gapol.ro__Gapol_Theory.pdf

000. Tematica pentru limba engleza
Tematica pentru limba engleza pentru admiterea la Academia de Politie
I. MORFOLOGIE
1. SUBSTANTIVUL:
Numar
Caz
Substantive cu prepozitii obligatorii
Substantive collective
2. ARTICOLUL:
Hotarat
Nehotarat
Zero
Cazuri de omisiune
3. ADJECTIVUL:
Tipuri, grade de comparatie
Comparatia intensive
Adjective cu prepozitii obligatorii
4. PRONUMELE:
Personal
Reflexiv
Reciproc
Posesiv
Demonstrativ
Relativ
Nehotarat
5. NUMERALUL:
Cardinal
Ordinal
Multiplicativ
6. VERBUL:
Modurile si timpurile diatezei active
Diateza pasiva
Verbele cauzative (have, get)
Constructii cu subjonctivul
Verbe modale
Modalitatea
Constructii cu infinitivul si cu participiul/ (Gerund)
Verbe cu prepozitii obligatorii
“Phrasal verbs”
7. ADVERBUL:
Tipuri
Locutiuni
Ordinea adverbelor de loc, mod si timp in propozitie
Folosirea adverbelor in pozitie accentuata la inceputul propozitiei
Grade de comparatie
8. CUVINTE DE LEGATURA:
Prepozitii
Conjunctii
Locutiuni
II. SINTAXA
Gapol Theory www.gapol.ro
23.09.2019 Copyright (C) gapol.ro. For personal use only! 1

1. PROPOZITIA SI FRAZA:
Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitii
Acordul
Propozitii declarative, interrogative, exclamative, imperative
Tag-questions (intrebari disjunctive)
Propozitii subordinate
Propozitia conditional (I, II, III), constructii conditionale mixte
Propozitia temporala
Concordanta timpurilor
Vorbire directa si indirecta
Inversiunea
Constructii emfatice
Constructii cu “IT” si “THERE”
III. ELEMENTE DE VOCABULAR
1. Colocatii
2. Sinonime
3. Antonime
4. Omonime
5. Paronime
6. Polisemie, familii de cuvinte
7. Cuvinte si expresii idiomatice (idioms, similes, do vs make, proverbs)
00. The Tenses
01. The Tenses: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
02. The Tenses: Verbs NOT normally used with -ING
03. The Tenses: Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple
04. The Tenses: Present Perfect Continuous
05. The Tenses: Past Continuous
06. The Tenses: Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous
07. The Tenses: The Future
08. The Tenses: The Sequence of Tenses
01. The Tenses: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
The Present Simple
Form: VB. Short Inf./ pers.III sg. +(e)s
+ I drink/ -I don’t drink/ ? Do I drink?
+ He/ she/ it drinks/ -He/ she/ itdoesn’t drink/ ? Does he drink?
Orthography for –es
- Vb.+ cons. + y => vb. + cons. + i+ -es (Verbele terminate in -y precedat de o consoana schimba pe -y in -isi adauga -es la
persoana a III-a singular)
to cry => He cries / to try => he tries
- Vb. + vowel +y + s (Verbele terminate in -y precedat de o vocala adauga -s la persoana a III-a singular)

He plays
- Vb. + -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -zz+ -es (Verbele terminate in-ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -zzadauga -es la persoana a III-a singular)
He kisses
He wishes
He watches
- Vb. –o +es (Verbele terminate in -o adauga -es la persoana a III-a singular)
He goes
He does
USE:
1. Permanent actions/situations (actiuni/ situatii permanente):
E.g. She lives in Australia. (Ea locuieste in Australia.)
He ... fast cars. (Lui ii plac masinile rapide.)
a) likes
b) is liking
c) like
d) will be liking
2. Universal truths, laws of nature and proverbs (adevaruri generale, legi ale naturii si
proverbe):
E.g. Water freezes at 0 Celsius degrees. (Apa ingheata la 0 grade Celsius.)
The Earth ... round the Sun. (Pamantulse invarte in jurul Soarelui.)
a) moves
b) is moving
c) will move
d) move
Taylors ... clothes. (Croitorii fac haine.)
a) are making
b) make
c) makes
d) are being made
A friend in need ... a friend indeed. (Prietenul la nevoiese cunoaste.)
a) is
b) is being
c) will be
d) is been
3. Repeated actions (actiuni repetate):

S + ADV of Frequency + P -> (se situeaza intre subiect si predicat):
Adverbs of frequency: often (adesea), rarely (rareori), seldom (rareori), usually (de obicei), frequently (frecvent),
occasionally (ocazional), sometimes (cateodata), always (intotdeauna) -> stau un fata verbului
E.g. She often talks on the phone. (Ea adesea vorbeste la telefon.)
!!!!!!! S + TO BE + Adv. of Frequency -> (ATENTIE: adverbele de mai sus se situeaza DUPA VERBUL TO BE)
E.g. She is often late. (Ea este adesea in intarziere.)
She ... with her friends on the phone. (Ea vorbeste cu prietenii ei la telefon de obicei.)
a) usually talks
b) is usually talking
c) talks usually
d) usually is talking
My mother ... in a good mood. (Mama mea este de obicei in buna dispozitie.)
a) usually is
b) is usually
c) is usually being
d) is being usually
S + P + Adv. of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency: once/twice a day/week/month/year (odata/ de doua ori pe zi/ saptamana/ luna/ an) -> (se situeaza la
finalul propozitiei):
e.g. We meet twice a week. (Noi ne intalnim de doua ori pe saptamana.)
S+P+ Adv. of Time -> (se situeaza la finalul propozitiei):
Every day/week/month/year (in fiecare zi/ saptamana/ luna/ an), every other day (din doua in doua zile)
, every other
week/month/year (din doua in doua saptamani/ luni/din doi in doi ani), every now and then (din cand in cand), from time to
time (din cand in cand), every once in a while (din cand in cand), on Sundays (duminicile), on Tuesdays (martile), at times
(cateodata), at the weekends (in weekenduri), as a rule (de regula)
E.g. She visits us every week. (Ea ne viziteaza in fiecare saptamana)
He ... her carfrom time to time. (El conduce masina ei din cand in cand.)
a) is driving
b) drives
c) drive
d) will be driven
4. Timetables (orare):
E.g. The train leaves at 5 tomorrow. (Trenul pleaca la 5 maine.)
The plane ... at 8:30 in the morning. (Avionul decoleaza la 8:30 dimineata.)
a) takes off

b) is taking off
c) will take off
d) will be taking off
The shop opens at 7 a.m. andcloses at 8 p.m. (Magazinul se deschide la 7 dimineata si se inchide la 8 seara.)
5. Radio or T.V. sports commentaries (comentarii sportive radio sau TV)
:
E.g. Ronaldo passes to Messi who scores. (Ronaldo ii paseaza lui Messi care inscrie.)
6. Experiments, demonstrations, explanations (experimente, demonstratii, explicatii):
E.g. Now I mix the milk with the sugar andadd a drop of vanilla essence. (Acum amestec laptele cu zaharul si adaug
o picatura de esenta de vanilie.)
From here you ... the road and then ... left. (De aici traversezi strada si apoi o iei la stanga.)
a) cross/ turn
b) are crossing/ are turning
c) will cross/ will turn
d) cross/ are turning
7. Exclamations (exclamatii):
E.g. Here/ There + Pronoun + P! -> Daca subiectul este un pronume atunci el sta in fata verbului.
Here she is!/ There he goes! (Iat-o!/ Iata-l ca pleaca!)
Here/ There + P + Noun! -> Daca subiectul este un substantiv atunci el sta dupa verb.
Here comes Mother!/ There goes the bus! (Iata ca vine mama!/ Iata ca pleaca autobuzul!)
8. Stage directions or narrations/ successive actions (indicatii de regie sau naratiuni/ actiuni succesive)
:
E.g. He stirs the fire, arranges some books, is restless, shivers slightly and settles to read.
(El atata focul, aranjeaza niste carti, este nelinistit, tremura usor si se aseaza sa citeasca.)
9. Assertions (verbs used in the first person to perform an action)(asertiuni => verbe folosite la persoana I
pentru a realiza o actiune):
accept (a accepta), agree (a fi deacord), apologise (a-si cere scuze), admit (a recunoaste), congratulate (a felicita),
declare (a declara), deny (a nega), beg (a implora), disagree (a nu fi deacord), forbid (a interzice), forgive (a ierta),
guarantee (a garanta), insist (a insista), intend (a intentiona), invite (a invita), order (a ordona cuiva), predict (a prezice),
promise (a promite), recommend (a recomanda), refuse (a refuza), request (a cere), suggest (a sugera), thank (a
multumi), warn (a avertiza)
E.g. I apologise for any inconveniences caused. (Imi cer scuze pentru orice neplacere cauzata.)
(I perform the act of apologizing)
10. Used in IF Clauses and Time Clauses (folosit in propozitii subordonate conditionale si temporale)
:
E.g. If I have time, I will visit you later. (Daca voi avea timp, o sa te vizitez mai tarziu.)
When she has time, she will visit you. (Cand ea va avea timp, o sa te viziteze.)
!!!!!! NEVER USE WILL or WOULD IN TIME CLAUSES (NU FOLOSITI NICIODATA WILL SAU WOULD IN SUBORDONATE
CONDITIONALE SAU TEMPORALE)
11. Newspaper headlines (titluri de ziare):

E.g. Plane crushes in fog. (Avion se prabuseste in ceata.)
M.P. (Member of Parliament) demands measures. (Membru al Parlamentuluicere masuri.)
12. Used with verbs of communication (folosit cu verbe de comunicare):
Forget (a uita), hear (a auzi), gather (a intelege), understand (a intelege), learn (a afla), tell
(a spune)
E.g. I hear you’ve married. (Aud ca te-ai maritat.)
Peter ... me you’re engaged. (Peter imi spune ca esti logodita.)
a) tells
b) is telling
c) will tell
d) tell
The Present Continuous
Form: Present of TO BE + vb.-ing
+ I am drinking
- I am not drinking/ I’m not drinking
? Am I drinking?
+ You are drinking
-You aren’t drinking
? Are you drinking?
+ He/she/it is drinking
-He isn’t drinking
? Is he drinking?
Orthography for –ing
- final consonant doubled when (consoana finala se dubleaza cand):
vb. + vowel (stressed + short) + cons. + cons. (are in fata o vocala scurta si accentuata)
E.g. beg – begging (a implora)/ begin - beginning (a incepe)
vb. + -l + l (verbul se termina in l)
E.g. cancel - cancelling (a anula)
vb. – ap/ -ip (first syllable stressed) (cand verbul se termina in -ap sau -ip iar prima silaba din verb este accentuata)
E.g. kidnap (a rapi) – kidnapping/ worship (a venera)– worshipping
- vb. – ic + K + -ing (se adauga un k daca verbul se termina in -ic)

E.g. frolic (a face glume) – frolicking/ panic (a panica) – panicking
- final –e disappears: e.g. have (a avea) – having (-e final dispare)
- final –y does not change: play (a juca)- playing/ cry (a plange) - crying (-y final nu se schimba niciodata)
- vb. –ie => vb.–y + -ing: die (a muri) - d
ying/ lie (a minti) - lying/ vie (a rivaliza) - v
ying (verbele terminate in -ie il transforma in -
y)
USE:
1. Temporary actions (actiuni temporare):
Adverbs: today (azi), this week/ month/ year (saptamana aceasta/ luna aceasta/ anul acesta)
E.g. He usually drinks coffee, but he is drinking tea this week. (De obicei el bea cafea, dar saptamana asta el bea ceai.)
Jane ... my catthis week while I am on holiday. (Jane are grija de pisica mea cat timp eu sunt in vacanta.)
a) looks after
b) is looking after
c) will look after
d) is looked after
2. Action in progress NOW (actiune in progres in momentul vorbirii):
Adverbs: NOW (acum)/ RIGHT NOW (chiar acum)/ AT THE MOMENT (pe moment)/ IN THIS MOMENT (in acest moment):
E.g. They are cleaning their room now. (Ei fac curat in camera lor acum.)
Why is the baby crying (now)? He is hungry. (De ce plange copilul? Ii este foame.)
The man who is passing by (now) is my father. (Barbatul care trece <acum> pe langa noi este tatal meu.)
They are sleeping at the moment. (Ei dorm in acest moment.)
She seems very happy. Why ...? (Ea pare foarte fericita. De ce zambeste?)
a) does she smile
b) is she smiling
c) she is smiling
d) she smiles
3. Temporary behaviour (comportament temporar):
Use TO BE with -ing (folositi verbul TO BE - a fi - cu terminatia -ing)
E.g. She is usually very polite, but today she is being rude to everybody. (Ea este foarte politicoasa de obicei, dar azi ea
este nepoliticoasa cu toata lumea.)
I find it very strange that she ... so nice with metoday when she ... not. (Gasesc ca este foarte ciudat ca ea este asa de
draguta cu mine azi cand de obicei nu este.)

