Sorghum Ideotype report

1. Bi-weekly meeting
sorghum ideotype development
Fikadu Getachew
Apr 5,2022

2. outlines
● GC
● Ideotype development methods
○ Changing GC
○ Selective traits
● Sample run for the base periods

3. Genetic coefficient
(GC)
Description
P1 Thermal time (TT) from seedling emergence to the end of the juvenile phase
P2 TT from the end of the juvenile stage to tassel initiation under short days
P2O Critical photoperiod or the longest day length (in hours) at which development occurs at a maximum rate.
At values higher than P2O, the rate of development is reduced
P2R Extent to which phasic development leading to panicle initiation (expressed in degree days) is delayed for
each hour increase in photoperiod above P2O
PANTH TT from the end of tassel initiation to anthesis (degree days above TBASE)
P3 TT from to end of flag leaf expansion to anthesis (degree days above TBASE)
P4 TT from anthesis to beginning grain filling (degree days above TBASE)
P5 TT from beginning of grain filling to physiological maturity (degree days above TBASE)
PHINT Phylochron interval; the interval in TT between successive leaf tip appearances (degree days)
G1 Scaler for relative leaf size
G2 Scaler for partitioning of assimilates to the panicle (head).

4. We can have two approaches in developing the
virtual cultivar(ideotypes)
References
• VC for maize (Xiao et al.,
2020)
• VC for cotton (Loison et
al., 2017)
• Selective trait for sorghum
on (Sign et al.,2014) and
(Kothari et al. ,2020),
Changing GC
• thermal time from emergence
to the end of juvenile phase
(P1)
• thermal time from beginning
of grain filling to
physiological maturity (P5)
• critical photoperiod (P2O)
• relative leaf size (G1)
• partitioning of assimilates to
panicle (G2)
Selective traits
• drought-tolerant
• heat-tolerant
• high yielder
•
long maturing
• short maturing, and
• high biomass sorghum
P
1
P
5
G
1
G
2
P
2
O

5. SG_GC Teshale Min max FLAG
P1 334.6 250 550 1
P2 102 102 102 0
P20 13.31 11 14 1
P2R 277 20 300 1
PANTH 617.5 617.5 617.5 0
P3 362.7 140 480 1
P4 90.8 80 240 1
P5 542.4 520 650 1
PHINT 49 49 49 0
G1 1.9 0 12 2
G2 4.5 5.4 6.4 2
The FLAG column indicates which coefficients
are to be:
● estimated using phenology measurements
(FLAG=1),
● estimated using growth measurements
(FLAG=2) and
● not to be estimated (FLAG=0).
● Assumed that the parameters have
uniform distributions with minimum and
maximum values.
● This is a conservative assumption, and
values are provided in the files based on
previous work with the models.
Changing GC

6. SG_GC Teshale Min max FLAG
P1 334.6 180 550 1
P2 102 102 102 0
P20 13.31 11 16.5 1
P2R 277 1 300 1
PANTH 617.5 617.5 617.5 0
P3 362.7 140 480 1
P4 90.8 80 240 1
P5 542.4 400 650 1
PHINT 49 49 49 0
G1 1.9 0 22 2
G2 4.5 4.5 6.4 2
SG_GC Min max FLAG
P1 250 550 1
P2 102 102 0
P20 11 14* 1
P2R 20* 300 1
PANTH 617.5 617.5 0
P3 140 480 1
P4 80 240 1
P5 520 650 1
PHINT 49 49 0
G1 0 12* 2
G2 5.4* 6.4 2

7. GC Reference Cultivar min max Steps Virtual hybrids to be developed
P1 334.6 250 550 75 58=390625
P20 13.31 11 14 0.75
P2R 277 20 300 70
P3 362.7 140 480 85
P4 90.8 80 240 40
P5 542.4 520 650 32.5
G1 1.9 0 12 3
G2 4.5 5.4 6.4 0.25
GC Reference Cultivar (Teshale) Min. value Max. value Steps Increments Virtual cultivars (VC) to be developed
P1 334.6 250 550 3 100.0 35=243
P20 13.31 11 14 3 1.0
P5 542.4 520 650 3 43.3
G1 1.9 0 12 3 4.0
G2 4.5 5.4 6.4 3 0.3
(Kothari et al., 2020)
(Singh et al., 2014)
(Boote, 2011)

8. ideotype<-tidyr::crossing(P1=seq(250,550,length.out=3),
p2=102.0,
P20=seq(11,14,length.out=3),
P2R=277.0,
PANTH=617.5,
P3=362.7,
P4=90.8,
P5=seq(520,650,length.out=3),
PHINT=49.0,
G1=seq(1,12,length.out=3),
G2=seq(5.4,6.4,length.out=3))
# A tibble: 243 × 11
P1 p2 P20 P2R PANTH P3 P4 P5 PHINT G1 G2
<dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 1 5.4
2 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 1 5.9
3 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 1 6.4
4 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 6.5 5.4
5 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 6.5 5.9
6 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 6.5 6.4
7 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 12 5.4
8 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 12 5.9
9 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 520 49 12 6.4
10 250 102 11 277 618. 363. 90.8 585 49 1 5.4
# … with 233 more rows

