2. Global Nutrition Report
• Anemia and Stunting are the two forms of malnutrition
burdens being experienced by the country.
• 37.9 per cent of children under-5 are affected by stunting (low
height for age).
• 20.81 per cent of children under-5 are defined as 'wasted’
(low weight for height).
• 51.4 per cent of women in reproductive age were affected by
anemia.
• In India, 17.8 per cent of adult men and 21.6 per cent of adult
women are overweight.
(Global Nutrition Report, 2018)
5. World status of biofortified crops
• 150 Biofortified varieties of 10 crops have been released in 30
countries
• Testing of another 12 crops is being carried out in 25 countries
HarvestPlus, 2017
6. HARVEST PLUS
Component of the CGIAR Research Program
on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
Launched in 2004, USA
Under joint venture of CIAT and IFPRI
Funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, the UK Department for
International Development (DFID) and others.
7. There are 4 primary
ways a person can
get micronutrients
into their system
BIOFORTIFICATION
SUPPLEMENTATION
Taking a vitamin pill
FOOD
FORTIFICATION
Through the addition of
micronutrients to staple
products
DIETARY
DIVERSITY
eating a balanced
diet
Biofortified staple foods cannot deliver
high level of minerals and vitamins per
day as fortified foods, but increase the
daily adequacy of micronutrient intakes
among individuals throughout the
lifecycle. (Bouis et al., 2011)
8. BIOFORTIFICATION AND ZERO
HUNGER CHALLENGE
Second Global Conference on biofortification recommend to
the UN to celebrate 2018 - 2020 as the International Year of
Biofortified and Underutilized Crops
Meet the Zero Hunger Challenge by 2030
9. Recommended dietary allowances for Indians
Minerals Daily
requirement
Functions Deficiency
symptoms
Calcium 500-600 mg Development of teeth and bones,
required for phosphorus absorption.
Causes improper blood
clotting and osteomalacia.
Phosporous 1000 mg Component of nucleic acid and plays
vital role in cellular metabolism
Causes weight loss and
general weakness.
Iron 10 mg Formation of haemoglobin and
involved in transport of oxygen.
Anaemia, pale lips and
spoon shaped nails.
Sodium 4000-6000 mg To maintain the osmotic balance and
keep the cells in proper shape.
Weight loss and nervous
breakdown.
Iodine 0.1-0.2 mg Functioning of thyroid gland and
production of thyroxin hormone.
Goiter.
Osteomalacia Anaemia Goiter NIN, Hyderabad
10. Vitamins Daily
requirement
Functions Deficiency symptoms
Vit A
(Retinol)
5000 IU For clear vision and increases resistance to
infections
Night blindness,
xerophthalamia and
keratinisation
Vit B1
(Thiamine)
1.2 mg For proper utilization of carbhohydrates Beriberi disease
Vit B2
(Riboflavin)
1.7 mg Oxidation reaction inside the cell Ulcer in oral cavity.
Vit B12
(Cobalamin)
2.4 µg Maturation of red cell and proper
functioning of CNS
Pernicious anaemia
Night blindness
Xerophthalamia
Beriberi
Ulcer
11. Vitamins Daily requirement functions Deficiency
symptoms
Vit C
(Ascorbic acid)
60-90 mg For collagen synthesis
and calcification of bones
and teeth
Scurvy and reduced
resistance to diseases
Vit D 10-20 µg Calcification of bones and
teeth
Rickets in children and
osteomalacia in adults
Vit E
(Tocopherol)
5 mg Promotion of fertility Paralysis of eye muscles
Vit K
(Anti hemorrhagic
vitamin)
0.015 mg Coagulation of blood and
secretion of bile juice
from liver
Unusual bleeding from
the gums, nose or
gastrointestinal tract
Scurvy Rickets
12. What is Biofortification ???
Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word
“fortificare” means “make strong”.
Biofortification is the process of adding nutritional
value to the crop.