a) is being/ usually is
b) is/ is usually being
c) is being/ is usually
d) is/ usually is being
4. Action that annoys the speaker (actiune care enerveaza vorbitorul)
:
Adverbs: always, forever, continually, constantly (se folosesc intre TO BE si verbul cu -ing)
E.g. She is forever talking on the phone. (Ea vorbeste incontinuu la telefon.)
My little brother ... my toys. (Fratele meu mai mic imi ia jucariile in continuu.)
a) continually takes
b) is continually taking
c) is taking continually
d) takes continually
5. Changing situations (situatii in schimbare):
Adverbs: gradually (gradat), more and more (din ce in ce mai)
E.g. The weatheris getting worse and worse. (Vremea este din ce in ce mai rea.)
It ... dark (more and more). (Se intuneca din ce in ce mai mult.)
a) is getting
b) gets
c) will be getting
d) is got
6. Action that extends over some time including the moment of speaking (actiune care se extine pe o preioada de timp
incluzand momentul vorbirii):
Adverbs: this week/ month/ year/ semester/ these days (saptamana aceasta/ luna aceasta/ anul acesta/ semestrul acesta/
zilele astea)
E.g. They are studying hard this semester. (Ei studiaza din greu semestrul acesta.)
We ... English this year. (Noi invatam engleza anul acesta.)
a) are learning
b) learn
c) learning

d) are learned
7. Immediate personal plans, intentions or arrangements for the future (planuri personale imediate de viitor, intentii sau
aranjamente pentru viitor):
E.g. I am meeting Tom tomorrow. (Ma intalnesc cu Tom maine.)
Jane ... to work by bus tomorrow. (Jane merge cu autobuzul la servici maine.)
a) is going
b) goes
c) will be gone
d) is gone
8. Actions on the point of happening (actiuni pe punctul de a se intampla): folosim just (tocmai)
E.g. Hurry up! The train is just leaving. (Grabeste-te! Trenul tocmai pleaca.)
They ... the restaurant so we cannot go eat there anymore. (Ei tocamai inchid restaurantul asa ca nu mai putem sa
mergem sa mancam acolo.)
a) just close
b) are just closing
c) have just closing
d) are closing just
PRESENT SIMPLE OVERVIEW
1. Permanent situations
2. General truths/ laws of nature/ proverbs
3. Repeated actions: always / often/ seldom/ usually/ never/ rarely/ frequently/ occasionally/ sometimes/ EVERY .../ from
time to time/ every once in a while/ once a day, week, year/ at the weekends/ on Mondays/etc.
4. Timetables
5. Sports commentaries
6. Narrations
7. Exclamations
8. Assertions: invite/ thank/ apologise/ agree/ etc.
9. Time Clauses/ IF Clauses
10. Demonstrations
11. Newspaper headlines
12. Used with verbs of communication:Forget, hear, gather, understand, learn, tell
PRESENT CONTINUOUS OVERVIEW
1. Temporary action
2. Temporary behaviour
3. Actions happening NOW/ RIGHT NOW/ AT THE MOMENT

4. Annoying actions: always/ forever/ continually/ constantly
5. Personal plans
6. Changing actions
7. Action on the point of happening:JUST
02. The Tenses: Verbs NOT normally used with -ING
1. Verbs of cognition/ thinking (verbe de cognitie/ gandire) :
e.g. believe (a crede), know (a sti), think (a gandi), contemplate (a contempla), imagine (a-si imagina), mean (a insemna),
remember (a-si aminti), suppose (a presupune), forget (a uita), guess (a ghici/ a crede), understand (a intelege), realise (a-
si da seama), recognise (a recunoaste), doubt (a se indoi), expect (a se astepta), feel (= think - a crede), intend (a
intentiona), see (= understand - a intelege)
I think you are right. (Cred ca ai dreptate. - atunci cand verbulTHINK arata opinia cuiva sau ce crede cineva despre
ceva, el nu se foloseste cu -ing)
I don’t think she’ll come. (Nu cred ca ea va veni.)
What do you think? (Ce crezi?)
I understand what you’re saying. (Inteleg ce spui.)
I want to do it like this. Isee. (Vreau sa faca asta asa. Inteleg.)
I realise it’s a bit too much. (Imi dau seama ca e umpic prea mult.)
I am thinking about moving abroad. (Ma gandesc sa ma mut in strainatate.) (Atunci cand verbulTHINK exprima ideea de
cantarire a situatiei, el se poate folosi cu -ing)
(I am considering the idea seriously) (Cantaresc situatia serios.)
What are you thinking about? (La ce te gandesti?)
I have been considering taking up riding. (Am luat in considerare sa ma apuc de calarit.)
You are imagining things, this house is not haunted. (Iti imaginezi lucruri, casa asta nu este bantuita.)
2. Verbs of perception (verbe de perceptie):
e.g. see (a vedea), hear (a auzi), smell (a mirosi), taste (a gusta), feel (a simti), seem (a parea), appear (a parea), notice (a
observa), look (= seem - a parea)
I see them coming. (I have the ability) (Ii vad venind.)
She’s seeing the doctor tomorrow. (she has an appointment) (Ea are programare la doctor maine.)
Mary is seeing a new guy at present. (she is going out with him) (Mary se vede cu un tip nou in prezent.)
The tourists are seeing the castle. (they are visiting it) (Turistii viziteaza castelul.)
You’re seeing things, there is no ghost here. (
you have the impression you see something) (Ai vedenii, nu este nici o
fantoma aici.)
She is seeing him off to the station. (she is accompanying him there) (Ea il conduce pe el la gara.)

Daca verbul SEE exprima perceptie senzoriala atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing,dar daca este folosit cu alte sensuri decat
cel de perceptie, atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
I hear you loud and clear, you don’t have to shout. (
I have the ability) (Te aud clar si bine, nu trebuie sa tipi.)
The judge is hearing the witness.(Judecatorul audiaza martorul.)
Daca verbul HEAR exprima perceptie senzoriala atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing,dar daca este folosit cu alte sensuri decat
cel de perceptie, atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
These roses smell very nice. (they have a nice smell) (Trandafirii miros foarte frumos.)
The room smells of roses. (involuntary action) (Camera miroase a trandafiri.)
Why are you smelling the soup? Has it gone off? (why are you checking the smell/ intentional action) (De ce mirosi supa?
S-a stricat?)
Daca verbul SMELL exprima o actiune involuntara de a mirosi (ca atunci cand intri undeva si mirosul din acel loc este simtit
involuntar) sau o calitate permanenta atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing,dar daca este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune
voita, pe care o fac in mod voluntar, intentionat, atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
This stew tastes delicious. (its flavour is good) (Aceasta tocana are gust delicios.)
I taste cream in this cake. (
there is cream in this/ involuntary action
) (Pot sa simt gustul de smantana din aceasta
prajitura.)
My mother is tasting the food for salt. (deliberate/ intentional action) (Mama mea gusta supa de sare. -> ca sa vada daca
este sarata.)
Daca verbul TASTE exprima o actiune involuntara de a gusta (ca atunci cand mananci ceva si simti gustul ingredientelor)
sau o calitate permanenta atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing,dar daca este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune voita, pe care o
fac in mod voluntar, intentionat, atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
This dress feels like velvet. (it has the texture of velvet/ involuntary action
) (Rochia aceasta se simte de parca este
catifea.)
He is feeling her arm to see if it’s broken. (
he’s touching the arm intentionally) (El pipaie bratul ei ca sa vada daca este
rupt.)
Daca verbul FEEL exprima o actiune involuntara de a simti (ca atunci cand atingi ceva cu pielea si simti textura) sau o
calitate permanenta atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing,dar daca este folosit pentru a exprima o actiune voita, pe care o fac in
mod voluntar, intentionat, atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
It appears the villa is empty. (it looks/ seems like it) (Se pare ca vila este goala.)
The actors are appearing at the Palladium. (they are performing) (Actorii joaca pe scena la Teatrul Palladium.)
Daca verbul APPEAR are sensul de a se parea atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca are sensul dea aparea pe
scena, a juca pe scena atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)

I’m noticing that she doesn’t say much.
I notice that she doesn’t say much. (Observ ca ea nu spune multe. -> verbulNOTICE nu se poate folosi niciodata cu -
ing)
It looks as if it’s going to snow. (it appears) (Se pare ca o sa ninga.) (Cand verbul LOOK aresensul de a se parea atunci el
nu se poate folosi cu -ing)
They are looking at the painting. (they’re examining it) (Ei se uita la tablou.) (Cand verbul LOOK aresensul de a se uita
atunci el se poate folosi cu -ing)
3. Verbs of feeling or wanting (verbe care arata sentimente si dorinte):
e.g. adore (a adora), desire (a dori), despise (a dispretui), detest (a detesta), dislike (a displacea), envy (a invidia), hate (a
uri), like (a placea), love (a iubi), loathe (a dispretui), need (a avea nevoie), pity (a-i fi mila), prefer (a prefera), regret (a
regreta), trust (a avea incredere), want (a vrea), wish (a dori)
I love going to McDonalds. (in general) (Iubesc sa merg la McDonalds.)
I am loving this food from McDonalds. (in particular) (Imi place foarte mult aceasa mancare de la McDonalds.)
Daca verbul LOVE arata ce iubesc in generalatunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca arataceva ce iubesc in particular
atunci se foloseste cu -ing)
Do you like her new dress? (do you find it beautiful?) (Iti place noua ei rochie?)
How are they liking the trip? (how are they enjoying it) (Cum le place excursia?)
Daca verbul LIKE arata ce place in generalatunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca arataceva ce place in particular
4. Verbs of having (possessing) and being (existing)(verbe care exprima posesia si
existenta):
e.g. belong to (a apartine cuiva), have (a avea), own (a poseda), include (a include), involve (a implica), lack (a-i lipsi ceva),
possess (a poseda), contain (a contine), be (a fi), consist of (a consta din), exist (a exista)
He has a beautiful house.(he possesses it) (El are o casa frumoasa.)
He is having fun with his friends. (
he is enjoying himself) (El se distreaza cu prietenii lui.)
He is having a walk in the park. (he is taking a walk) (El se plimba prin parc.)
They are having dinner. (they are eating) (Ei iau cina.)
She is having a shower now. (she is showering) (Ea face dus acum.)
They are having a nice time. (they are enjoying themselves) (Ei se distreaza.)
Daca verbul HAVE arata posesia atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca arataaltceva decat posesie atunci se
foloseste cu -ing)

Mary is polite. (it is her character to be polite all the time
) (Mary este politicoasa. - in general)
Mary is being rude today. (she is behaving rudely which is temporary, it’s not in her character
) (Mary este nepoliticoasa/
obraznica azi. in particular, doar azi)
Daca verbul BE aratao situatie permanenta atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca arataun comportament temporar
5. Other verbs (alte verbe):
e.g. weigh (a cantari), cost (a costa), resemble (a semana cu cineva), mean (a insemna), expect (a se astepta)
She weighs 70 kilos. (she has that weight/ involuntary action) (Ea cantareste 70 de kilograme.)
I am weighing the ingredients for the cake. (
I am doing the action of weighing deliberately
) (Cantaresc ingredientele
pentru prajitura.)
Daca verbul WEIGH arata o situatie permanenta atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca aratao actiune voluntara,
intentionata atunci se foloseste cu -ing)
!!! ATENTIE: nu confundati verbul care se scrieWEIGH = a cantari cu substantivul care se scrieWEIGHT = greutate
How much does it cost? It costs 30 dollars. (Cat costa? Costa 30 de dolari.)
Petrol is costing more and more these days. (changing action) (Benzina costa din ce in ce mai multin ziua de azi.)
Verbul COST se foloseste fara -ing cand arata cat costa ceva, dar se poate folosi cu -ing atunci cand arata o actiune in
schimbare cu expresia "din ce in ce mai")
You resemble your parents. (Tu semeni cu parintii tai.)
You are resembling your mother more and more. (changing action) (Tu semeni cu mama tadin ce in ce mai mult.)
Verbul RESEMBLE se foloseste fara -ing cand arata ca cineva seamana cu altcineva, dar se poate folosi cu -ing atunci
cand arata o actiune in schimbare cu expresia "din ce in ce mai"
)
What do you mean by that? (what does it suppose) (Ce vrei sa spui cu asta?)
You’re always meaning to call us, but you never do it. (
you intend to do it) (Intotdeauna intentionezi sa ne suni, dar nu o
faci niciodata.)
Daca verbul MEAN are sensul de a insemna atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca are sensul dea intentiona atunci se
poate folosi cu -ing)
I expect she is happy with him. (Isuppose) (Presupun ca ea este fericita cu el.)