9. Ideotype based on a particular sorghum traits in the defined ranges and
modifying those values according to literature and recommended
values
Ideotype purpose
drought-tolerant To increase root density to improve the capability of the cultivar to extract water from the soil
heat Tolerant
To increase the heat tolerance of the new sorghum ideotype by increasing upper optimum (TOP2) and failure
(TMAX) temperatures
maturity To changes in the crop cycle duration so that it can escape stress that happen during the growing season
High yield To increasing yield by increasing leaf size, partitioning factor, radiation use efficiency in the cultivar
High biomass-high
stover/stalks
To increase biomass particularly high stover/stalks, by increasing steam growth trait of the sorghum

10. Ideotype parameters unites Reference Cultivar Adaptive cultivar References (adapted from)
Drought
tolerant I
Soil root growth factor
(SRGF)….(.SOL)
fraction e−0.02 ×soil depth, cm (Singh et al., 2014)
Drought
tolerant II
Root length to weight
ratio (RLWR)…(.SPE)
cm g–1 0.98 1.18 (Kothari et al., 2020)
Drought
tolerant
III
Maximum water uptake
per unit root length
(RWMX)…. (.SPE)
cm3 cm–1 0.03 0.04 (Kothari et al., 2020)
Drought
tolerant
IV
Decreasing RWMX..
(.SPE)
cm3 cm–1 0.03 0.02 (Kothari et al., 2020)

11. Heat tolerant I
~ 1 C change
Upper optimum temperature (TOP2)
Failure temperature (TMAX)…(.SPE)
oC
oC
27
35
28
36
(Kothari et al., 2020)
Heat tolerant II
~ 2 C change
Upper optimum temperature (TOP2)
Failure temperature (TMAX)…(.SPE)
oC
oC
27
35
29
37
(Kothari et al., 2020)
Heat tolerant III
~ 3 C change
Upper optimum temperature (TOP2)
Failure temperature (TMAX)…(.SPE)
oC
oC
27
35
30
38
(Kothari et al., 2020)
High yielding Relative leaf size (G1)
Partitioning of assimilates to panicle (G2)
Radiation use efficiency (RUE)…(.ECO)
–
–
g MJ–1
1.9
4.5
3.2
2.09
4.95
3.52 (10%
increase)
(Kothari et al., 2020; Singh et al.,
2014)

12. Long
maturing
Thermal time from emergence to the
end of juvenile phase (P1)
Thermal time from beginning of grain
filling to physiological maturity (P5)
Critical photoperiod (P2O)
degree days
degree days
hours
334 .6
542.4
13.31
421 .6
623.8
13.04
(Kothari et al., 2020;
Singh et al., 2014)
Short
maturing
Thermal time from emergence to the
end of juvenile phase (P1)
Thermal time from beginning of grain
filling to physiological maturity (P5)
Critical photoperiod (P2O)
degree days
degree days
hours
334 .6
542.4
13.31
247 .1
461.0
13.58
(Singh et al., 2014)
High
biomass-
longer stem
Partitioning steam growth as a fraction
of potential leaf growth (STPC)
…(.SPE)
– 0.10 0.11 (10% increase)
Long mat. Variety ~10%
P1 increase
P5 increase
P2O decrease
Short mat. Variety ~10%
P1 decrease
P5 decrease
P2O increase

13. .CUL,.SPE, and .ECO files
Cultivar parameters are specific to a
crop variety, ecotype parameters
apply to a group of cultivars, and
species traits are common to all
cultivars in a particular crop species
(Pathak et al., 2007)

14. Sorghum Yield

15. Thank you!

16. IB0027 Teshale . IB0001 334.6 102.0 13.31 277.0 617.5 362.7 90.8 542.4 49.00 1.9 4.5
IB0028 T_longv . IB0001 421.6 102.0 13.04 277.0 617.5 362.7 90.8 623.8 49.00 1.9 4.5
IB0029 T_short . IB0001 247.1 102.0 13.58 277.0 617.5 362.7 90.8 461.0 49.00 1.9 4.5
Click to add text
VAR#
VAR-
NAME
ECO# P1 P2 P2O P2R PANTH P3 P4 P5 PHINT G1 G2
IB002
7
Teshale IB0001 334.6 102 13.31 277 617.5 362.7 90.8 542.4 49 1.9 4.5
IB002
8
T_longv IB0001 421.6 102 13.04 277 617.5 362.7 90.8 623.8 49 1.9 4.5
IB002
9
T_short IB0001 247.1 102 13.58 277 617.5 362.7 90.8 461 49 1.9 4.5