It refers to the nutrient enrichment of crops to address the
negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and
mineral deficiencies in humans (Prasad et al., 2015).
13. Advantages of biofortification
Targets mainly on low-income households.
Low recurrent costs.
Biofortified crop system is highly sustainable.
Increment of nutritional quality in daily diets.
Improvement of plant or crop quality and increment
of variability in germplasm.
14. No dramatic change in food habit, or need to remember
to take a pill.
Not depend on international organizations or
governments.
Increase farm production ability of the person and act
as a helping hand for farmers.
Biofortified crops are also a feasible means of reaching
rural populations who may have limited access to
diverse diets or other micronutrient interventions.
(Winkler, 2011)
15. Success of biofortification depends on…
• High nutrient density must be combined with high
yields and high profitability.
• Efficacy must be demonstrated: Sufficient
nutrients must be retained in processing and
cooking and these nutrients must be sufficiently
bioavailable.
• The biofortified crops must be adopted by farmers
and consumed by those suffering from
micronutrient malnutrition in significant numbers.
(Jena et al., 2018)
17. AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION
Agronomic biofortification is the application of micronutrient-
containing mineral fertilizer to the soil and/or plant leaves, to
increase micronutrient contents of the edible part of food crops.
(White and Broadley, 2009)
18. Success of agronomic biofortification depends on
• The presence and bioavailability of soil
nutrients for plant uptake (soil to crop).
• Nutrient allocation within the plant and re-
translocation into the edible part (crop to
edible part).
• Bioavailability of nutrients to the human body
(food to human).
19. Soil to crop
•Bioavailability of micronutrients from
soil to crop is influenced by many soil
factors (i.e. pH, organic matter content,
soil aeration and moisture and interactions
with other elements).
• Addition of P also appears to induce Zn
deficiency through dilution effects and
interference with Zn translocation from
the roots.
(Singh et al.1988)
20. Mobility of minerals
Mobility in soil
• Mobile
NO3
-,SO4
2-,BO3
2-,Cl- and Mn2+
• Less mobile
NH4
+,K+,Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cu2+
• Immobile
H2PO4
-, HPO4
2- , Fe2O 3 and
Zn2+
Degrees of success in agronomic biofortification is directly
proportional to mobility of mineral element in soil and plant.
(White and Broadley, 2003)
21. Crop to food
• Bioavailability from crop to economic part is influenced by the
crop (variety) – which defines whether micronutrients are (re-
)localized into edible parts of the crop.
Mobility in plants
•Highly mobile
N, P and K.
•Moderately mobile
Zn
•Less mobile
S, Fe, Mn, Mo and Cl
•Immobile
Ca and B.
22. Food to human
• Bioavailability of micronutrients in the food for the human
body is influenced by many factors that can be either food or
host related. (Gibson, 2007)
• Enhancers like ascorbic acid can increase iron bioavailability,
while polyphenols and especially phytate or phytic acid are
major inhibitors that form complexes with Fe and Zn and limit
uptake in the human body. (Clemens, 2014)
23. Impact of different fertilization
techniques
• The combination of soil and foliar application is often the most
effective method. (Phattarakul et al., 2012; Cakmak, 2010)
• Foliar pathways are generally more effective in ensuring
uptake into the plant because immobilization in the soil is
avoided. (Garcia-Banuelos et al., 2014)
• Foliar fertilization with micronutrients often stimulates more
nutrient uptake and efficient allocation in the edible plant parts
than soil fertilization for leafy vegetables.
(Lawson et al., 2015)
24. • Agronomic biofortification has so far been most effective with
Zn and Se. (Cakmak, 2014)
• Suitable micronutrients –
Zinc ( Foliar application of ZnSO4)
Iodine (Soil application of iodide or iodate)
Selenium (Soil application as Selenate)
• In capsicum, low-moderate (0.25-1.0 mg/L) of KI application
improved the fruit quality by enhancing the ascorbic acid and
soluble sugar content in addition to increased level of iodine to
350-1330 µg/kg FW. (RDA of iodine is 150 µg/d)
(Li et al., 2017)
25. •In a glasshouse pot experiment, effect of soil applied zinc (in the form of zinc
sulphate) at 0, 5, 10 & 15 mg kg-1 of soil on the growth, yield and biochemical
attributes was studied of two tomato cultivars, VCT-1 and Riogrande.