She is expecting (a baby). (she is pregnant) (Ea asteapta (un copil). - > este insarcinata)
Daca verbul EXPECT are sensul de a presupune atunci nu se foloseste cu -ing, dar daca are sensul dea astepta un
copil/ a fi insarcinata atunci se poate folosi cu -ing)
03. The Tenses: Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple
!!!!!!! Diferenta intre Prezent Perfect Simplu si Trecutul Simplu este ca la Prezent Perfect Simplu timpul NU ESTE DAT sau
ESTE VAG iar la Trecut Simplu timpul ESTE DAT.
I have played a computer game (recently). (Eu am jucat un joc pe calculator [recent]).
I played a computer game yesterday. (Eu am jucat un joc pe calculator ieri.)
My deskmate ... a lot. (Colegul meu de banca a mancat mult.)
a) has eaten
b) ate
c) have eaten
d) eat
My deskmate ... a lot an hour ago. (Colegul meu de banca a mancat mult acum o ora.)
a) has eaten
b) ate
c) have eaten
d) eat
Present Perfect
Simple
Form: HAVE/HAS + vb.III/-ed (verbul HAVE la prezent plus verbul de conjugat la forma a treiadaca este verb neregulat sau
verb la infinitiv plus -ed daca este verb regulat)
See – saw –seen
+
I have seen
You have seen
He/She/It has seen
We/You/They have seen
-
I/ You/ We/ They haven’t seen
He/ She/ It hasn’t seen
?

Have I/ you/ we/ they seen?
Has he/ she/ it seen ?
USE:
1. Past action -> Time not given -> present effect: (Prezentul Perfect Simplu se foloseste atunci cand actiunea s-a petrecut in
trecut, dar timpul nu este dat si exista un efect in prezent=> TRECUT - FARA ADVERB DE TIMP - EFFECT IN
PREZENT)
E.g. I have seen Jane. (now I know what she looks like
) (Am vazut-o pe Jane.) (si acum stiu cum arata - desi timpul cand am
vazut-o nu este specificat)
I have lost my key. (now I can't enter the house
) (Am pierdut cheia.) (acum nu pot sa intru in casa - timpul cand am
pierdut cheia nu este specificat)
My father ... this book. (Tatal meu a citit cartea aceasta.)
a) read
b) has read
c) have read
d) reads
2. Vague time: (Prezentul Perfect Simplu se foloseste atunci candtimpul dat este vag)
Adverbe specifice:
Just/ only just (tocmai):
E.g. We have just arrived. (Noi tocmai am sosit)
Already (deja):
E.g. She has already bought a car. (Ea deja a cumparat o masina)
Never/ ever (niciodata/ vreodata):
E.g. I have never seen such a house. (Eu nu am vazut niciodata o astfel de casa)
Often/ rarely (adesea/ rareori):
E.g. He has often thought of quitting his job. (El s-a gandit adesea sa renunte la slujba lui)
Always (intotdeauna):
E.g. She has always loved reading books. (Ea intotdeauna a iubit sa citeasca carti)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc intre auxiliarul HAVE si verbul la forma a III-a sau cu -ed)
My brother ... for today. (Fratele meu a invatat deja astazi.)
a) already studied
b) has studied already
c) has already studied
d) studied already
Recently (recent):
E.g. We have spoken recently. (Noi am vorbit recent)
Lately/ of late (in ultimul timp):
E.g. I haven’t seen him lately. (Eu nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp)
So far (pana acum):

E.g. What have you done so far? (Ce ai facut pana acum?)
In my/ your/ his/ her life (in viata mea/ ta/ lui/ ei):
E.g. She has never lied in her life. (Ea nu a mintit niciodata in viata ei)
Yet (inca/ deja): (used only in negative/ interrogative sentences) (folosit numai in propozitii negative si interogative):
E.g. They haven’t left yet./ Have you finished yet? (Ei nu au plecat inca./ Ai terminat deja?)
!!! S + Verb Present Perfect negative + YET => S + HAVE + YET + Vb. Long Infinitive
I haven't eaten yet. => I have yet to eat.
NU am mancat inca. => Mai am inca sa mananc.
Since (de cand) (arata inceputul actiunii):
E.g. She has slept since noon. (Ea doarme de la pranz. - arata de cand a inceput actiunea)
For (timp de) (arata durata):
E.g. She has slept for 10 hours. (Ea doarme de 10 ore. - arata durata actiunii)
In the last/ past day(s)/ week(s)/ month(s)/ year(s) (in ultimele zile/saptamani/ luni/ ani sau in ultima zi/ saptamana/ luna/ in
ultimul an):
E.g. I haven’t seen her in the last month. (Nu am vazut-o in ultima luna.)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc la finalul propozitiei)
We ... what to do about the partyso far. (NU am decis ca sa facem in legatura cu petrecerea pana acum.)
a) haven't decided
b) didn't decide
c) aren't deciding
d) haven't decide
How long/ long (de cat timp/ (cat) de mult):
E.g. How long have you waited?/ Has he been here long? (De cat timp astepti?/ Este aici de mult?)
It’s the first time/ This is the first time/ It’s the second time/ This is the second time/ It’s the third time/ This is the third time/ It’s the
only/ last time (este prima oara/ este a doua oara/ este a treia oara/ este singura data/ este ultima data)
:
E.g. It’s the first time wehave eaten at this restaurant. (Este prima oara cand am mancat la acest restaurant.)
(Toate adverbele de mai sus se folosesc la inceputul propozitiei cu exceptia luilong care se foloseste la final)
It's the last time I ... him with his problems. (Este ultima oara cand l-am ajutat cu problemele lui.)
a) helped
b) have helped
c) did help
d) have help
Past Simple
Form: vb.II/-ed (forma a II-a a verbului de conjugat daca este verb neregulat SAUverb la infinitiv plus terminatia -eddaca
este verb regulat)

see – saw – seen/ do – did - done/ work - worked - worked
I saw/ I didn’t see/ Did I see?
You saw/ You didn’t see/ Did you see?
He saw/ He didn’t see/ Did he see?
ATENTIE: la negativ si interogativ verbul se intoarce la forma de INFINITIV
: I didn't work/ He didn't see/ Did they do?
USE:
1. Past action -> Time given -> no present connection : (Trecutul Simplu se foloseste atunci candtimpul din trecut cand
actiunea s-a intamplat ESTE DAT/ SPECIFICAT si nu exista nici o legatura cu prezentul)
Adverbe specifice:
yesterday (ieri):
E.g. I saw Jane yesterday. (Am vazut-o pe Jane ieri)
the day before yesterday (alalteri):
E.g. She called me the day before yesterday. (Ea m-a sunat alalteri)
last week/ month/ year (saptamana trecuta/ luna tracuta/anul trecut):
E.g. We talked last month. (Noi am vorbit luna trecuta)
Three days/ weeks/ months/ years ago (cu trei zile/saptamani/ luni/ ani in urma):
E.g. She called five hours ago. (Ea a sunat acum cinci ore/ cu cinci ore in urma)
Once/ once upon a time/ in the past (odata/ a fost odata ca niciodata/ in trecut)
:
E.g. We met her once in the past. (Noi am intalnit-o pe ea odata in trecut)
In 1990/ at 4 o’clock/ in May/ on December 15th/ on Christmas Day (in anul 1990/ la ora 4/ in mai/ pe data de 15 decembrie/
in ziua de Craciun -> daca se da un an/ o ora/ o luna/ o data se foloseste Trecutul Simplu):
E.g. We visited them in July. (Noi i-am vizitat in luna iulie)
Just now (adineaori):
E.g. She talked with me just now. (Ea a vorbit cu mine adineaori)
When (Time Clause) (cand -> daca avem o temporala cu un verb la trecut in ea se foloseste Trecutul Simplu in principala):
E.g. I saw her /when I was in Paris./ (Am vazut-o cand eram in Paris)
Location given (daca se da locul unde s-a petrecut actiunea atunci se foloseste Trecutul Simplu)
:
E.g. They metin London. (Ei s-au intalnitin Londra)
My sister ... her friendslast week. (Soara mea s-a intalnit cu prietenii ei saptamana trecuta.)
a) has met
b) meets
c) is meeting
d) met
She ... . (Ea a vorbit cu mama ei adineaori.)
a) has just now talked with her mother
b) talked with her mother just now

c) is talked with her motherjust now
d) just now talked with her mother
We ... her birthday on 23rd of September. (Noi am sarbatorit ziua ei de nastere pe 23 septembrie.)
a) celebrated
b) have celebrated
c) did celebrated
d) has celebrated
!!! Daca se foloseste DID in fata unui verb la Infinitiv atunci inseamna ca acctentuez pe actiune: E.g. Iloved him. (Eu l-am iubit) -
> I DID LOVE him. (Eu chiar l-am iubit)
2. Repeated action in the past (actiuni repetate in trecut)
:
Adverbs: often (adesea)/ rarely (rareori)/ seldom (rareori)/ sometimes (cateodata)/ usually (de obicei)/occasionally
(ocazional)/always (intotdeauna)
E.g. We often went in the park as children. (Noi adesea ne duceam in parc atunci cand eram copii)
3. USED TO + verb Long Infinitive= WOULD + verb Short Infinitive (used to describe habits and routines in the past)
(obisnuiam sa se foloseste pentru a descrie obiceiuri din trecut):
E.g. We used to run in the park when we were younger. (
Obisnuiam sa alergam prin parc cand eram mai tineri)
We would run in in the park when we were younger. (
Obisnuiam sa alergam prin parc cand eram mai tineri)
!!! ATENTIE: only USED TO can be used to talk about STATES in the past (numai USED TO se poate folosi pentru a vorbi
despre STARI din trecut):
E.g. He used to love her. (El obisnuia sa o iubeasca)
He would love her. -> NOT POSSIBLE (nu este posibil sa folosim WOULD pentru a exprima o stare. WOULD nu se
foloseste cu cele 4 grupe de verbe care nu se pun in mod normal la aspect continuu)
They ... carols for Christmas when they were children. (Ei obisnuiau sa cante colinde de Craciun cand erau copii.)
a) used to sing
b) would to sing
c) used sing
d) used to singing
She ... that he was the best. (Ea obisnuia sa creada ca el era cel mai bun.)
a) would believe
b) used to believe
c) used to believing
d) would to believe
FOR can be used with both Present Perfect Simple (the action is still happening) andPast Simple (the action
happened in the past but there is no connection with the present)

