2. ✓A group of individuals
involved in persistent
social interaction, or a
large social group
sharing the same spatial
or social territory,
typically subject to the
same political authority
and dominant cultural
expectations.
3. ✓Societies are characterized
by patterns of relationships
(social relations) between
individuals who share a
distinctive culture and
institutions; a given society
may be described as the
sum total of such
relationships among its
constituent of members.
4.
5. ▪The members of hunting and
gathering societies primarily
survive by hunting animals,
fishing, and gathering plants.
The vast majority of these
societies existed in the past,
with only a few (perhaps a
million people total) living
today on the verge of
extinction.
6. ▪Members of pastoral societies,
which first emerged 12,000
years ago, pasture animals for
food and transportation.
Pastoral societies still exist
today, primarily in the desert
lands of North Africa where
horticulture and manufacturing
are not possible.
▪Domesticating animals allows
for a more manageable food
supply than do hunting and
gathering.
7. ▪Unlike pastoral societies that
rely on domesticating
animals, horticultural
societies rely on cultivating
fruits, vegetables, and plants.
These societies first appeared
in different parts of the
planet about the same time
as pastoral societies.
8. ▪Agricultural societies use
technological advances to
cultivate crops especially
grains like wheat, rice, corn,
and barley over a large area.
▪Greater degrees of social
stratification appeared in
agricultural societies.
9. ▪From the 9th to 15th centuries,
feudalism was a form of society
based on ownership of land.
Unlike today's farmers, vassals
under feudalism were bound to
cultivating their lord's land.
▪ In exchange for military
protection, the lords exploited
the peasants into providing
food, crops, crafts, homage,
and other services to the
owner of the land.
10. ▪Industrial societies are based
on using machines (particularly
fuel‐driven ones) to produce
goods. Sociologists refer to the
period during the 18th century
when the production of goods
in mechanized factories began
as the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution
appeared first in Britain, and
then quickly spread to the rest
of the world.
11. ✓A community is a social unit (a
group of living things) with
commonality such as norms,
religion, values, customs, or
identity. Communities may
share a sense of place situated
in a given geographical area
(e.g. a country, village, town,
or neighborhood) or in virtual
space through communication
platforms.
12. COMMUNITY DEFINITION
INTEREST
Communities of people who share the same
interest or passion.
ACTION
Communities of people trying to bring about
change.
PLACE
Communities of people brought together by
geographic boundaries.
PRACTICE
Communities of people in the same profession
or undertake the same activities.
CIRCUMSTANCE
Communities of people brought together by
external events/situations.
13. ✓Education is the process of facilitating learning, or
the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs,
and habits. Educational methods include teaching,
training, storytelling, discussion and directed
research.
15. ✓Education can take place in formal or informal
settings and any experience that has a formative
effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be
considered educational. The methodology of
teaching is called pedagogy.
✓Formal education is commonly divided formally into
such stages as preschool or kindergarten, primary
school, secondary school and then college,
university, or apprenticeship.
16. ✓A social interaction or social
relation is the way people talk
and act with each other. It may
include interactions in a team,
family or bureaucracy. It includes
any relationship between two or
more individuals. It is a source of
socialization and it characterizes
all types of social relationships.
17. EXCHANGE
An exchange is when you do something to get something in
return or for a reward.
Reciprocity is the basis of every exchange.
COMPETITION
Occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each
other to achieve the goal.
CONFLICT
Conflict is the deliberate attempt to control a person by force
to oppose someone or to harm another person.
The main emphasis of conflict is to defeat the opponent.
COOPERATION
Occurs when two or more people or groups work together to
achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.
Cooperation is a social process that gets things done.
ACCOMMODATION Is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict.
18. COMPROMISE
A compromise occurs when two parties both give up
something to come to a mutual agreement.
TRUCE
A truce brings a halt to the conflict until a compromise can be
reached.
MEDIATION
Mediation happens to involve calling a third party who acts as
an adviser or counselor to help solve the argument.
ARBITRATION
Arbitration is when a third party makes a decision that is
binding on both parties.
19. ✓Culture is an umbrella
term which encompasses
the social behavior and
norms found in human
societies, as well as the
knowledge, beliefs, arts,
laws, customs, capabilities
and habits of the
individuals in these groups
20. MATERIAL CULTURE
✓Material culture is physical
things that are created by
a society.
✓Material culture does not
only mean that it is an
object that is bought and
sold; it can also be
something we all make.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
✓The intangible things
produced by a culture. In
other words, the parts of
culture you cannot touch,
feel, taste, or hold.
Common examples include
social roles, ethics, beliefs,
or even language.
21.
22. ▪Values are a culture’s
standard for
discerning what is
good and just in
society.
▪ Values are deeply
embedded and critical
for transmitting and
teaching a culture’s
beliefs.
23. ▪Beliefs are the
tenets or
convictions that
people hold to be
true. Individuals in
a society have
specific beliefs, but
they also share
collective values.
24. FORMAL NORMS/MORES
▪Formal norms are established,
written rules. They are behaviors
worked out and agreed upon in
order to suit and serve the most
people.
INFORMAL NORMS
▪Informal norms are casual
behaviors that are generally and
widely conformed to (observation,
imitation, general socialization).
25. MORES
✓Norms that embody the
moral views and
principles of a group.
Violating them can have
serious consequences.
The strongest mores are
legally protected with
laws or other formal
norms.
FOLKWAYS
✓Folkways are norms
without any moral
underpinnings. Rather,
folkways direct appropriate
behavior in the day-to-day
practices and expressions of
a culture. They indicate
whether to shake hands or
kiss on the cheek when
greeting another person.
26. ▪They provide clues to
understanding experiences
by conveying recognizable
meanings that are shared by
societies.
▪Symbols—such as gestures,
signs, objects, signals, and
words—help people
understand that world.
27. ▪Language is constantly
evolving as societies create
new ideas. In this age of
technology, people have
adapted almost instantly to
new nouns such as “e-mail”
and “Internet,” and verbs
such as “downloading,”
“texting,” and “blogging.”
Twenty years ago, the
general public would have
considered these nonsense
words.
