2. Moderators:
Professors:
โข Prof. Dr. G. Sivasankar, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Prof. Dr. A. Senthilvel, M.S., M.Ch.,
Asst Professors:
โข Dr. J. Sivabalan, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Dr. R. Bhargavi, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Dr. S. Raju, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Dr. K. Muthurathinam, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Dr. D. Tamilselvan, M.S., M.Ch.,
โข Dr. K. Senthilkumar, M.S., M.Ch.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 2
4. Classification
โข Stress Urinary incontinence
โข Mixed urinary incontinence
โข Urge urinary incontinence
Other types:
โข Postural UI
โข Nocturnal enuresis
โข Continuous UI (fistulas)
โข Insensible UI
โข Coital incontinence
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 4
5. Transient Incontinence
DIAPPERS
โข Delerium
โข Infection (urinary tract infection)
โข Atrophic vaginitis/urethritis
โข Psychologic (e.g., severe depression, neurosis)
โข Pharmacologic
โข Excess urine production
โข Restricted mobility
โข Stool impaction
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 5
6. SUI
โข Involuntary loss of urine with physical exertion (i.e.,
walking, straining,exercise) or with
sneezing/coughing or other activities that causes rise
in intra-abdominal pressure
โข Urodynamic stress incontinence - involuntary urine
leakage during filling cystometry associated with an
increase in intra-abdominal pressure, and in the
absence of a detrusor contraction.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 6
7. UUI
โข Involuntary urine loss associated with
urgency.
โข Urodynamic finding such as detrusor
overactivity, bladder oversensitivity, or
diminished maximum bladder capacity- need
not be present for diagnosis
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 7
8. MUI
โข Involuntary urine loss associated with
urgency and is also associated with effort,
physical exertion, sneezing, or coughing.
โข May be urge predominant, stress
predominant, or equal
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 8
9. Epidemiology
โข Overall prevalence 25-40%
โข SUI 10-25%
โข MUI 5-20%
โข UUI 3-10%
โข Younger populations have greater prevalence
of SUI
โข 10% experience UI episodes weekly
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 9
10. Risk factors
Age
โข greater likelihood of incontinence and a shift away from SUI
to, more commonly, MUI or UUI
โข Maintaining residence in an LTC facility is an independent
risk factor for UI
Pregnancy and Postpartum
โข Prevalence of SUI, in particular, increases during pregnancy
(40%) and increases with gestational age during pregnancy.
โข Prevalence decreases considerably within 3 months
postpartum.
โข Properly performed PFME has been shown to decrease the
likelihood of developing SUI
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 10
11. Aspects of Delivery:
โข Caesarean section- confers advantage
โข Birth weight of largest baby positively correlates
with increased risk
โข Length of delivery, forceps use, use of episiotomy
Parity:
โข Risk of SUI increases with subsequent
pregnancies
โข Younger age at first childbirth -more risk
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 11
12. Race:
โข Increased risk in caucasian women
Hormonal therapy:
โข Oral estrogen with our without progesterone
increase risk of SUI
โข No association with topical estrogen
Obesity:
โข BMI > 30 more than doubles risk of UI
โข UI reversible after weight loss
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 12
13. Smoking
Diet
โข Caffeine, carbonated beverages and artificial
sweeteners associated with UUIs
Medical conditions:
โข Diabetes Mellitus
โข Depression
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 13
14. Physiology of Continence
Bladder Filling:
โข Neural: Parasympathetic suppression, sympathetic
activation promotes detrusor relaxation.
โข Anatomic (gross): Intraperitoneal position of bladder dome
permits unimpeded expansion.
โข Anatomic (micro): Multilayered mucosal layer of bladder
promotes expansion with filling, collapse with emptying.
โข Poor coupling between detrusor smooth muscle cells
dissipates aberrant contractions.
โข Extracellular matrix composition promotes minimal change
in bladder pressure by enhancing bladder elasticity.
Collagen type I is major collagen subtype.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 14
17. Pathophysiology
Factors affecting bladder storage
โข Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and
cause UUI- Multiple sclerosis, DM, PD, CVA
โข Urge incontinence due to DO- Obstruction
(after anti-incontinence surgery)
โข Overflow incontinence( detrusor
underactivity)- disease affecting lumbosacral
cord, DM, alcoholism, tabes dorsalis, pelvic surgeries
โข Pelvic radiation-altered bladder compliance
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 17
18. Factors affecting sphincter
Intrinsic sphincter Deficiency (ISD)
โข The concept of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD)
was introduced by McGuire and Lytton
โข ISD implies the sphincter activity itself is dysfunctional,
whether because of a neural or a structural problem
โข Pipestem urethra
โข Typically iatrogenic
โข Subtle ISD secondary to hypermobility-most common(ischemic
injury)
โข Current concept- most forms of SUI likely involve some
degree of ISD, even if urethral hypermobility is present
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 18
20. Evaluation
History:
Characterize leakage subjectively
Quantify
Voiding pattern
Duration of symptoms/inciting events
Impact on patients daily activities
Past Medical and surgical history:
Childhood and adult urological history
Neurological conditions
Medical-DM, dementia
Pelvic Surgery
Radiotherapy
Medications
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 20
22. Examination
โข General assessment
โข Pelvic examination
- Stress test
- Q tip test
โข Neurological examination
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 22
23. Supplemental evaluation
Voiding diary
โข Diagnostic and therapeutic
Quality of life Questionnaires
Pad tests
โข More than 1.3gm- positive
Urine analysis
PVR
โข To document baseline bladder emptying before
therapy
โข To diagnose overflow incontinence
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 23
24. Q-tip test:
To objectify the evaluation of urethral mobility
The Q-tip is inserted into the bladder through urethra, and the angle that the Q-
tip moves from horizontal to its final position with straining is measured.