(FOR se poate folosi cu ambele timpuri, dar cand este folosit cuPrezentul Perfect Simplu inseamna ca actiunea inca
se mai intampla iar cand este folosit cu Trecutul Simplu inseamna ca actiunea si durata de timp cand aceasta a avut
loc s-au terminat demult)
I have lived in London for 5 years. (I am still in London) (Locuiesc in Londra de 5 ani si inca sunt acolo)
I lived in London for 5 years and then I moved to Paris where I have lived ever since. (I no longer live in London)
(Am locuit in Londra timp de 5 ani si pe urma m-am mutat in Paris unde locuiesc de atunci)
This morning/ afternoon/ evening, today, this summer/ autumn/ winter/ springcan be used with both Present Perfect
Simple and Past Simple
(Dimineata/ dupamaiaza/ seara aceasta; astazi; vara/ toamna/ iarna/ primavara aceastase pot folosi cu ambele
timpuri, dar cand este folosit cu Prezentul Perfect Simplu inseamna ca inca mai sunt in perioada de timp exprimata
iar cand este folosit cu Trecutul Simplu inseamna ca perioada de timp s-a terminat)
Present Perfect: E.g. I have had breakfast this morning. (it is still morning) (Am luat micul dejun in aceasta
dimineata si este inca dimineata)
Past Simple: E.g. Ihad breakfast this morning, but now it’s 3 p.m.and I am hungry again. (Am luat micul dejun
dimineata aceasta, dar acum este 3 dupamasa si imi este foame din nou)
PRESENT PERFECT is followed by PAST SIMPLE (Daca avem Prezent Perfect Simplu in principala atunci in
secundare sau in propozitiile urmatoare acesta este urmat de Past Simplu)
E.g. I have met Mary recently. She told me that she was happy with the new job. (Am intalnit-o pe Mary recent. Ea mi-a
spus ca este fericita cu noua slujba)
SINCE si EVER SINCE introduc o subordonata temporala si pot sa aiba dupa ele atatPrezent Perfect Simplu cat si Trecut
Simplu:
ATENTIE: In principala trebuie sa avem intotdeauna un verb la Prezent Perfect
!!!!! Main Clause (EVER) SINCE Secondary Clause
Present Perfect (EVER) SINCE Past Simple (action happened ONCE in the past)
I have liked her since she moved here last week. (Imi place de ea de cand s-a mutat aici saptamana
trecuta)
In principala se folosestePrezent Perfect Simplu care este cerut de SINCE iar DUPA SINCE in secundara se folosesteTrecutul
Simplu DACA actiunea s-a intamplat O SINGURA DATA in trecut
.
My mother ... me to behaveever since she ... home from work. (Mama imi spune sa ma port frumos de cand s-a intors acasa
de la munca.)
a) has told/ has arrived
b) told/ has arrived
c) told/ arrived
d) has told/ arrived
Present Perfect (EVER) SINCE Present Perfect (action is still happening)
I have liked this car ever since I have had it. (Imi place masina asta de cand o am)
She has been difficult ever since she has been here. (Ea este dificila de cand este aici)
He has loved her ever since he has known her. (El o iubeste de cand o cunoaste)

In principala se folosestePrezent Perfect Simplu care este cerut de SINCE iar DUPA SINCE in secundara se foloseste
Prezentul Perfect Simplu DACA actiunea din secundara INCA SE MAI INTAMPLA.
I ... this jobever since I ... here. (Eu iubesc aceasta slujba de cand sunt aici.)
a) have loved/ was
b) loved/ have been
c) have loved/ have been (iubesc slujba de cand sunt aici si inca mai lucrez aici)
d) loved/ was
Ever since they ..., they ... together. (De cand s-au casatorit, ei locuiesc impreuna.)
a) married/ lived
b) have married/ have lived
c) married/ have lived (s-au casatorit odata in trecut, dar locuiesc impreuna de atunci)
d) have married/ lived
In subordonata temporala se poate folosi Prezentul Perfect Simplu DACA actiunea din temporala este anterioara celei din
principala:
!!!!! Main Clause - Time Clause
I will visit you when I have time. (simultaneity) (Te voi vizita cand voi avea timp. -> actiunile sunt simultane)
I will visit you once I have finished my work here. (anteriority – first finish work then visit) (Te voi vizita odata ce mi-am terminat
munca aici. -> intai termin munca si pe urma te voi vizita, este actiune anterioara fata de principala)
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OVERVIEW
1. TIME NOT GIVEN – PAST ACTION => PRESENT EFFECT
2. ADVERBS: just/ only just/ already/ always/ never/ ever/ often/ rarely/ seldom/ before/ lately = of late/ recently/ so far/
yet (neg. & interrogative)/ for/ since/ ever since/ in my life/ it’s the first time/ it’s the last time/ it’s the only time/ how
long/ long/ now = already)
PAST SIMPLE OVERVIEW
1. TIME GIVEN – PAST ACTION -NO CONNECTION WITH THE PRESENT
2. ADVERBS: 5 years AGO/ LAST night, week .../just now/ once/ once upon a time/ in the past/ in December/ on 25
th
May/ on Christmas Day/ in 1996/ yesterday/ the day before yesterday/ when/ at 3 o’clock/ that day/ etc.
3. Location given: in London
4. Repeated actions in the past
5. Used when talking about dead people
6. USED TO = WOULD (past habits and routines),BUT NO WOULD with past STATES
04. The Tenses: Present Perfect Continuous
FORM: Have/ has + BEEN + Vb.-ING
E.g. + I have been reading
You have been reading
He/ she has been reading
- I haven’t been reading

You haven't been reading
He/ she hasn’t been reading
? Have I been reading?
Have you been reading?
Has he/ she been reading?
USE:
1. Action which started in the pastand is still continuing (Actiune care a inceput in trecut si inca mai continua)
:
Adverbs: SINCE/ FOR/ ALL/ LONG/ LATELY/ RECENTLY/ OVER THE LAST FEW MONTHS (de/ timp de/ toata, tot/ de mult/
recent/ in ultimele cateva luni)
E.g. We have been listening to music since noon. (Noi ascultam muzica de la pranz.)
He has been living in London for ten years. (El locuieste in Londra de zece ani.)
My father has been working in the gardenall day. (Tatal meu a lucrat in gradina toata ziua.)
Have you been waiting here long? (Astepti aici de mult?)
My parents ... all day. (Parintii mei s-au certat toata ziua.)
a) have fought
b) fought
c) have been fighting
d) are fighting
2. A general activity in progress(no mention of time) (o actiune generala in progres fara mentionarea timpului):
E.g. I have been thinking about moving. (M-am gandit sa ma mut./ Ma gandesc sa ma mut.)
She has been doing a lot of progress with her piano lessons. (Ea a facut multe progrese cu lectiile ei de pian.)
3. Repeated action (actiune repetata):
E.g. He has been calling me a lot lately. (El m-a sunat mult in ultimul timp.)
She has been sending letters over the last few months. (Ea a trimis scrisori in ultimele luni.)
I have been trying to call you. (Am tot incercat sa te sun.)
4. Recently finished action which explains a present result (the effects of the action are still apparent) (actiuni terminate
recent care explica un rezultat in prezent - efectele actiunii sunt inca aparente/ vizibile):
E.g. Her eyes are red. She has been crying. (Ochii ei sunt rosii. Ea a plans.)
You are all sweaty. You have been running. (Esti transpirat tot. Ai alergat.)
His eye is black: he has been fighting. (Ochiul lui este negru: el s-a batut.)
The pavement is wet. It has been raining./ It has been raining, the pavement is wet. (Trotuarul este ud. A plouat.)
The kitchen is a mess. Have you been cooking? (Bucataria este murdara. Ai gatit?)
You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly? (Arati obosit. Ai dormit cum trebuie?)

(the action started in the past=> stopped recently => present result)
I don’t know what’s happened to Tom because hiseyes are black. I think he ... . (Nu stiu ce s-a intamplat cu Tom pentru ca
ochii lui sunt negri. Cred ca s-a batut.)
a) Has fought
b) Fought
c) Is fighting
d) Has been fighting
Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect
Continuous
I have lived here since 1990. (Eu locuiesc aici din 1990.) I have been living here since
1990. (Eu locuiesc aici din 1990.)
(both possible – Present Perfect Continuous stresses on duration - ambele timpuri sunt posibile dar Prezentul Perfect
Continuu accentueaza pe durata)
Who has eaten my cake? (Cine mi-a mancat prajitura?) Who has been eating my
cake? (Cine mi-a mancat din prajitura?)
(there is no cake left [nu mai este prajitura deloc] -> completed action) (there is some cake left [a mai ramas
ceva din prajitura] -> incomplete action)
Cand folosim Prezent Perfect Simplu inseamna ca actiunea este terminata -deci nu mai este prajitura deloc, iar cand
folosim Prezent Perfect Continuu inseamna ca actiunea este incompleta -deci in acest caz mai este ceva prajitura ramasa.
E.g. Do you know who ... my cookies? There is none left. (Sti cine mi-a mancat prajiturile? Nu a mai ramas nici una.)
a) has been eating
b) ate
c) has eaten
d) is eating
What have you done with my pen? (Ce ai facut cu stiloul meu?) What have you been doing with
my pen? (Ce i-ai facut stiloului meu?)
(I cannot find it/ I don’t know where it is - nu pot sa il gasesc) (I have it but it is broken - il
am dar este stricat)
Daca folosim Prezent Perfect Simplu inseamna ca nu stim ce s-a intamplat cu obiectul, iar daca folosim Prezent Perfect
Continuu inseamna ca avem obiectul dar este stricat/ schimbat/ modificat.
E.g. Why is my pen bent? What ... with it? (De ce este stiloul meu indoit? Ce ai facut cu el?)
a) have you done
b) are you doing
c) did you do
d) have you been doing
I have read ten books so far. (Eu am citit zece carti pana acum.) I have been reading ten books
so far. (Eu am citit carti pana acum.)

(completed action done ten times - actiune completeta facuta de zece ori) (an incomplete action - o
actiune incompleta)
Putem folosi Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru a spune de cate ori am facut o actiune (
deci putem sa folosim numere), dar
nu putem sa spunem de cate ori am facut o actiune cu Prezentul Perfect Continuu deoarece acesta arata o actiune
incompleta (deci nu folosim numere cu el)
E.g. My little brother ...three toys so far. (Fratiorul meu a stricat trei jucarii pana acum.)
a) has broken
b) broke
c) has been breaking
d) is breaking
My little brother ... a lot of toys so far. (Fratiorul meu a sticat multe jucarii pana acum.)
a) has been breaking
b) is breaking
c) broke
d) breaks
05. The Tenses: Past Continuous
FORM: WAS/ WERE + Vb. –ING (BE – WAS/ WERE – BEEN)
+ I was reading
You were reading
He/she was reading
We/ they were reading
I wasn’t reading
-You weren’t reading
He/ she wasn’t reading
We/ they weren’t reading
? Was I reading?
Were you reading?
Was he/ she reading?
Were we/ they reading?

USE:
1. An action in progress at a certain moment in the past (o actiune in progres la un moment dat in trecut)
.
Adverbs: at the time/ at this time yesterday/ this time last week/ at that time/ at six yesterday (la vremea aceea/ ieri
pe vremea asta/ saptamana trecuta pe vremea asta/ la acel moment/ ieri la ora sase)
E.g. I was eating at five yesterday. (Eu mancam ieri la ora cinci)
He was travelling this time last year. (El calatorea anul trecut pe vremea asta)
At that time we were living in the country. (La vremea aceea noi locuiam la tara)
They ... computer games this time last week. (Ei se jucau la calculator saptamana trecuta pe vremea asta.)
a) played
b) were playing
c) have played
d) have been playing
2. An action in progress (Past Continuous) at a time whenanother action occurred (Past Simple)(o actiune in progres,
exprimata prin Trecut Continuu, care era in desfasurare intr-un moment cand o alta actiune s-a intamplat, actiune
exprimata prin Trecut Simplu):
E.g. The boys were playing in the garden when itstarted to rain. (Baietii se jucau in gradina cand a inceput sa ploua)
I was walking in the park when Iheard someone shout. (Mergeam prin parc cand am auzit pe cineva strigand)
A car passed me by as I was crossing the street. (O masina a trecut pe langa minepe cand traversam strada)
We ... T.V. in the bedroom when the earthquake ... . (Noi ne uitam la televizor in dormitor cand s-a intamplat cutremurul.)
a) Watched/ was happening
b) Were watching/ happened
c) Have been watching/ happened
d) Were watching/ was happening
3. Parallel actions in the past (actiuni desfasurate in paralel in trecut):
E.g. Mother was cooking while I was watching T.V. (Mama gatea in timp ce eu ma uitam la televizor)
The parents ... while the children ... in the bedroom. (Parintii mancau in timp ce copiii se jucau in dormitor.)
a) ate/ played
b) were eating/ played
c) were eating/ were playing
d) ate/ were playing

