Hi,I made a simplest ppt so that everyone can understand the Optical Fiber Communication.

1. Optical Fiber Communication
Introduction & Basics Principles
OFC

2. F=c/λ

3. Optics means Light
• For Understand the OFC, We must know the
three basic Principals of Light:-
1.Reflection
2.Refraction
3.TIR (Total Internal Reflection )

4. Reflection of Light

5. Reflection of Light
• Reflection is when lightbounces off an object.
If the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass,
water or polished metal, the light will reflect
at the same angle as it hit the surface. This is
called specular reflection.

7. Types of Reflection

8. Refraction of Light

10. TIR(Total Internal Reflection )

11. TIR(Total Internal Reflection )
• Total internal reflection is a phenomenon
which occurs when a propagating wave strikes
a medium boundary at an angle larger than a
particular critical angle with respect to the
normal to the surface.

12. What are the conditions necessary for
total internal reflection to occur?
• The only way for the angle of refraction to be
greater than the angle of incidence is for light
to bend away from the normal. Since light
only bends away from the normal when
passing from a more dense mediuminto a less
dense medium, then this would be
a necessary condition for total internal
reflection.

13. Critical Angle
When light goes from a denser medium to a less
dense medium, at a certain angle of incidence,
the refracted ray goes along the boundary
between the two media. The incident angle on
this occasion is called the critical angle for the
substances.

14. Example of TIR

17. History
• Father of Fiber Optics:- Narinder Singh Kapany

18. • Godfather of Broadband“ or
• "Father of Fiber Optics"or
• "Father of OFC“
Charles Kuen Kao
jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in
Physics for "groundbreaking achievements
concerning the transmission of light in fibers for
optical communication"

19. Basic OFC

20. Light-Emitting Diodes
• An LED is form of junction diode that is operated with forward bias
• Instead of generating heat at the PN junction, light is generated and
passes through an opening or lens
• LEDs can be visible spectrum or infrared

21. Laser Diodes
• Laser diodes generate coherent, intense light of a
very narrow bandwidth
• A laser diode has an emission linewidth of about 2
nm, compared to 50 nm for a common LED
• Laser diodes are constructed much like LEDs but
operate at higher current levels

22. Laser Diode Construction

23. Optical Detectors
• The most common optical detector used with fiber-optic systems is
the PIN diode
• The PIN diode is operated in the reverse-bias mode
• As a photodetector, the PIN diode takes advantage of its wide depletion
region, in which electrons can create electron-hole pairs
• The low junction capacitance of the PIN diode allows for very fast
switching

24. Avalanche Photodiode
• The avalanche photodiode (APD) is also operated in the reverse-
bias mode
• The creation of electron-hole pairs due to the absorption of a photon
of incoming light may set off avalanche breakdown, creating up to
100 more pairs
• This multiplying effect gives an APD very high sensitivity

25. Variation of specific attenuation with
wavelength

26. Optical Fiber
• Core
– Glass or plastic with a higher index of
refraction than the cladding
– Carries the signal
• Cladding
– Glass or plastic with a lower index of
refraction than the core
• Buffer
– Protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
• Jacket
– Holds one or more fibers in a cable

27. Thank you