Hypermobility is defined as a Q-tip angle > 30 degrees from horizontal.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 24
25. Stress Test
.
The bladder must be moderately
moderately full.
The patient in the lithotomy position,
the lithotomy position, the two labia
the two labia
are separated, and the patient is asked to cough.
are separated, and the patient is asked to cough.
If
If urine escapes
urine escapes,
, the patient is
the patient is incontinent.
incontinent.
If no urine escapes, the test is repeated while the
index and middle fingers in the vagina press
fingers in the vagina press on the
on the
perineum to abolish reflex contraction of the levator
index and middle
perineum to abolish reflex contraction of the levator
ani muscles during straining.
muscles during straining.
ani
If
If still
still no urine
no urine escapes,
escapes, the
the test
test is
is repeated while
repeated while
the patient is standing with the legs separated.
the patient is standing with the legs separated.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 25
26. Bonney test
.
It
It is indicated
is indicated in
in case
case of
of a
a positive
associated with a cystocele.
positive stress
stress test
test
associated with a cystocele.
To
To know if
know if incontinence
incontinence is due
is due to descent
to descent of
of
bladder neck or weakness of the sphincter.
bladder neck or weakness of the sphincter.
The index and middle fingers are placed on
both sides of
of the
neck upwards.
the urethra
urethra to elevate the
to elevate the bladder
bladder
both sides
neck upwards.
If
If no
no urine
urine escapes
escapes on
on stress
stress it
it means
means that
that the
incontinence is due to descent of the bladder
the
incontinence is due to descent of the bladder
neck,
neck, but
but if
if urine
urine still escapes
still escapes it
weakness of the sphincter.
it means
means
weakness of the sphincter.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 26
27. Indicated in case of a negative stress test
associated with a large cystocele to diagnose
associated with a large cystocele to diagnose
hidden stress incontinence.
incontinence.
hidden stress
The cystocele is
cystocele is reduced,
reduced, the cervix
the cervix is
is
grasped with a volsellum and pushed upward,
grasped with a volsellum and pushed upward,
then the patient is
is asked to cough.
asked to cough.
then the patient
If urine escapes, itindicates that
that the patient
the patient
was continent because of kinking of the
the
was continent because of kinking of
urethra.
urethra.
Yousef Test
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 27
29. Cystoscopy
โข Urgency
โข Hematuria
โข Previous surgery for incontinence, pelvic prolapse
UDE
โข when conservative treatment methods fail
โข when the diagnosis is unclear or
โข when previous diagnostic procedures are inconclusive,
โข in patients with clinical pictures complicated by radiation therapy,
neurologic disease
โข prior failed pelvic floor reconstruction or anti-incontinence surgery, or
Imaging
โข Upper tract status
โข Pelvic pathology
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 29
30. โข Fluid manipulation and lifestyle changes
โข Bladder training and pelvic floor muscle
training
โข Antimuscarinics and / or beta 3 agonist
โข Botox
โข SNS
โข Augmentation cystoplasty
โข Urinary diversions
Urge urinary incontinence
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 30
34. PFME
PFM contraction may
โข raise the urethra and press it toward the symphysis pubis,
prevent urethral descent, and improve structural support of the
pelvic organs.
โข result in hypertrophy of the striated muscles, thus increasing
the external mechanical pressure on the urethra.
โข reinforce structural support of the bladder neck in women,
limiting its downward movement during increases in
abdominal pressure.
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 34
35. Assessment of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function
โข digital palpation
โข visual observation,
โข electromyography (EMG),
โข Manometry
โข ultrasonography
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 35
37. BEHAVIORAL TRAINING WITH URGE
SUPPRESSION
โข a well-timed, volitional contraction of the anal
sphincter (reflecting PFM), guided by visual
Biofeedback, could abort fully developed detrusor
contractions, deter developing contractions, and
suppress the sensation of urgency
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 37
40. PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE ELECTRICAL
STIMULATION
โข Electrical stimulation has a twofold action: contraction of PFMs and
inhibition of unwanted detrusor contractions
1)Long-term or chronic electrical stimulation delivered below the sensory
threshold aiming at detrusor inhibition by afferent pudendal nerve
stimulation.
โข results in reflex activation of hypogastric efferents and central inhibition of
pelvic efferent mechanisms sensitive to low-frequency stimulation.
โข The device is used for 6 to 12 hours per day for several months.
2) Maximal electrical stimulation, using a high-intensity stimulus (just below
the pain threshold), aims to improve urethral closure by direct and
reflexogenic contraction of striated periurethral musculature
Detrusor inhibition by afferent pudendal nerve stimulation also has been
suggested as a mechanism.
applied for short durations (15 to 30 minutes) several times per week (or one
to two times daily using portable devices at home).
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 40
41. Intravaginal Devices
โข Incontinence pessaries are intended to
prevent urine loss by stabilizing and
supporting the bladder neck or compression
of the urethra during increase in intra-
abdominal pressure
Dept Of Urology, KMC and GRH, Chennai 41