4. Used in descriptions without a time expression (Trecutul Continuu este folosit in descrieri fara a avea o expresie de timp
data):
E.g. It was a cold winter. Outside the windwas blowing. A fire was burning in the fireplace. (Era o iarna rece. Afara vantul
batea. Un foc ardea in semineu)
It was a beautiful summer day. The birds ... happily on the trees. The sun ... in the sky. (Era o zi frumoasa de vara. Pasarile
ciripeau in copaci. Soarele stralucea pe cer.)
a) chirped/ shone
b) were chirping/ was shining
c) were chirping/ shone
d) chirped/ was shining
5. An incomplete action in the past (Trecutul Continuu expria o actiune incompleta in trecut):
E.g. I was reading a book last night. (I didn’t finish it) (Citeam o carte noaptea trecuta - dar nu am terminat-o)
I read a book last night. (I finished it) (Am citit o carte noaptea trecuta - si am terminat-o)
The soldier ... from the many wounds he had, but he was still breathing a little when the doctors arrived.
(Soldatul era pe moarte din cauza ranilor multe pe care le avea, dar inca mai respira putin cand doctorii au sosit.)
a) died
b) was dying
c) has died
d) was dyeing
!!! Atentie: nu confundati verbul todie (a muri) care are forma in -ing =>dying cu verbul to dye (a vopsi) care are
forma cu -ing => dyeing
6. Anticipated event – the action was arranged (Trecutul Continuu exprima un eveniment anticipat, care urma sa se
intample deoarece a fost aranjat dinainte):
E.g. He was leaving for the country on Sunday. (Urma sa plece la tara duminica - pentru ca aranjase asta ulterior)
The pupils ... on a trip the following weekend. (Elevii urmau sa mearga intr-o excursie weekendul urmator.)
a) have gone
b) have been going
c) were going
d) was going
7. Action that annoyed the speaker ( Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care il enerva pe vorbitor in trecut):
E.g. He was always ringing me up late at night. (El ma suna intotdeauna noaptea tarziu)
She was asking questions all the time. (Ea punea intrebari tot timpul)
My grandparents ... me how to behave all the time which was very annoying. (Bunicii mei imi spuneau cum sa ma port tot

timpul ceea ce era foarte enervant.)
a) told
b) have told
c) were telling
d) have been telling
8. A casual, less deliberate action (Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care a fost facuta intamplator, fara multe
aranjamente dinaine):
E.g. I was talking to Tom the other day. (
I happened to meet him and I talked to him
) (Vorbeam cu Tom ziua trecuta - s-a
intamplat sa il intalnesc si am vorbit cu el)
I talked to Tom the other day. (
deliberate action) (Am vorbit cu Tom ziua trecuta - l-am cautat in mod special sa vorbesc cu
el)
9. An action you intended to do, but didn’t do in the end (Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune pe care ai intentionat
sa o faci, dar pe care nu ai mai facut-o pana la urma):
E.g. I was going to phone/ was phoning you, but I forgot. (Voiam sa te sun/ urma sa te sun, dar am uitat)
They ... us a visit, but then they had a problem to solve so they didn't have time anymore.
(Ei voiau sa ne faca o vizita, dar apoi au avut o problema de rezolvat si nu au mai avut timp.)
a) paid
b) were paying
c) have paid
d) payed (!!! atentie formele verbului to pay sunt pay - paid - paid)
10. Polite forms (Trecutul Continuu se foloseste pentru o exprimare politicoasa)
:
E.g. I was wondering if you could come to the film with me. (Ma intrebam daca ai putea veni la film cu mine)
!!! Atentie sa nu confundati wonder cu wander: verbul to wonder inseamana "a se intreba" iar verbulwander
inseamna "a hoinari"
06. The Tenses: Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect Simple
FORM: HAD + Vb. III/ - ED
+ I had eaten
-I hadn’t eaten
? Had I eaten?

USE:
1. An action completed in the pastbefore another point of time in the pastor before another activity in the past
(o actiune completata in trecut inainte de un moment din trecut sau inainte de o alta actiune din trecut):
Time markers:
BEFORE/ BY/ UNTIL (inainte/ pana in/ pana)
E.g. I had never heard about him until yesterday. (Nu auzisem de el niciodata pana ieri.)
I had done my homework by five o’clock. (Imi facusem tema pana in ora cinci.)
We had bought the tickets a few daysbefore the concert. (Noi cumparasem biletele cu cateva zile inainte de concert.)
BEFORE/ WHEN/ AS SOON AS/ AFTER/ BY THE TIME (inainte/ cand/ de indata ce/ dupa ce/ pana) + Subordinate
Sentence
In Propozitia principala se foloseste Past Perfect pentru a arata anterioritatea fata de Propozitia secundara in care se
foloseste Past Simple:
S + Past Perfect + BY THE TIME/ BEFORE/ WHEN/ AS SOON AS+ S + Past Simple
E.g. She had eaten before she went to school. (Ea mancase inainte sa mearga la scoala.)
I had finished my work by the time you called me. (Eu imi terminasem treaba pana m-ai sunat tu.)
I had left when they came by to visit me. (Eu plecasem cand ei au venit sa ma viziteze.)
Se poate pune Past Simple in propozitia principala siPast Perfect in propozitia secundara pentru a arata ca actiunea
din secundara s-a intamplat inainte de cea din principala:
S + Past Simple + AFTER + S + Past Perfect
Sheleft the house after she had turned off the lights. (Ea a plecat de acasa dupa ce stinsese luminile. - intai a stins luminile si
dupa aceea a plecata de acasa)
ALREADY/ JUST (deja/ tocmai)
E.g. He had already left when we arrived home. (El deja plecase cand noi am ajuns acasa.)
She had just fallen asleep when the phone rang. (Ea tocmai adormise cand a sunat telefonul.)
We ... our choresby 6 p.m. yesterday. (Noi terminasem treburile prin casa pana in ora 6 seara ieri.)
a) have finished
b) had finished
c) were finished
d) finished
My sister ... two pairs of shoesby the time I met her in town. (Sora mea cumparase doua perechi de pantofi pana am intalnit-o in
oras.)
a) has bought
b) had bought
c) bought
d) was buying
They ... after they ... their work. (Ei s-au intalnit dupa ce terminasera munca.)

a) have met/ finished
b) had met/ have finished
c) met/ had finished
d) met/ would finish
HARDLY (when)/ SCARCELY (when)/ BARELY (when) (abia ... ca/ cand ...): I hadhardly left when a storm broke out. (Abia
plecasem cand a izbucnit o furtuna.)
NO SOONER (than)(abia ... ca/ cand ...): He hadno sooner arrived than the phone rang. (El abia sosise ca a sunat
telefonul.)
They can be used in INVERSIONS for emphasis (aceste adverbe pot fi folosite in inversiuni pentru a accentua pe idee)
:
ADV. (hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner) + HAD + S + Vb. III/-ED .... WHEN/ THAN + S + Past S
E.g. I had hardly got into the room /when the phone rang./ (Abia intrasem in camera cand a sunat telefonul.)
Hardly had I got into the room /when the phone rang./
My sister ... him when his mother ... the room. (Sora mea abia l-a sarutat ca mama lui a intrat in camera.)
a) had hardly kissed/ entered
b) has scarcely kissed/ entered
c) hardly kissed/ had entered
d) had no sooner kissed/ entered
She had scarcely fallen asleep /when a storm broke out./ (Ea abia adormise cand a izbucnit furtuna.)
Scarcely had she fallen asleep /when a storm broke out./
Mary had barely brushed her teeth when the electricity went out. (Abia s-a spalat Mary pe dinti ca s-a luat lumina.)
a) Scarcely Mary had brushed her teeth when the electricity went out.
b) Scarcely had Mary brushed her teeth when the electricity went out.
c) Scarcely had Mary brushed her teeth than the electricity went out.
d) Scarcely did Mary brush her teeth when the electricity had gone out.
They had barely finished eating /when the guests arrived./ (Ei abia terminasera de mancat cand au sosit oaspetii.)
Barely had they finished eating /when the guests arrived./
Abia au ajuns elevii la scoala ca au inceput orele.
a) Hardly had the pupils arrived at school than the classes started.
b) Barely had the pupils arrived at school when the classes started.
c) No sooner the pupils had arrived at school than the classes started.
d) Scarcely had the classes started when the pupils arrived at school.
We had no sooner left the shop /than it started raining./ (Noi abia am iesit din magazin ca a inceput sa ploua.)

No sooner had we left the shop /than it started raining./
No sooner had he said those words ... she started crying. (Abia a rostit el acele cuvinte ca ea a inceput sa planga.)
a) when
b) that
c) than
d) then
BECAUSE (pentru ca) (Used in Clauses of Reason)(folosit in cauzale)
E.g. He couldn’t get into the housebecause he had lost his key. (El nu a putut sa intre in casa pentru ca isi pierduse cheia.)
2. A past action which did not happen/ materialize (o actiune din trecut care nu s-a intamplat sau nu s-a materializat)
:
verbele specifice pentru aceasta folosire sunt:hope (a spera), intend (a intentiona), mean (a intentiona), suppose (a
presupune), expect (a se astepta), think (a crede), want (a vrea)
E.g. I had hoped to catch the 8:30 train, but found it was gone. (Sperasem sa prind trenul de 8:30, dar am aflat ca a plecat.)
I had expected her to come sooner, but she was late. (Ma asteptasem ca ea sa vina mai devreme, dar a intarziat.)
Past Perfect Continuous
FORM: HAD + BEEN + Vb. – ING
+ I had been eating
- I hadn’t been eating
? Had I been eating
USE:
1. An action which began before a point in the past, continued up to it and may have continued after (O actiune care a inceput
inainte de un moment din trecut, a continuat pana in acel moment si poate a continuat si dupa acel moment):
Time markers:
SINCE/ FOR/ ALL/ LONG (duration)
BY THE TIME/ WHEN/ BEFORE
E.g. He had been writing letters for an hour by the time we called. (El scria scrisori de o ora cand am sunat noi.)
I had been workingfor three years by January. (Eu lucram de trei ani inainte de ianuarie.)
They ... for three hours before we called them. (Ei au condus trimp de trei ore inainte ca noi sa ii sunam.)
a) had driven
b) had been driving

c) have been driving
d) were driving
They ... before we called them. (Ei condusesera/ au condus inainte ca noi sa ii sunam.)
a) had driven
b) had been driving
c) have been driving
d) were driving
!!! Daca durata de timp este specificata prinFOR/ SINCE/ ALL sau LONG, atunci se foloseste Past Perfect Continuous.
Daca nu se specifica durata ci actiunea este doar anterioara fata de alta din trecut, atunci se foloseste Past Perfect Simple.
2. Resultative use – it explains the cause of an effect(Clauses of Reason –because)(Folosit pentru a explica o cauza a unui
efect - de multe ori folosit in cauzale):
E.g. He had a black eyebecause he had been fighting with the other boys. (El avea un ochi negru pentru ca se batuse cu alti
baieti.)
When I saw herred eyes I knew she ... . (Cand i-am vazut ochii rosii am stiut ca ea plansese.)
a) has been crying
b) had cried
c) had been crying
d) was crying
3. Repeated action in the past (Actiuni repetate in trecut)
:
E.g. I had been trying to get her on the phone. (Eu incercasem sa dau de ea la telefon.)
OVERVIEW
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
MARKERS: MARKERS:
Before/ until/ till/ by .../ by the time/ already/ Before/ until/ till/ by .../ by the time/ when/ after
Just/ When/ after/ hardly/ scarcely/ barely/
no sooner SPECIFIC MARKERS: FOR/ SINCE/ ALL/ LONG
Past Perfect Simple – Past Perfect Continuous
He had eaten by the time we arrived. (El mancase pana am sosit noi.)
He had been eating for one hour by the time we arrived. (El mancade o ora pana am sosit noi.)
since noon (El manca de la prinz pana am sosit noi.)
all morning (El a mancat toata dimineata pana am sosit noi.)
Atat Past Perfect Simple cat si Past Perfect Continuous arata o actiune anterioara fata de alta din trecut. Diferenta dintre ele este
ca Past Perfect Continuous arata si durata si are in plus ca markeri de timp FOR, SINCE, ALL sau LONG.