Objective : To study the effect of Zn on yield and soluble protein
level
Zn (mg/kg) of fruit
Treatment VCT-1 Riogrande
Control 24 16
5 mg Zn/kg 30 24
10 mg Zn/kg 35 29
15 mg Zn/kg 42 32
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 2012
26. SWOT analysis
Comparatively simple method
than other methods
Suitable for immediate results
Success limited to minerals
Dependent on several factors
Regular application of nutrients
Often used as a compliment to
other strategies
Negative environmental impact
Reverse action (Eg: Se)
S W
O T
Susana et al., 2013
27. CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
Precedent plant breeding
Yield attributes and resistance breeding
Lack of priority on nutritional aspects
Present plant breeding
Fortification of vitamins, antioxidants and
micronutrients in edible parts
(Prasad et al., 2015)
29. Source of Nutrients
Crop Wild species Phytonutrient
TOMATO
Solanum hirsutum Carotene
Solanum peruvianum ß carotene and Vitamin C
Solanum pimpinellifolium Lycopene and Vitamin C
Solanum cheesmanii ß carotene
Solanum hirsutum
Solanum peruvianum Solanum pimpinellifolium Solanum cheesmanii
30. Crop Wild species Phytonutrient
CASSAVA
POTATO
Manihot oligantha Lycopene and protein
Solanum stoloniferum Ascorbic acid
LEGUMES Phaseolus coccineus Iron
Phaseolus polyanthus Iron
Solanum stoloniferum
Manihot oligantha Phaseolus coccineus
Phaseolus polyanthus
31. Steps in biofortification by conventional plant breeding
Discovery
Dissemination
Outcome
2. Set nutrient target levels
1.Identify target populations
3. Screen germplasm and gene
4. Breed biofortified crops
Development 5. Test performance of new crop varieties
6. Measure nutrient retention in crops/food
7. Evaluate nutrient absorption and impact
8. Develop strategies to disseminate
seeds
9. Promote marketing & consumption
of biofortified food
10. Improve nutritional status of
target populations
HarvestPlus
32. Glucoraphanin accumulation in Beneforté® broccoli
• B. oleracea X B. villosa (wild)
var italica
F1
( Super Broccoli )
• Accumulates 3 times higher level of glucosinolate –
GLUCORAPHANIN.
• Rich in Vit A, D, Ca and folate.
• Low in calories. (Traka et al., 2013)
33. Golden tomatoes
• Orange coloured golden tomato lines
CLN2366 A and B
• Contain 10 to 12-times more ß-carotene
• One golden tomato can provide a person’s
full day vitamin-A requirement
(Ebert, 2015)
34. PANT LOBIA -1
(Boukar et al., 2011)
Pioneer research on biofortifcation of cow pea has initiated G.B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India.
Variety Iron
(ppm)
Zinc
(ppm)
Year of release
Pant Lobia-1 82 40 2008
Pant Lobia-2 100 37 2010
Pant Lobia-3 67 38 2013
Pant Lobia-4 51 36 2014
PANT LOBIA -2
35. SWOT analysis
Successful for minerals and vitamins
One-off cost
Easier distribution
Long development time
Wide public acceptance
Simple legal frame work
Requires genetic variation
S W
O T
Susana et al., 2013
36. LACK OF VARIATION LACK OF SEX FORMS
GENETIC ENGINEERING
MICRONUTRIENTS
ANTI NUTRITIONAL
FACTORS
37. GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the
direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
Transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to
produce improved or novel organisms.
Lack of sufficient variation among the genotypes for
the desired character/trait within the species.
