Geography

1. Diversity and
Spatial
Differentiation

2. Spatial
Differentiation
is the result of the combined
action of natural and social
processes that produced a
fragmented, irregular, complex,
and unstable, although
articulated, earth's surface. The
earth's surface can thus be
seen as a kaleidoscope, open to
different interpretations.

3. Diversity
- is the difference in
backgrounds and cultures
between people. It is what
makes each of us unique.
- there are many ways in which
we can be diverse—by race,
ethnicity, religion, age, gender,
sexuality, socioeconomic
status, and more

4. Diversity + Spatial
Differentiation =
INTERCULTURAL
Platform to connect cities and leaders
globally into a community where
initiatives and practice from one city are
analyses and shared to inspire the others
INTERCULTURAL

5. MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT

6. SETTLEMENT
is a place that contains buildings in which people live, this may contain
many or few houses, it may cover many square kilometres, and contains
not only houses but also shops, schools, offices, industries, factories,
government buildings and many other buildings.

7. EARLY OR HUMAN SETTLEMENT
Human settlement begins with a village through sedentary
agriculture. Growth is evolutionary (gradual), it starts from
nomadism to sedentary agriculture then the need for
settlement became obvious with improvement in
agriculture.

8. TYPE OF
SETTLEMENT
VILLAGE - a small settlement usually found in a
rural setting. It is generally larger than a "hamlet"
but smaller than a "town".
Settlements usually have one of these three basic
shapes which are:
Compact shape- the shape may be round or
square, but in all cases, the buildings are close to
each other and are connected by roads, footpaths
or both, which links all building together.
Linear shape– some building may form a line,
may be straight or curved which may follow a line of
movement. For instance, a road, river, or railway,
relief feature
Cross shape– this occurs where two lines of
movement cross for example the crossing of two
roads.

9. TYPE OF
SETTLEMENT
Isolated Dwellings– Isolated dwellings would
only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in them.
They may have negligible services.
Hamlets– these types of settlements may be
nucleated with few houses usually less than a
hundred with many people.
Homestead- these are one family residence,
they have dispersed settlement, they contain
very few numbers of people with little
opportunity for social gathering. Moreover, they
are separated from one another by bushes or
by geographical barriers.

10. WHY DO
INDIVIDUAL
MOVED OR
MIGRATE?
ECONOMIC MIGRATION - moving to
find work or follow a particular career
path
SOCIAL MIGRATION - moving
somewhere for a better quality of life or to
be closer to family or friends
POLITICAL MIGRATION - moving to
escape political persecution or war
ENVIRONMENTAL causes of migration
include natural disasters such as flooding