07. The Tenses: The Future
Future Simple
FORM: SHALL/ WILL + Vb. Short Infinitive
+ I/ we shall leave - I/ we shan’t leave ? Shall I/ we leave? (SHALL se foloseste la persoana I singular si plural)
You will leave You won’t leave Will you leave? (WILL se foloseste la persoana a II-a si a III-a singular si plural)
He will leave He won’t leave Will he leave?
USE:
1. Future actions (actiuni viitoare):
Adverbs: NEXT WEEK/ MONTH/ YEAR (saptamana viitoare/luna viitoare/ anul viitor), TOMORROW (maine)/ THE DAY AFTER
TOMORROW (poimaine), SOON (in curand)
E.g. They will come tomorrow. (Ei vor veni maine.)
2. Unpremeditated, immediate actions (on the spot decisions)(actiuni nepremeditate, imediate/ deciziit luate pe loc):
E.g. We have run out of bread. I’
ll go and buy some. (Am ramas fara paine. Ma duc sa cumpar.)
The phone is ringing. I’ll answer. (Suna telefonul. Raspund eu.)
3. Used after verbs such as (Viitorul se foloseste dupa anumite verbe cum ar fi):think (a gandi), believe (a crede),
expect (a se astepta), doubt (a se indoi), hope ( a spera), suppose (a presupune) or expressions like (sau expresii ca):I’m
sure/ certain (sunt sigur), it’s possible/ likely/ unlikely (e posibil/ e probabil/ e improbabil)
E.g. I hope it won’t rain. (Sper ca nu va ploua.)
I expect she will be late. (Ma astept ca ea va intarzia.)
I doubt whether she will come. (Ma indoiesc ca ea va veni.)
I think she will be angry. (Cred ca ea va fi manioasa.)
Atata SHALL cat si WILL se pot folosi ca verbe modale avand diferite sensuri:
SHALL used as a MODAL VERB can express (SHALL folosit ca verb modal poate exprima):
Determination (hotarare): e.g. I shall pass this exam. (Eu sunt hotarat sa trec acest examen.)
Promise (promisiune): e.g. I shall buy you a car, I promise. (O sa iti cumpar o masina, iti promit.)
Threat (amenintare) (2nd and 3rd person sg./ pl.): e.g. You shall be sorry! (O sa iti para rau!)
Offer (oferta): e.g. Shall I give you a hand? (Sa iti dau o mana de ajutor?)
Laws and regulations (legi si regulamente)
: e.g. Books shall be brought back in a week./ Youshall not kill. (Cartile trebuie
aduse inapoi intr-o saptamana./ Sa nu ucizi.)
Asking for advice (cerere de sfat): e.g. Shall I buy a Ferrari or a Bentley? (Sa cumpar un Ferrari sau un Bentley?)
Suggestions (sugestii): e.g. Shall we go in the park later? (Sa mergem in parc mai tarziu?)

WILL used as a MODAL VERB can express (Will folosit ca verb modal poate exprima):
Promise (promisiune): e.g. Your father will buy you ice cream. (Tatal tau o sa iti cumpere inghetata.)
Determination (hotarare): e.g. I will see this done. (O sa duc asta pana la capat.)
Predictions (preziceri): e.g. She will make a good mother. (Ea va fi o mama buna.)
Assumptions (presupuneri): e.g. The bell is ringing. Thatwill be Jim at the door. (Suna la usa. Trebuie sa fie Jim.)
Refusal in the present (refuz la prezent): e.g. I won’t do it. (Nu voi face asta - refuz sa o fac.)
Habit in the present (obicei in prezent): e.g. She will drop things all the time. = Sheis in the habit of droppingthings. (Ea are
tendinta sa scape lucruri din mana tot timpul.)
Known facts (fapte stiute): e.g. We will miss the plane because we are caught in a traffic jam. (O sa pierdem avionul pentru ca
suntem prinsi in trafic.)
Polite requests (cereri politicoase): e.g. Will you help me with this? (Vrei sa ma ajuti cu asta, the rog?)
Offers (oferte): Will you have some more cake? (Mai vrei prajitura?)
Invitations (invitatii): e.g. Won’t you have a seat? (Nu vrei sa iei loc?)
Possibility (questions)(Posibilitate in intrebari) : e.g.Will it rain, do you think? (Crezi ca e posibil sa ploua?)
Willingness (vointa): e.g. The doctor will see you in a minute. (Doctorul o sa va vada intru-un minut.)
WILL ca Verb Modal se poate folosi in Conditionale de tipul 1 cu urmatoarele sensuri:
1. willingness (vointa)
E.g. If you want to come to the party, I’ll be glad. (Daca vrei sa vi la petrecere, voi fi bucuros.)
If you will come to the party, I’ll be glad. (Daca vrei sa vi la petrecere, voi fi bucuros.)
2. refusal (refuz)
E.g. If you refuse to help us, I’ll get upset. (Daca refuzi sa ne ajuti, ma voi supara.)
If you won’t help us, I’ll be upset. (Daca refuzi sa ne ajuti, ma voi supara.)
3. polite request (cerere politicoasa)
E.g. If you are kind enough to wait here, I’ll announce you. (Daca sunteti dragut sa asteptati aici, va voi anunta.)
If you will wait here, I’ll announce you. (Daca sunteti dragut sa asteptati aici, va voi anunta.)
4. habit/insistence (obicei/ insistenta)
E.g. If you insist on/ keep on smoking so much, you’ll get lung cancer. (Daca insisti sa fumezi/ continui sa fumezi atat de
mult, o sa faci cancer la plamani.)
If you will smoke so much, you’ll get lung cancer. (Daca insisti sa fumezi/ continui sa fumezi atat de mult, o sa faci
cancer la plamani.)
Future Continuous
FORM: SHALL/ WILL + BE + Vb.-ING
+ I/ we shall be leaving - I/ we shan’t be leaving ? Shall I/ we be leaving? (SHALL se foloseste la persoana I singular si
plural)
You will be leaving You won’t be leaving Will you be leaving?(WILL se foloseste la persoana a II-a si a III-a
singular si plural)

He will be leaving He will be leaving Will he be leaving?
USE:
1. Action in progress at a certain point in the future (actiune in progres la un moment dat in viitor)
:
Adverbs: THIS TIME NEXT WEEK/ MONTH/ YEAR (saptamana trecuta/ luna viitoare pe vremea asta/ anul viitor pe vremea
asta), AT 5 TOMORROW (maine la 5), SOON (in curand), IN 10 YEARS’ TIME (in zece ani)
E.g. I will be sleeping at five tomorrow. (Eu voi dormi maine la cinci.)
They will be travelling this time next week. (Ei vor calatori saptamana viitoare pe vremea asta.)
2. Action which will follow naturally one in the present (actiune care va urma in mod natural uneia din prezent)/ used
for predicting or guessing about future events (folosit pentru a prezice sau a ghici evenimente viitoare):
E.g. The clouds are gathering. Itwill be raining soon. (Norii se aduna. O sa ploua in curand.)
I guess you will be feeling thirsty after working in the sun. (Presupun ca o sa iti fie sete dupa munca in soare.)
3. Polite questions about somebody’s future intentions (intrebari politicoase despre intentiile de viitor ale cuiva)
:
E.g. Will you be staying here long? (Veti sta mult aici?)
4. Events which are going to happenanyway (evenimente care se vor intampla oricum):
E.g. I won’t fix a time to talk because wewill be meeting anyway. (Nu o sa aranjez un timp sa vorbim pentru ca oricum o sa ne
intalnim.)
5. Fixed arrangements and plans for the future (aranjamente si planuri fixe de viitor):
E.g. The band will be performing in London this summer. (Trupa va canta in Londra vara aceasta.)
6. Routines (activitati de rutina):
Adverb: AS USUAL (ca de obicei)
E.g. I will be meeting the girls in townas usual. (O sa ma intalnesc cu fete in oras ca de obicei.)
7. When combined with "still", the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that we
expect to continue some time into the future. (cand este combinat cu "still = inca", viitorul continuu se refera la evenimente care
se intampla deja in present si care ne asteptam sa continue ceva timp in viitor)
E.g. In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes. (Intr-o ora inca o sa imi mai calc hainele.)
Future Perfect Simple
FORM: SHALL/ WILL + HAVE + Vb. III/ -ED
+ I shall have left - I shan’t have left ? Shall I have left?
You will have left You won’t have left Will you have left?
He will have left He won’t have left Will he have left?
USE:
Action that will happen in the futurebefore another action or point in the future (actiune care se va intampla in viitor
inainte de o alta actiune sau de un alt moment din viitor):
Time markers:

Se foloseste Viitor Perfect in Principala si Prezent in Secundara introdusa prinBY/ BY THE TIME (pana atunci)/ BY THIS
TIME NEXT WEEK/ MONTH/ YEAR (pana saptamana/ luna/ anul viitor pe vremea asta)/WHEN (cand)/ BEFORE (inainte)
Future Perfect Simple + BY/ BY THE TIME/ BY THIS TIME NEXT MONTH, YEAR/ WHEN/ BEFORE(+ Present Tenses)
E.g. We will have left by the time you arrive. (Noi vom fi plecat pana tu vei sosi.)
She will have eaten when they call her. (Ea va fi mancat cand o sa o sune ei.)
Future Perfect Continuous
FORM: SHALL/ WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Vb.-ING
+ I shall have been reading - I shan’t have been reading ? Shall I have been reading?
You will have been reading You won’t have been reading Will you have been reading?
He will have been reading He won’t have been reading Will he have been reading?
USE:
Action that will happen in the futurefor a period of timebefore another action or point in the future (actiune care se va
intampla in viitor pentru o perioada de timp inainte de o alta actiune sau de un alt moment din viitor):
Time markers:
SINCE/ FOR/ ALL/ LONG
BY (NOON/ 5 o’clock)/ BY THE TIME/ WHEN/ BEFORE(+ Present Tenses)
E.g. I will have been reading for three hours by the time dinner is ready. (Eu voi fi citit de trei ore cand cina va fi gata.)
She will have been sleeping since noon when they arrive from the airport. (Ea va fi dormit de la pranz cand ei vor sosi de la
aeroport.)
They will have been working all day before the guests come. (Ei vor fi muncit toata ziua inainte ca oaspetii sa soseasca.)
OVERVIEW
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE vs. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I shall have eaten by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancat pana ajungi tu acasa de la
munca.)
I shall have been eatingfor an hour by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancatde o ora pana ajungi tu acasa
de la munca.)
I shall have been eatingsince 2 o'clock by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancatde la ora doua pana ajungi tu
acasa de la munca.)
I shall have been eatingall morning by the time you arrive home from work. (Eu voi fi mancattoata dimineata pana ajungi tu
acasa de la munca.)
e.g. My aunt ... the houseby the time you call on her. (by the time asks for Future Perfect but you choose Simple because the
duration is not given)
Matusa mea va fi curatat casa pana o vizitezi tu. (
by the time cere Viitor Perfect Simplu pentru ca durata nu este data)
a) will have cleaned
b) would be cleaning

c) will have been cleaning
d) shall be cleaning
They ... for three hours by the time they reach their destination. ( chooseFuture Perfect Continuous because ofBY THE
TIME + DURATION -> for three hours)
Ei vor fi condus de trei ore pana vor ajunge la destinatie. (Se foloseste Viitor Perfect Continuupentru ca este data durata iar by
the time cere un Viitor Perfect)
a) will have driven
b) will have been driving
c) are driving
d) will be driving
Other ways of expressing future actions
(Alte modalitati pentru a exprima actiuni viitoare)
Present Simple:
- Timetables/ schedules/ previous arrangements (orare/ arenjamente anterioare):
E.g. The train leaves at 5 p.m. tomorrow. (Trenul pleaca maine la 5 dupa amiaza.)
- Fixed events which are not simply the wish of the speaker (evenimente fixe care nu sunt dorinta vorbitorului)
:
E.g. Tom retires in three years. (Tom se pensioneaza in trei ani.)
- Calendar reference (referiri calendaristice):
E.g. Christmas is on Tuesday next week. (Craciunul este marti saptamana viitoare.)
- Time Clauses/ IF Clauses (Subordonate temoprale si conditionale)
:
E.g. When we get there, we will have dinner./If we have time, we will go to the movies. (Cand von ajunge acolo, o sa cinam./
Daca vom avea timp, vom merge la film.)
Present Continuous:
- Future personal plans/ fixed arrangements (planuri personale de viitor/ aranjamente fixe):
E.g. I am seeing Tom tomorrow. (Ma vad cu Tom maine.)
- Used with JUST to describe something on the point of happening (folosit cu JUST pentru a descrie ceva pe
punctul sa se intample):
E.g. The train is just leaving. (Trenul tocmai pleaca.)
TO BE ABOUT TO - a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. The film is about to begin. (Filmul este pe punctul sa inceapa.)