38. Targets of transgenes include
Redistributing micronutrients between tissues.
Increasing the efficiency of biochemical pathways in edible
tissues.
Even the reconstruction of selected pathways.
Some strategies involved in the removal of antinutrients.
(Jena et al., 2018)
39. ACHIEVEMENT IN INDIA
• PUSA
BETAKESARI
Year of identification : 2015-16.
Characteristics : First ever
indigenously bred biofortified beta
carotene (800-1000 µg/100 g) rich
cauliflower variety.
Marker assisted backcrossing. 54th Convocation, IARI - 2016
40. Genetic Engineering
S
Successful for minerals and
vitamins
Speed up process of
conventional plant breeding
W
Interactions among transgenes
O
Fast ‘omics’ developments
T
Low public acceptance
High socio-political problems
Environmental impact (gene
flow)
Susana et al., 2013
44. VEGETABLE VARIETY COMPONENT
Pumpkin Pusa Vikas
Arka Chandan
Vitamin A
Water melon Arka Jyoti, Durgapura
Lal,
Durgapura Kesar
Carotene
Amaranthus Pusa Lal Chaulai ,
Pusa Kiran , Arka
Arunima
Carotenoids
Anthocyanin
Basella Local Red and Local
Green
Carotenoids
Durgapura
Lal
Durgapura
Kesar
Arka jyoti
Arka Chandan
Pusa Vikas
Pusa Lal Chaulai
Local Green
Local Red
Pusa Kiran
(Selvakumar, 2014)
(Praneetha et al., 2017)
45.
46. SUCCESS STORY
• In Rwanda, iron-depleted university women showed a significant increase
in heamoglobin and total body iron after consuming biofortified beans for
4.5 months.
(Haas et al., 2017)
Location Huye, Rwanda
Population Adult female (18-27 years)
Study design
Randomization
Randomized efficacy trial
By individual
Sample size 195
Intervention Iron biofortified beans
Length of feeding 4.5 months
47. Treatment Iron (mg/kg)
Biofortified bean 86
Unfortified bean 50
A total of 86 (%) of participants were iron defecient and 36 (%) were anemic
(haemoglobin < 120 g/L) at baseline.
The intervention group receiving the iron biofortified beans consumed 14.5 mg of iron
per day, whereas the control group receiving the conventional beans consumed 8.6
mg of iron per day.
Result
Treatment Iron content of blood
Women who consumed
biofortified bean
138 g/L
Women who consumed
conventional bean
90 g/L
49. 1: Amino acid profile in cassava and its
interspecific hybrid
Common Cassava Poor true protein
Interspecific hybrid ICB
300
(M. esculenta × M.
oligantha)
LYSINE
METHIONINE
TRUE PROTEIN
(Nasser and Sousa, 2007)
Brazil
50. Material and methods
• Common Cassava – Named as UnB 1 root (female parent).
• Manihot oligantha – Protein rich wild species (male parent).
• Inter – specific hybrid – Named as ICB 300.
Amino acid analysis
• The analysis of amino acid compositions were performed by an amino
acid analyzer (Hitachi L8500, Tokyo, Japan). The total protein contents
of the samples were calculated by summing up the amounts of the
amino acids.
51. Amino acid profile in peeled roots of cassava
Amino acids UnB 1 root M. oligantha ICB 300
(Interspecific hybrid)
Ala 0.020 0.093 0.098
Arg 0.037 0.261 0.108
Asp 0.016 0.146 0.137
Cys 0.027 0.029 0.025
Glu 0.039 0.222 0.221
Gly 0.012 0.078 0.075
His 0.000 0.038 0.036
Ile 0.008 0.068 0.069
Leu 0.016 0.131 0.127
Lys 0.010 0.098 0.079
Met 0.014 0.041 0.037
Phe 0.016 0.129 0.120
Pro 0.000 0.054 0.066
Ser 0.012 0.088 0.078
Thr 0.008 0.061 0.066
Tyr 0.000 0.000 0.000
Val 0.019 0.115 0.112
Total 0.254 1.654 1.454
52. Result and discussion
•Among the three samples analyzed in this study, the sample M. oligantha showed
the highest amount of protein (1.654 g/100 g sample), followed by the ICB 300
sample (1.454 g/100 g) and UnB 1 root (0.254 g/100 g).
