building services 1 notes

1. BUILDING SERVICES - I
MODULE 1
LECTURE 3
AR. GAYATHRI VASU
ASST. PROFESSOR
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
AVIT, CHENNAI

2. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TYPES OF WELLS
• Introduction
• Open well and classification of open well
• Tube well and classification of tube well

3. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
• Well : It is a vertical structure
dug in ground for purpose of
bringing ground water to the
earth’s surface.
• Basically wells are classified as
follows
1. Open wells (Dug wells)
2. Tube wells

4. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OPEN WELL / DUG WELL
• These are the wells which have comparatively large diameters and lower
discharges.
• Usually they have discharge of 20 m³/hr but if constructed by efficient
planning it gives discharge of 200-300 m³/hr.
• They are constructed of diameter of about 1-10 m and have depth of about 2-
20m.
• They are constructed by digging therefore they are also known as dug wells

5. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OPEN WELL / DUG WELL
DEPTH
• Shallow open well : These
are the wells resting on
the water bearing strata
and gets their supplies
from the surrounding
materials
• Deep open well : These are
the wells resting on the
impervious layer known as
mota layer beneath which
lies water bearing pervious
layer and gets their supply
from this layer

6. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OPEN WELL / DUG WELL
LINING
• Kachha wells : These type of wells are only constructed when water table
is high as these type of wells sometimes collapses.

7. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OPEN WELL / DUG WELL
LINING
• Wells with Impervious lining : These are most suitable and stable type of
open well. These are constructed by first digging a pit then a curb which is a
circular ring with sharp bottom is inserted . Then a masonry wall up to some
distance above ground is constructed , then as excavation proceeds it sinks
blow and then masonry is further extended and well is constructed. Water
flow is spherical.

8. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
OPEN WELL / DUG WELL
LINING
• Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse
formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without
any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well
therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the
flow is not combination of radial and spherical.

9. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TUBE WELL
• A tube well is a long pipe sunk
in ground intercepting one or
more water bearing strata.
• As compared to open well
there diameter is less - about
80-600 mm.

10. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TUBE WELL
DEPTH
• Shallow tube well : These are
the tube which has depth
limited to 30 meters and
maximum have discharge of
20 m³/hr
• Deep tube well : These are the
tube wells which have
maximum depth of about 600
m and may give discharge
more then 800 m³/hr

11. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TUBE WELL
SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Strainer type tube well : These
is most commonly used tube
such that in general a tube
well means strainer tube well.
• In this type of well a strainer
which a wire mesh with small
openings is wrapped around
the main pipe which also has
large openings such that area
of opening in strainer and
main pipe remains same.
• Space is left between two
strainer so that the open area
of pipe perforations is not
reduced. The type of flow is
radial.

12. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TUBE WELL
SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Cavity tube well : A cavity type
tube well consists of a pipe
sunk in ground up to the hard
clay layer . It draws water from
the bottom of well . In initial
stages fine sand is also
pumped with water and in
such manner a cavity is
formed at the bottom so the
water enters from the aquifer
into the well through this
cavity

13. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) - process of collecting, conveying &
storing water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage
• Part of the Hydrological Cycle
RAINWATER HARVESTING

14. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• RWH technology consists of simple systems
to collect, convey, and store rainwater.
Rainwater capture is accomplished primarily
from roof-top, surface runoff, and other
surfaces.
• RWH either captures stored rainwater for
direct use (irrigation, production, washing,
drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into the
local ground water and is call artificial
recharge.
• In many cases, RWH systems are used in
conjunction with Aquifer Storage and
Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction of
RWH collected rainwater to the groundwater
/ aquifer through various structures in
excess of what would naturally infiltrate,
then recovered for use.
RAINWATER HARVESTING

15. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Conserve and supplement existing water resources.
• Available for capture and storage in most global locations.
• Potentially provide improved quality of water
• Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a supplemental supply
source.
• Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and beneficially use it.
• Commitment as a citizen - showcasing environmental concerns
• Public Mandate (India)
• Replenishing local ground water aquifers where lowering of water tables
has occurred.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
ADVANTAGES

16. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world.
• Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that sometimes are
hard to predict.
• Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily increases
complexities in cost, design, operation, maintenance, size and regulatory
permitting.
• Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of storm water
runoff.
• Collected water quality might be affected by external factors.
• Collection systems require monitoring and continuous maintenance and
improvement to maintain desired water quality characteristics for water
end-use.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
DISADVANTAGES

17. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Intensity – Quantity per time of the rainfall event (mm/hour).
• Duration – period of time for the precipitation event.
• Average Annual and Monthly Precipitation – Average rainfall over one year
period and monthly intervals and usually based on 30 or more years of
data.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
TERMINOLOGY

18. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. Roof
2. Screen
3. Discharge of water
4. Pre-Filter
5. Storage Tank
6. Flow Meter
7. Stormwater Discharge
RAINWATER HARVESTING

19. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Under natural conditions it may take days to centuries to recharge ground
water by rain water. As we need to replenish the pumped water, artificial
recharge of ground water is required at some locations.
RAINWATER HARVESTING

20. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Storage devices may be either above or below ground. Different types include
• Storage Tanks
• Water Containers
• Lagoons or Lined Ponds
• Infiltration Ponds
Size based on rainfall pattern, demand, budget and area.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
STORAGE

21. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• To divert rainwater into an aquifer.
• The percolation pit is covered with a
perforated concrete slab.
• The pit is filled with gravel/ pebbles
followed by river sand for better
percolation.
• The top layer of sand must be cleaned
and replaced at least once in two years
to remove settled silt for improving the
percolation
RAINWATER HARVESTING
PERCOLATION PIT

22. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• The runoff water from rooftops or other
catchments can be channelized into an
existing /new well via sand filter to filter
turbidity and other pollutants.
• Abandoned wells can also be used
• Cost-effective process, which not only
conserves rainwater for immediate use
but also helps to enhance the local
ground water situation
RAINWATER HARVESTING
RECHARGE WELLS

23. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and algae formation
• Corrosion resistant materials
• Tank in protected shaded area – lower temperature
• For multiple storage tanks – design for frequent turnover
• Regional wind direction and industrial activity – Lead, Mercury, other
heavy metals
RAINWATER HARVESTING
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

24. BUILDING SERVICES - I MODULE 1 - WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and algae formation
• Corrosion resistant materials
• Tank in protected shaded area – lower temperature
• For multiple storage tanks – design for frequent turnover
• Regional wind direction and industrial activity – Lead, Mercury, other
heavy metals
RAINWATER HARVESTING
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS