from the past (polity)
• Parties do not value the relationship between
them

Conflict Escalation
9. Destruction and self-destruction
8. Destruction of the opponent
7. Limited destructive blows and sanctions
6. Threatening strategies
5. Open attack and loss of face
4. Formation of coalitions
3. Confrontation, with a “fait accompli”
2. Debate
1. Tension and Crystallization
How Conflict is Managed
And Communicated
(economy, polity, media) Quantity and
Quality of
Information
(media,
education)

Sample Case: Why Are There
Armed Conflicts?
Based on the people’s perception of the
major causes of armed conflict in the
Philippines through a series of public
consultations conducted in 71 out of the
76 provinces in the country conducted
by the National Unification Commission
(NUC)
Massive poverty and economic
equity
Poor governance
Injustice and abuse of power
Control by a few of political power
Exploitation of cultural communities,
and lack of recognition of their
ancestral domain
Differences in political belief and
ideology
Scarce resources (economy)
Uneven distribution of power
(polity)
Poor or no communication
between parties (media, education)
Parties have incorrect perceptions
of each other (media, education)
There is a lack or very low level of
trust (media, education)
Unresolved grievances exist from
the past (polity)
Parties do not value the
relationship between them

Conflict is not the same as Violence!
• Conflict is part of life. Life means
growth.
• Conflict is about change. Life is a
series of changes towards growth.
• Change requires adjustments and
readjustments of perceptions, attitudes,
behaviors, structures, ways of life.
• Responses to conflict can be creative
and collaborative, if change is seen as
an opportunity for new and better
possibilities rather than a threat.Jean Lee C. Patindol

Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in
the minds of men that the defense of peace
must be constructed.
- UNESCO Constitution

Lenses of development

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