• Both cysteine and cystine are involved in cyanide detoxification. Excessive
detoxification may be responsible for the low concentration of sulfur-containing
amino acids.
ICB- 300
53. 2. Agronomic biofortification of carrot with selenium
• Greenhouse conditions
• A completely randomized design was used in a 2x2x2 factorial
scheme (with and without Se application, two sources of Se:
selenate and selenite, two forms of application of Se: soil and
foliar applications).
• Five replications.
Ciência e Agrotecnologia
Oliveira et al., 2018
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different application forms and
sources of Se in the growth, production, nutrition, physical-chemical
characteristics, content and accumulation of Se in carrots.
Material and Methods
Brazil
55. • The application of Se, both through soil and foliar means, of both sources,
increases its content in carrot roots. The most effective form of Se
biofortification is foliar application as selenate.
• By consuming 50g of fresh carrot that has been biofortified with selenate,
applied through foliar application, which was the highest content of Se (14
mg kg-1 of dry mass) the daily intake of the element would be of 105 μg.
• Adult human is expected to ingest at least 70 μg per day, with a maximum
tolerable limit of 400 μg (USDA, 2012).
Conclusion
56. 3. Agronomic bio fortification of cowpea with iron
International Journal of Chemical Studies
Treatments
T0 Control
T1 Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at 45 DAS
T2 Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.5% at 45 & 60
T3 Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1.0% at 45 DAS
T4 Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1.0% at 45 & 60
T5
Soil application of FeSO4 @ 12.5 kg ha-1
T6
Soil application of FeSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1
T7
Soil application of FeSO4 @ 37.5 kg ha-1
T8
Soil application of FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1
DAS
DAS
Budhani et al., 2018
Gujarat
57. Treatments
2nd
picking
4th
picking
6th
picking
Average
T0 – Control 163.33 156.00 143.67 154.33
T1 - Foliar spray of FeSO4 @
0.5% at 45 DAS
188.00 168.67 150.00 168.67
T2 - Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.5%
at
45 & 60 DAS
216.33 210.67 200.00 209.00
T3 - Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1.0%
at
45 DAS
196.00 182.00 169.00 182.33
T4 - Foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 1.0%
at
45 & 60 DAS
233.67 217.00 187.67 212.67
T5 - Soil application of FeSO4
@ 12.5kg ha-1
187.00 183.33 173.33 181.00
T6 - Soil application of FeSO4
@ 25 kg ha-1
241.67 208.00 192.33 205.00
T7 - Soil application of FeSO4
@ 37.5 kg ha-1
237.00 223.00
219.33
226.00
T8 - Soil application of FeSO4
@ 50 kg ha-1
243.33 224.67 227.33 232.00
Effect of different treatments on Fe content (mg kg-1) periodically in pod of cowpea
58. • Fe content in pod increased significantly over control during
2nd, 4th as well as 6th picking. The treatment T-8 (soil
application of FeSO4 @ 50 kg/ha) recorded maximum Fe
content in 2nd (243.33 mg/kg), 4th (224.67 mg/kg) as well as 6th
picking (227.33 mg/kg) in the pods.
Conclusion
59. FUTURE THRUST
• To reach everyone, biofortification must be integrated
in public and private programs.
• Consumer preference.
• Improving the efficiency with minerals which are
mobilized in the soil.
60. Conclusion
• Biofortification help in overcoming nutrient deficiency economically,
especially in rural areas.
• Need for collaboration between plant breeders, molecular biologists
and nutrition scientists.
•Promoting large-scale prospective studies on nutritional ascepts,
productivity along with consumer preference.