TO BE ON THE VERGE OF + Vb.-ING- a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. The plane is on the verge of crushing. (Avionul este pe punctul sa se prabuseasca.)
TO BE ON THE POINT OF + Vb.-ING- a fi pe punctul sa (near future - viitor apropiat):
E.g. Mary is on the point of crying. (Maria este pe punctul sa planga.)
TO BE TO (used to describe formal arrangements - folosit pentru a descrie aranjamente formale):
E.g. All students are to assemble in the hall at five. (Toti elevii trebuie sa se adune in hol la cinci.)
TO BE DUE TO (used to refer to scheduled times which are not necessarily fixed events):
(se foloseste pentru a se referi la orare care nu sunt neaparat evenimente fixe)
E.g. The play is due to start in five minutes./ The baby is due (to be born) in May./ The trainis due to arrive at 5, but it is a little
late.
(Piesa de teatru trebuie sa inceapa in cinci minute./ Copilul trebuie sa se nasca in mai./ Trenul trebuie sa soseasca la ora 5 dar
este in intarziere.)
TO BE GOING TO:
- Intention (intentie): E.g. Iam going to buy a car next week. (Intentionez sa cumpar o masina saptamana viitoare.)
- Future action which will happen due to a present event (actiune viitoare care se va intampla din cauza unui eveniment
din prezent):
E.g. You are driving too fast. We are going to have an accident. (Conduci prea repede. O sa ai un accident.)
08. The Tenses: The Sequence of Tenses
Concordanta timpurilor se refera la raportul dintre timpul din propozitia secundara si cel din propozitia principala. In functie de timpul
verbului din Propozitia Principala se pot pune numai anumite timpuri in Propozitia Secundara.
Concordanta timpurilor se aplica la urmatoarele propozitii secundare:
1. Subordonate Completive Directe (Direct Object Clauses)
2. Subordonate Temporale (Time Clauses)
3. Subordonate de Scop (Purpose Clauses)
4. Subordonate introduse de IN CASE (in caz ca)
FOR DIRECT OBJECT CLAUSES (Completive Directe)
Main Clause Direct Object Clause

Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de simultaneitate intre actiuni atunci in Compeltiva Directa
se foloseste tot Past Tense Simple:
Past Simple simultaneity Past Simple
She said that she is was happy. (Ea a spus ca este/ era fericita.)
Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de anterioritate intre actiuni atunci in Compeltiva Directa se
foloseste Past Perfect Simple:
Past Simple anteriority Past Perfect
She said that she saw had seen him before. (Ea a spus ca l-a vazut/ il vazuse pe el
inainte.)
Daca in Propozitia Principala avem Past Tense Simple si exista raport de posterioritate intre actiuni atunci in Compeltiva Directa
se foloseste Future-in-the-Past:
Past Simple posteriority Future-in-the-Past (would + Vb. Short INF.)
She said that she will would come the next day. (Ea a spus ca va veni ziua
urmatoare.)
EXCEPTIONS (exceptii):
1. Daca in Completiva Directa avem un adevar general atunci se foloseste numai Present Simple in subordonata:
General Truths:
Past Simple Present Simple
The teacher said that oil never mixes with water. (Profesorul a spus ca uleiul nu se amesteca
niciodata cu apa.)
He said that a friend in need is a friend indeed. (El a spus ca prietenul la nevoie se
cunoaste.)
2. Daca actiunea din secundara urmeaza sa se intample atunci dupaTrecut in principala se folosestePrezent Continuu.
Past Simple Present Continuous
He said yesterday that he is coming tomorrow. (it is not tomorrow yet)
(El a spus ieri ca el va veni maine.) (inca nu este maine)
3. Regulile Concordantei timpurilor se aplica numai inCompletive Directe. Daca avem o subordonataAtributiva atunci se poate
folosi orice timp prezent sau viitorul cu WILL dupa Trecut Simplu in principala:
Main Clause Relative Clause
He told her a lie which still upsets her nowadays. (El i-a spus ei o minciuna care inca o
supara si azi.)
OVERVIEW for The Sequence of Tenses in DIRECT OBJECT CLAUSES
PAST SIMPLE (MAIN CLAUSE):
PRESENT
FUTURE (WILL)
PAST SIMPLE (simultaneity)
PAST PERFECT (anteriority)
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST (WOULD +Vb. Short INF.)(posteriority)
e.g. He promised that he ... the money. (El a promis ca va aduce banii.)

a) will bring
b) would bring
c) is bringing
d) will be bringing
e.g. The teacher said that the Earth ... round the Sun. (Profesorul a spus ca pamantul se invarte in jurul soarelui.)
a) moves (General Truth)
b) is moving
c) moved
d) would move
FOR TIME CLAUSES
Main Clause Time Clause
Future simultaneity Present Simple
I will call you when I finish here.
(Eu te voi suna cand voi termina aici.)
Daca folosim Prezent Simplu in secundara temporala atunci actiunile sunt simultane.
Future anteriority Present Perfect
I will visit you as soon as I have finished my work.
(Eu te voi vizita de indata ce imi voi fi terminat munca.)
Daca folosim Prezent Perfect Simplu in secundara temporala atunci actiunea din temporala este anterioara fata de cea din
principala.
Future-in-the-Past simultaneity Past Simple
He said/ that he would come/ when he finished his work.
(El a spus/ ca va veni cand el si-a terminat munca.)
Daca suntem in axa trecutului si avem Viitor-in-Trecut in principala atunci se foloseste Trecut Simplu in temporala pentru a arata
ca actiunile din principala si din temporala au fost simultane.
Future-in-the-Past anteriority Past Perfect
He said/ that he would come/ as soon as he had finished his work.
(El a spus/ ca va veni de indata ce el isi terminase munca.)
Daca suntem in axa trecutului si avem Viitor-in-Trecut in principala atunci se foloseste Mai mult ca perfect Simplu in temporala
pentru a arata ca actiunea din temporala a fost anterioara fata de cea din principala.
!!! NEVER USE WILL or WOULD in a TIME CLAUSE (NU FOLOSITI NICIODATA WILL SAU WOULD IN SUBORDONATE
TEMPORALE)
e.g. They will give you a callas soon as they ... in town. (Ei o sa te sune de indata ce sosesc in oras.)
a) will arrive
b) would arrive
c) arrive

d) had arrived
!!! WHEN poate sa introduca o Completiva Directa caz in care se poate folosiWILL sau WOULD dupa WHEN
Main Clause DO Clause
I want to know when he will arrive. (ce vreau sa stiu?) (Vreau sa stiu /cand va
sosi el.)
He wanted to know when she would come to the party.(ce dorea sa stie?)* (El a vrut sa
stie /cand ea va veni la petrecere.)
(*se aplica regulile Concordantei timpurilor pentru Completive Directe -> dupa trecut se foloseste Viitor-in-trecut cu
WOULD)
!!! WHEN poate sa introduca o subordonata relativa/ atributiva caz in care se poate folosiWILL sau WOULD dupa WHEN
Main Clause RELATIVE Clause
That will be the moment when he will try to kill you. (care moment?) Acela va fi
momentul /cand el va incerca sa te omoare.)
FOR PURPOSE CLAUSES (pentru subordonate de scop)
Main Clause Purpose Clause
Daca in principala avem urmatoarele timpuri: -> se folosestewill/ may/ can in secundara de scop
Present Simple/ Cont.
Future
Imperative so that/ in order that (ca sa) will/may/can + Vb. Short Inf.
Present Perfect Simple/ Cont
e.g. She is studying so that she may pass the exam. (Ea studiaza ca sa treaca examenul.)
Daca in principala avem trecuturi -> se folosestewould/might/could in subordonata de scop (should
este de asemenea posibil)
Past Tenses so that/ in order that (ca sa) would/might/could +Vb. Short Inf. (should is also
possible)
e.g. She left early so that shemight catch the bus. (Ea a plecat devremeca sa prinda
autobuzul.)
e.g. They are studying hard so that they ... the maximum grade at English. (Ei studiaza din greu ca sa obtina nota maxima
la engleza.)
a) would get
b) could get
c) may get
d) must get

The sequence of Tenses also applies afterIN CASE (NEVER USE WILL or WOULD after IN CASE) (Concordanta
timpurilor se aplica si dupa IN CASE - in caz ca/ in caz de dupa care nu se foloseste niciodata WILL sau WOULD)
Daca avem timpuri prezente, imperativ sau viitor in principala atunci dupa IN CASE se foloseste prezent sau MAY sau
SHOULD
Present or Imperative or Future + IN CASE + verb in the present/ may/ should
e.g. Take your umbrella in case it rains/ may rain/ should rain/ will rain/ would rain. (Ia umbrela in caz ca ploua.)
Daca avem trecut in principala atunci dupa IN CASE se foloseste tot trecut sau MIGHT
Past + IN CASE + verb in the past/ might
e.g. I took my umbrella in case it rained/ might rain/ would rain. (Am luat umbrela in caz ca ar putea sa ploua.)
e.g. They brought her with them in case they ... her help. (Ei au adus-o cu ei in caz ca o sa aiba nevoie de ajutorul ei.)
a) might need
b) will need
c) would need
d) may need
09. Reported Speech
Direct Speech (Vorbire directa) Reported Speech (Vorbire indirecta)
“He saw you there last night,” she said. -> She said that he had seen me there the previous night.
(- El te-a vazut acolo noaptea trecuta, a spus ea. -> Ea a spus ca el m-a vazut acolo noaptea anterioara.)
There are three things that change when transforming a sentence from Direct Speech into Reported Speech:
(Sunt trei lucruri care se schimba cand se face trecerea din vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta)
The personal pronouns and possesive adjectives. (pronumele personale si adjectivele posesive)
The tenses of the verb. (timpurile verbului)
Time words. (adverbele de timp)
I. The personal pronouns and possessive adjectiveschange as follows (pronumele personale si adjectivele posesive
se schimba astfel):
First and second person => third person: eg. “
You are a liar” he said to her. ->He said (that)she
was a liar.
(persoana I si a II-a trec in persoana a III-a) (- Tu esti o mincinoasa, el i-a spus ei. -> El i-a spus ca
ea era o mincinoasa.)
Second person => first person (when talking about yourself): eg. “You are very smart.” -> He said (that) I was very
smart.
(persoana a II-a trece in persoana I atunci cand vorbesti despre tine insati) (- Tu esti foarte destept. -> El a spus ca eu eram
foarte destept.)
II. The tenses of the verb change as follows (timpurile verbului se schimba in felul urmator)
:
Present Simple => Past Simple:

“She sings well,” he said. => He said that shesang well. (- Ea canta bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea canta bine.)
Present Continuous => Past Continuous:
“ She is singing well,” he said. => He said that shewas singing well. (- Ea canta bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea canta bine.)
Present Perfect Simple => Past Perfect Simple:
“She has sung well,” he said. => He said that shehad sung well. (- Ea a cantat bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea cantase bine.)
Present Perfect Continuous => Past Perfect Continuous:
“She has been singing well,” he said. => He said that shehad been singing well. (- Ea canta bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea
cantase bine.)
Past Simple => Past Perfect Simple:
“She sang well,” he said. => He said that shehad sung well. (- Ea a cantat bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea cantase bine.)
Past Continuous => Past Perfect Continuous:
“She was singing well,” he said => He said shehad been singing well. (- Ea canta bine, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea cantase
bine.)
E.g. “I saw Tom yesterday morning and he told me he was happy” she said. (- L-am vazut pe Tom ieri dimineata si el mi-a
spus ca era fericit, a spus ea.)
a) She said she saw Tom yesterday morning and he told her he was happy.
b) She said she had seen Tom yesterday morning and he had told her he had been happy.
c) She said she had seen Tom the previous morning and he had told her he had been happy.
d) She said that shehad seen Tom the previous morning and hehad told her that he was happy.
E.g. He said that hehad spoken with her the previous day and she had told him not to worry.
(El a spus ca el vorbise cu ea ziua anterioara si ea ii spusese sa nu se ingrijoreze.)
a) ”I have spoken with her the previous day and shehas told me not to worry.”
b) ”I spoke with her yesterday and she told me not to worry.”
c) ”I have spoken with her yesterday and she told me not to worry.”
d) ”I spoke with her the previous day andshe has told me not to worry.”
WILL => WOULD: “She will sing well,” he said. => He said that shewould sing well.
(-Ea va canta bine, a spus el. - El a spus ca ea va canta bine.)
CAN => COULD: “She can sing well,” he said. => He said that shecould sing well.
(-Ea poate sa cante bine, a spus el. - El a spus ca ea putea sa cante bine.)
CAN => WOULD BE ABLE TO (future reference): "I can visit you next weekend." => He said hewould be able to visit us the
following weekend.
(daca CAN se refera la viitor se transforma inWOULD BE ABLE TO) (Pot sa va vizitez weekendul viitor. - El a spus ca va putea
sa ne viziteze weekendul urmator.)
MAY => MIGHT: “It may rain later,” he said. => He said itmight rain later.
(-E posibil sa ploua mai tarziu, a spus el. - El a spus ca era posibil sa ploua mai tarziu.)

