Brain neck and face supplying blood vessels

1. ANATOMY- CAROTID ARTERY
GAURAV TALWAR 414-A 21/12/2016

2. Carotid Artery : The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in
the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck, and face. There are
two carotid arteries (common carotid arteries) , one on the right
and one on the left. In the neck, each carotid artery branches into
two divisions:
(1) The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain.
(2) The external carotid artery supplies blood to the face and
neck.
(1) External Carotid Artery :
As the artery travels upwards, it supplies:
· In the carotid triangle:
(1) Superior thyroid artery, arising from its anterior aspect
(2) Ascending pharyngeal artery - arising from medial, or
deep, aspect
(3) Lingual artery - arising from its anterior aspect
(4) Facial artery - arise from its anterior aspect
(5) Occipital artery - arising from its posterior aspect
(6) Posterior auricular artery - arising from posterior aspect
And The external carotid artery terminates as two branches:
(7) Maxillary artery
(8) Superficial temporal artery
(1) Superior thyroid artery :
Branches: It distributes twigs to the adjacent muscles, and
numerous branches to the thyroid gland, connecting with its fellow
of the opposite side, and with the inferior thyroid arteries

3. Besides the arteries distributed to the muscles and to the thyroid
gland, the branches of the superior thyroid are:
(1) The infrahyoid branch (or hyoid artery): This artery
connects with the infrahyoid branch of the opposite side.
(2) The sternocleidomastoid branch: supplies the
sternocleidomastoideus muscle and neighboring muscles and
skin.
(3) The superior laryngeal artery : This artery branches from
the superior thyroid artery near its bifurcation from the external
carotid artery. Together with the internal laryngeal nerve, it
pierces the lateral thyrohyoid membrane, and supplies blood to
the muscles, mucous membrane, and glands of the larynx,
connecting with the branch from the opposite side.
(4) The cricothyroid artery may contribute to the supply of the
larynx.
(2) Ascending pharyngeal artery : is an artery in the neck
that supplies the pharynx.
Branches:
(1) Pharyngeal Branches : supply the medial and inferior
constrictors of pharynx and stylopharyngeus
(2) Palatine branches : sends ramifications to the soft palate
and tonsil. supplies a branch to the auditory tube
(3) Prevertebral branches : supply longi capitis and colli
sympathetic trunk , hypoglossal and vagus nerve and lymph
nodes
(4) Inferior tympanic artery : supply medial wall of tympanic
cavity
(5) Meningeal branches : supply the dura mater.

4. (3) Lingual artery :
Deep lingual artery
1. The deep lingual artery (or ranine artery) is the terminal
portion of the lingual artery after the sublingual artery is
given off. it travels superiorly in a tortuous course along the
under (ventral) surface of the tongue, below the
Longitudinalis inferior, and above the mucous membrane.
Sublingual artery
It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and
neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth
and gums.
One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the
substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the
other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses
with the submental branch of the facial artery.
Other branches
· The suprahyoid branch of the lingual artery runs along the
upper border of the hyoid bone, supplying oxygenated blood to the
muscles attached to it and anastomosing with its fellow of the
opposite side.
· The dorsal lingual branches of lingual artery consist usually
of two or three small branches which arise beneath the Hyoglossus.
They ascend to the back part of the dorsum of the tongue, and
supply the mucous membrane in this situation, the glossopalatine
arch, the tonsil, soft palate, and epiglottis; anastomosing with the
vessels of the opposite side.
(4) Facial artery :
The branches of the facial artery are:

5. (A) Cervical :
(1) Ascending palatine artery :
(1) branch :supplies the soft palate and the palatine glands
(2) branch : supplies the palatine tonsil and auditory tube
(2)Tonsillar branch : perforating the constrictor
pharyngis superior, to ramify in the substance of the palatine tonsil
and root of the tongue.
(3) Submental artery:
(1) The superficial branch passes between the integument and
depressor labii inferioris, and anastomoses with the inferior labial
artery.
(2) The deep branch runs between the muscle and the bone,
supplies the lip, and anastomoses with the inferior labial artery and
the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
(4)Glandular branches : supply the submandibular
gland, some being prolonged to the neighboring muscles, lymph
glands, and integument.
(B) Facial :
(1) Inferior labial artery : It supplies the labial glands,
the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and
anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the
mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
(2) Superior labial artery : It supplies the upper lip
(3) Lateral nasal branch to nasalis muscle

6. (4) Angular artery - the terminal branch : On the cheek
it distributes branches which anastomose with the infraorbital; after
supplying the lacrimal sac and Orbicularis oculi, it ends by
anastomosing with the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic
artery.
(5) Occipital artery :
Branches :
(1) Muscular branches: supply the digastric, stylohyoid, splenius,
and longus capitis muscles.
(2) Sternocleidomastoid branch: This branch divides into upper
and lower branches in the carotid triangle. The upper branch
accompanies the accessory nerve to the sternocleidomastoid, and
the lower branch arises near the origin of the occipital artery before
entering the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Occasionally, this branch
arises directly from the external carotid artery.
(3) Auricular branch: supplies the back of the ear. In many
specimens, this branch gives rise to the mastoid branch, which
supplies the dura mater, diploe, and mastoid air cells. In other
specimens, the mastoid artery is a branch of the occipital artery,
rather than the auricular branch.
(4) Meningeal branch: supplies the dura mater in the posterior
cranial fossa
(5) Descending branches: .
(1) The superficial portion : supplies the trapezius muscle and
anastomoses with the ascending branch of the transverse cervical.
(2) The deep portion : anastomoses with the vertebral artery
and with the a. profunda cervicalis, a branch of the costocervical
trunk. Thus, branches of the occipital artery participate in
anastamosis between the external carotid and the subclavian artery,
thereby providing collateral circulation.

