The Internet of Things (IoT) involves connecting real-world devices to the internet to configure, connect and control them. IoT includes home appliances, wearables, vehicles, infrastructure systems and industrial machines. Devices sense their environment, send data to servers or clouds, and communicate with each other by running applications. The scope of IoT is broad and involves devices exchanging and analyzing data at different levels from raw data to inferred knowledge. Common IoT applications areas include smart homes, cities, energy, retail, logistics, agriculture, industry and health.

1. Internet of Things
• Composed of real world things that have unique
identities that are connected to the Internet
• Terms ‘things’, ’objects’ and ‘devices’ are used
interchangeably
• Focus is on configuring the devices, connecting the
devices and controlling the devices and thereby the
environment

2. Things in IoT
• Home appliances
• Smartphones and computers
• Wearable electronics
• Automobiles
• Energy systems
• Retail payment systems
• Printers
• Industrial machines
• Healthcare systems
• Surveillance cameras

3. Things in IoT
• Thermostats
• Utility meters
• Bluetooth connected headset
• Irrigation pumps and sensors
• Control circuit for an electric car’s engine

4. Scope of IoT
• Is very broad
• Not confined to just connecting the devices
• Devices have to sense the environment and send the data to
the control room or a centralized server or a cloud
• Devices have to exchange and communicate among themselves
• For this it may be necessary for the devices to run meaningful
applications either online or offline (usually in a cloud)

5. Knowledge Pyramid
Important

6. Knowledge Pyramid
• Consider the sensor measurements generated by
weather monitoring station ((72,45):(84,56))
• Unable to infer anything from this, since the tuple
does not have any meaning
• Each tuple in data represents the temperature and
humidity measured every minute – the context is
added

7. Knowledge Pyramid
• Further information shall be obtained by
categorizing, condensing or processing the data
• Average temperature and humidity readings for last 5
minutes is obtained by averaging of last five tuples
• Next step is to organize the information and
understand the relationships between pieces of
information to infer knowledge

8. Knowledge Pyramid
• Finally the inferred knowledge is to be put into
action
• An alert is raised if the average temperature in the
last five minutes exceeds 120oF
• This alert may be conditioned on the user’s
geographical position itself

9. Applications of IoT
• Home
– Smart lighting, smart appliances, intrusion detection,
smoke/gas detectors
• Cities
– Smart parking, smart roads, structural health
monitoring, emergency response
• Environment
– Weather monitoring, air pollution monitoring, noise
pollution monitoring, forest fire detection

10. Applications of IoT
• Energy
– Smart grids
– Renewable energy sources
– Prognostics
• Retail
– Inventory management
– Smart payments
– Smart vending machines

11. Applications of IoT
• Logistics
– Route generation and scheduling
– Fleet tracking
– Shipment monitoring
– Remote vehicle diagnostics
• Agriculture
– Smart irrigation
– Green house control

12. Applications of IoT
• Industry
– Machine diagnosis and prognosis
– Indoor air quality measuring
• Health and life style
– Health and fitness monitoring
– Wearable electronics