MUST (obligation) => HAD TO: “You must try again,” he said. => He said that Ihad to try again.
(cand MUST exprima obligatie se schimba in HAD TO) (-Trebuie sa incerci iar, a spus el. - El a spus ca trebuia sa incerc iar.)
NEEDN’T => DIDN’T NEED TO/ DIDN’T HAVE TO
: “You needn’t worry about this thing,” he said. => He said Ididn’t need to
worry about that thing.
(Nu trebuie sa te ingrijorezi de acest lucru, a spus el. - El a spus ca nu trebuia sa ma ingrijorez de acel lucru.)
NEEDN’T => WOULDN’T HAVE TO (future reference): “She needn’t leave tomorrow,” he said. => He said shewouldn’t have
to leave the following day.
(daca NEEDN'T se refera la viitor se schimba inWOULDN’T HAVE TO) (-Ea nu trebuie sa plece maine, a spus el. - El a spus ca
ea nu va trebui sa plece ziua urmatoare.)
SHALL => WOULD (future reference): “I shall be there,” she said. => She said shewould be there.
(-Voi fi acolo, a spus ea. -> Ea a spus ca va fi acolo.)
SHALL => SHOULD (asking for advice/ information): “What shall I buy?” he asked. => He asked what heshould buy.
(daca SHALL este verb modal folosit pentru a cere sfat sau informatii atunci se transforma inSHOULD)(-Ce sa cumpar> a
intrebat el. -> El a intrebat ce sa cumpere.)
COME => GO: “Will you come to the party?” she asked him. => She asked him if he wouldgo to the party.
(- Vei veni la petrecere, l-a intrebat ea pe el. -> Ea l-a intrebat pe el daca o sa se duca la petrecere.)
HERE => THERE: “She isn’t here,” he said. => He said she wasn’tthere.
(- Ea nu este aici, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ea nu era acolo.)
THIS => THAT: “This is my sister,” he said. => He saidthat was his sister.
(- Aceasta este sora mea, a spus el. -> El a spus ca aceea era sora lui.)
THESE => THOSE: “ These are my parents,” he said. => He saidthose were his parents.
(- Acestia sunt parintii mei, a spus el. -> El a spus ca aceeia erau parintii lui.)
Tenses DO NOT change in Reported Speech when (timpurile nu se schimba la vorbirea indirecta atunci cand):
1. the reporting verb (said, told, asked, etc)is in thePresent, Future or Present Perfect. (verbul care raporteaza
este la Prezent, Viitor sau Prezent Perfect)
E.g. “It is sunny today,” he says. => Hesays that it is sunny today./ He’s said that it is sunny today.
(- Este insorit azi, spune el. -> El spune ca este insorit azi./ El a spus ca este insorit azi. (
Prezentul Perfect ['s said] se traduce
prin trecut in limba romana)
2. the speaker expresses general truths. (vorbitorul exprima adevaruri generale)
E.g. “Water never mixes with oil,” she said. => Shesaid that water never mixes with oil.
(- Apa nu se amesteca niciodata cu uleiul, a spus ea. -> Ea a spus ca apa nu se amesteca niciodata cu uleiul.)
3. the reported sentence is aconditional clause type 2 or type 3. (propozitia raportata este o conditionala de
tipul II sau III)
E.g.
Type 1 “If I have time, I will visit you,” he said. => He said that if hehad time, he would visit me.
(- Daca voi avea timp, te voi vizita, a spus el. => El a spus ca daca ar avea timp, m-ar vizita.)
Type 2 “If I were rich, I would buy a house,” he said. => He said that if hewere rich, he would buy a house.

(- Daca as fi bogat, as cumpara o casa, a spus el. => El a spus ca daca ar fi bogat, ar cumpara o casa.)
Type 3 “If I had seen her, I would have told her the truth,” he said.=> He said that if hehad seen her, he would have told her the
truth.
(- Daca as fi vazut-o, i-as fi spus adevarul, a spus el. => El a spus ca daca ar fi vazut-o, i-ar fi spus adevarul.)
4. the reported sentence deals withunreal past (Subjunctive Mood). (propozitia raportata are un Subjonctiv in
ea)
The Subjunctive Mood is required by the following (Subjonctivul este cerut de urmatoarele verbe si expresii)
:
IF ONLY (ce-ar fi daca)
WISH => wished (wish devine wished)
WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER (as prefera)+ S + PAST SIMPLE/ PAST PERFECT (aceste doua timpuri sunt
Subjonctive si NU SE SCHIMBA)
AS IF/ AS THOUGH (de parca)
IT’S TIME/ IT’S HIGH TIME/ IT’S ABOUT TIME (e timpul)=>
It was time, It was hight time/ it was about time (era timpul)
SUPPOSE/ SUPPOSING (sa presupunem)
E.g. “I wish I had more free time,” she said. => She said shewished she had more time.
(- As dori sa am mai mult timp liber, a spus ea. -> Ea a spus ca isi doreasa aiba mai mult timp liber.)
" I wish I had had more free time when I was a child," she said. => She said shewished she had had more free time when
she was a child.
(- As dori sa fi avut mai mult timp liber cand eram copil, a spus ea. -> Ea a spus ca isi dorea
sa fi avut mai mult timp liber
cand era copil.)
ATENTIE: was nu s-a schimbat pentru ca este intr-osubordonata temporala, (vezi urmatorul punct), DAR pentru ca este o
temporala la trecut in propozitia directa, cere un Past Perfect pentru ca avem referire la trecut.)
5. !!!!!!!!!!!!! the reported sentence contains a Time Clause with a PAST TENSE in it. (daca propozitia raportata
este o TEMPORALA in care timpul este la Trecut atunci Trecutul din temporala nu se schimba)
E.g. “I was there/ when the postman came,” he said. => He said hewas/ had been there when the postman came.
(- Am fost acolo cand a venit postasul, a spus el. -> El a spus ca era/ fusese acolo cand a venit postasul.)
“ I will be there when the postman comes.” => He said hewould be there when the postman came.
(- Voi fi acolo cand va veni postasul. -> El a spus ca va fi acolo cand va veni postasul. - daca avem prezent in temporala atunci
acesta trece la trecut)
E.g. “He was sleeping while she was cooking dinner.” (El dormea in timp ce ea gatea cina.)
a) Mother said that he slept while she was cooking dinner.
b) Mother said that he had been sleeping while she had been cooking dinner.
c) Mother said that he had been sleeping while she was cooking dinner.
d) Mother said that he was sleeping while she had been cooking dinner.
6. the sentence contains the modal verbs (daca propozitia contine verbe modale):might, should, would,
mustn’t, ought to, must (deduction) or USED TO
E.g. “I ought to go,” he said. => He said heought to go.

(- Trebuie sa plec, a spus el. -> El a spus ca trebuie sa plece.)
"We used to have lots of fun," he said. => He said that theyused to have lots of fun.
(- Noi obisnuiam sa ne distram mult, a spus el. -> El a spus ca ei obisnuiau sa se distreze mult.)
!!!!!!!!!! If what we say is a LIE then the tenses change. (daca ceea ce spunem este o minciuna atunci timpurile se
schimba)
E.g. "America is a small country." => He said that Americawas a small country.
(- America este o tara mica. -> El a spus ca America era o tara mica.)
7. the action in the indirect speechIS STILL HAPPENING or IS GOING TO HAPPEN (daca actiunea de la
vorbirea insirecta inca se mai intampla sau urmeaza sa se intample):
E.g. "I am working on the details." => Hesaid he is working on the details.
(- Lucrez la detalii. -> El a spus ca lucreaza la detalii. - el inca mai lucreaza la detalii)
" I am going on holiday in the morning." => Shesaid that she is going on holiday in the morning.
(- Plec in vacanta dimineata. -> Ea a spus ca pleaca in vacanta dimineata. - ea inca nu a plecat in vacanta, urmeaza
sa faca asta)
III. Time words change as follows (adverbele de timp se schimba dupa cum urmeaza):
Tonight (diseara) => that night (acea noapte)
Today (astazi) => that day (acea zi)
This week/month/year (saptamana/ luna aceasta/ anul acesta) =>that week/month/year (acea saptamana/ luna/ acel
an)
Now (acum) => then/at that time/at once/immediately (atunci/ in acel moment/ imediat)
Yesterday (ieri) => the day before/ the previous day(ziua anterioara)
Last night/week/month/year (noaptea/ saptamana/ luna trecuta/ anul trecut) =>the previous night/week/month/year
(noaptea/ saptamana/ luna anterioara/ anul anterior)
Three days/weeks/months/years ago (cu trei zile/ saptamani/ luni/ ani in urma) => three days/weeks/months/years
before (cu trei zile/ ... inainte)
So far (pana acum) => until then (pana atunci)
Tomorrow (maine) => next day/ the following day(ziua urmatoare)
Next day/week/month/year (ziua/ saptamana/ luna/ anul viitor) =>the following day/week/month/year (ziua/ saptamana/
... urmatoare)
The day after tomorrow (poimaine) => two days later/after two days (doua zile mai tarziu/ dupa doua zile)
Reported Questions
Atunci cand trecem o intrebare din vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza cuvantul cu
WH (where/ what/ which/ etc.) se pastreaza dar nu se mai face inversiunea intre auxiliar si subiect,
subiectul se pune imediat dupa cuvantul cu WH si pe urma se pune verbul transformat:
Normal direct question: Wh-word + Aux + S + Verb?
Reported question: S + reporting verb +Wh-word + S + transformed Verb.

E.g. “ Where have you been?” he asked. (- Unde ai fost, a intrebat el.)
He asked me where I had been. (El m-a intrebat unde fusesem.)/ He asked mewhere had I been. (NU FACETI INVERSIUNE
INTRE AUXILIAR SI SUBIECT)
Daca intrebarea in limba engleza se face cu un auxiliar atunci la vorbirea indirecta se folosesteIF sau WHETHER
(daca) (!! atentile sa nu confundati cu WEATHER care inseamna vreme) dupa care urmeaza subiectul si verbul transformat
(din nou nu se mai face inversiunea intre auxiliar si subiect)
Normal direct question: Aux + S + Verb?
Reported question : S + reporting verb +IF/WHETHER + S + transformed verb.
E.g. “Do you like cats?” (-Iti plac pisicile?)
He asked me if/whether I liked cats. (El m-a intrebat daca imi placeau pisicile.)
!!!!!!!!!!! (Atentie daca aveti o intrebare la trecut, DID dispare iar verbul se pune la Mai mult ca Perfect)
“Did you see her?” (- Ai vazut-o?)
He asked me if/ whether I had seen saw her. (El m-a intrebat daca o vazusem.)
Reported Commands/ Requests/ Suggestions
Ordinele, cererile si sugestiile se introduc la vorbirea indirecta prin verbe ca: advise, ask, beg, offer, request, etc. care
sunt urmate de Verb la Infinitiv Lung:
E.g. “Go away,” he said to me. => He ordered meto go away. (-Pleaca, el mi-a spus. -> El mi-a ordonat sa plec.)
“Please don’t shout,” he said to me. => He asked menot to shout. (- Te rog nu tipa, el mi-a spus. -> El m-a rugat sa nu tip.)
!!! Atentie: negatia la Infinitiv se facepunand NOT in fata lui TO si nu intre TO si verb: NOT TO DRINK (a nu bea) si nu TO
NOT DRINK
!!!!!!!! Dupa verbul Suggest se folosesc urmatoarele structuri:
suggest +Vb. –ing
suggest + that + S +should + Vb. Inf.
suggest + that + S +Vb. Short Inf
E.g. “Let’s see a film,” he said. => Hesuggested seeing a film. (El a sugerat sa vedem un film.)
(- Hai sa vedem un film! a spus el.) Hesuggested that we should see a film. (El a sugerat sa vedem un film.)
He
suggested that we see a film. (El a sugerat sa vedem un film.)
He suggested to see a film. (Nu se pune Infinitiv dupasuggest)
Reported Exclamations are paraphrases of direct exclamations (exclamatiile se parafrazeaza in vorbirea indirecta)
:
E.g. “How nice to meet you!” => He exclaimed he was delighted to meet me.
(-Incantat sa va intalnesc! -> El a exclamat ca era incantat sa ma intalneasca.)
“What a terrible day!” => He complained about the day.
(- Ce zi groaznica! -> El s-a plans de vreme.)
“Good evening!” => She greeted me./ She wished me a good evening.

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