The document discusses the history and development of microcontrollers. It notes that the first electronic computer from 1946 consisted of 20,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons, and cost over $1 million. Microcontrollers evolved from these early computers and integrate a CPU, memory, and input/output interfaces onto a single silicon chip. They are widely used in consumer electronics and devices for measurement and control. The document focuses on the 8051 microcontroller family, which will be studied in the course, covering its hardware architecture, instruction set, programming, and timers.

1. Liaoning University of Technology
Musa Garba

2. Chapter1 Forward----General
Discription on Microcontroller
Section 1.1 Microcontroller Basis
1.Electronic computer and development history
The first electronic computer was produced by University of
Pennsylvania in 1946,which consists of 20,000 electron tubes,1500
(electric) relays,holding 150 square meters,weighting 30 tons.
It could calculate 5000 times per second,consumes 150 kilowatts per
hour,costs more than 1,000,000 dollars.
The clock frequency was only 100KHz,meaning that its calculating
speed was very slow.
The development of electronic computer has undergone five
stages:tube computers,transister computers,integrated circuit
computers,large scale integrated circuit computers,ultra large scale
integrated circuit computers(microcomputer).

3. 2.Introduction on Microcomputer
CPU
memory I/O interface I/O equipment
AB
DB
CB

4. It consists of CPU,memory,I/O interface and
I/O equipment.
The components are connected through AB,DB
and CB.

5. 3.Microcontroller
What’s microcontroller?
CPU,Memory(RAM/ROM)and a variety of I/O interfaces are integrated
on a semi-conductor silicon chip.
This kind of integrated circuit chip has microcomputer’s attributes,which
is called monolithic microcomputer,abbreviation Microcontroller
Unit(MCU) or Embedded Microcontroller Unit(EMCU).
MCU is mainly used for measurement and control field.
Microcontrollers are divided into 1-bit microcontroller,4-bit
microcontroller,8-bit microcontroller,16-bit microcontroller and 32-bit
microcontroller according to the basic operation of binary digits.
Note:Microcontroller can only process binary digits:zero and one.

6. Section1.2 Application
1.Industrial process control
2.Instrumentation
3.Liquid/Gas chromatography （色谱分析）
4.Transducer( 传感器 )
5.Intelligent sensor
6.Portable Meter

7. However,the microcontroller is generally invisible to the
general public.
Despite that,it is responsible for the intelligence of a
whole range of domestic cosumer items such as
VCRs(video cassette recorder),clock
radioes,washing machines,video
games,telephones,microwaves,TVs,automobiles( 汽
车 ),toys,vending machines( 自动售货
机 ),copiers,lifts （电梯） and irons.

8. The main contents of my course is Intel MCS-51
series.This set of devices,often known as the 8051
family,actually includes numbers from 8031 to
8751.In this course a general 8051 will be
studied,housed in a 40-pin DIP,since the basic
features are common to the whole family(including
pin compatibility).
This term I’ll give lectures on its hardware
architecture,instruction set ,assembly language
programming,interrupt system,and timer/counters
and so on.

9. Exercises
1.How many parts the microcontroller is composed of?
2.What are the differences between
CPU,microcomputer and microcontroller?
3.Besides the name monolithic
microcomputer,microcontroller is also called_____or
________.
4.How many types the microcontroller is divided into
according to the basic operation of binary bits?

10. Answers:
1.CPU,memory and I/O interfaces.
2.CPU:Central Processing Unit
Microcomputer and microcontroller are a complete computer
system.
Microcomputer consists of CPU,memory and I/O interfaces.
Microcontroller is called monolithic microcomputer.CPU,memory
and a variety of I/O interfaces are integrated on a semi-
conductor silicon chip,which is mainly used for measurement
and control field.
3.MCU or EMCU.
4.1-bit, 4-bit,8-bit,16-bit and 32-bit