7. (6) Posterior Auricular Artery :
(1) Stylomastoid artery : enters stylomastoid foramen along with
facial nerve supplies tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum,and
mastoid cells and semicircular canals.
(2) Auricular branch : distributed to back of auricle upon which it
ramifies minutely to supply anterior surface
(3) Occipital branch : supplies occipitalis and scalp anastomoses
with the occipital artery.
(7) Maxillary artery :
Branches:
First portion :
The first or mandibular portion (or bony portion) passes
horizontally forward, between the neck of the mandible and the
sphenomandibular ligament, where it lies parallel to and a little
below the auriculotemporal nerve; it crosses the inferior alveolar
nerve, and runs along the lower border of the lateral pterygoid
muscle.
Branches include:
(1) Deep auricular artery : supplies its cuticular lining ,outer
surface of tympanic membrane
(2) Anterior tympanic artery : supplies inner surface of
tympanic membrane
(3) Middle meningeal artery :
(1) Anterior branch : dura mater , internal surface of cranium
(2) Posterior branch : posterior part of dura and cranium
(4) Inferior alveolar artery : mylohyoid and lingual
(5) Accessory meningeal artery supplies dura mater ,
structures in infratemporal fossa

8. Second portion :
The second or pterygoid portion (or muscular portion) runs
obliquely forward and upward under cover of the ramus of the
mandible and insertion of the temporalis, on the superficial (very
frequently on the deep) surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle; it
then passes between the two heads of origin of this muscle and
enters the fossa.
Branches include :
Masseteric artery : muscle
Pterygoid branches : supply medial and lateral pterygoid
Deep temporal arteries (anterior and posterior) : supply
muscle
Buccal artery : buccal
Third portion :
The third or pterygomaxillary portion lies in the pterygopalatine
fossa in relation with the pterygopalatine ganglion. This is
considered the terminal branch of the maxillary artery.
Branches include:
(1) Sphenopalatine artery : (Nasopalatine artery is the
terminal branch of the Maxillary artery) :assist in supplying lateral
and frontal wall of nose , maxillary ethmoidal and sphenoidal
sinuses.
(2) Descending palatine artery : (Greater palatine artery and
lesser palatine artery) : supply the soft palate and palatine tonsil.
(3) Infraorbital artery :
(1) Orbital branch : inferior rectus and inferor oblique muscle

9. (2)Anterior superior alveolar branches : upper incisors and
canines
(3)Middle superior alveolar artery : premolars
(4) Lacrimal sac
(5) Branch to nose
(6) Posterior superior alveolar artery : supply molars
(7)Artery of pterygoid canal : distributed to upper part of
pharynx and auditory tube
(8) Pharyngeal artery : distributed to nasopharynx, auditory
tube, sphenoidal air cells.
(8) Superficial Temporal Artery :
(1)Transverse facial: parotid gland and duct, masseter,
maxillary,buccinator
(2) Anterior auricular: distributed to anterior portion of auricle,
lobule.
(3) Middle temporal : supplies orbicularis oculi
(4) Frontal :forehead muscles, integument, pericardium in this
region.
(5) Parietal: lying superficial to temporal fascia.
(2) Internal Carotid Artery :
Branches :
The following are the branches of the internal carotid artery, listed
by segment :
C1: Branches from the cervical portion - none.
C2: Branches from the petrous portion

10. Caroticotympanic arteries
Artery of pterygoid canal (vidian artery): t is
distributed to the upper part of the pharynx and to the auditory
tube,
C3: Branches from the lacerum portion - none
C4: Branches from the cavernous portion
Branches of the meningohypophyseal trunk:
Tentorial basal branch
Tentorial marginal branch
Meningeal branch - helps supply blood to the
meninges of the anterior cranial fossa
Clivus branches - tiny branches that supply the
clivus
Inferior hypophyseal artery : supplying the
neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland
Capsular branches - supplies wall of cavernous sinus
Branches of the inferolateral trunk:
Branches to trigeminal ganglion - provide blood
to trigeminal ganglion
Artery of the foramen rotundum
Branches to nerves
C5: Branches from the clinoid portion - none
C6: Branches from the ophthalmic portion
Ophthalmic artery :
(1)Orbital group :
The orbital group, distributing vessels to the orbit and surrounding
parts, includes:
Lacrimal artery
Supraorbital artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Medial palpebral artery
Frontal artery, also called the Supratrochlear artery
Dorsal nasal artery

11. (2) Ocular group :
The ocular group, distributing vessels to the eye and its muscles,
includes:
Long posterior ciliary arteries
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Anterior ciliary artery
Central retinal artery
Superior muscular artery
Inferior muscular artery
Superior hypophyseal artery : supplying the pars
tuberalis, the infundibulum of the pituitary gland.
C7: Branches from the communicating portion :
(1) Posterior communicating artery : Brain
(2) Anterior choroidal artery : serves structures in the
telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon
(3)Anterior cerebral artery (a terminal branch) :
supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal
lobes and superior medial parietal lobes
(4)Middle cerebral artery (a terminal branch) :
supply blood to the cerebrum.