an english class

2. Giuseppe Arcimboldo was an
Italian painter. He became
famous for creating portrait
heads made of things such
as fruits, vegetables, flowers
etc.
The fruit-faced portraits of
this renaissance artist
inspired the Surrealists.
onion
carrot grape
apple

3. The best way to thaw frozen meat is to move it
to the refrigerator and leave it there until it is
completely thawed. Microwaves are not ideal
for defrosting frozen meat because some areas
of the food can become warm and start to
cook, so you run the risk of overcooking part of
the meat.

4. pear
pasta
onions
tomato
fruit salad
cake
cookie
fresh ---- fish, vegetables, etc.
frozen ---- peas, fish, pizza etc.
hot / spicy ---- sauce, chicken, etc.
low-fat ---- yogurt, cheese, etc.
raw ---- fish, vegetables, etc.
tinned ---- tomatoes, tuna, etc.

5. pear
pasta
onions
tomato
fruit salad
cake
cookie
2 spicy prawns, hot food
3 fresh tuna
4 low-fat yogurts
5 tinned red peppers
6 frozen raspberries

7. Hangman game Smoking can cause __________ disease
by damaging your airways.
____________ is a type of sugar that is
found in plants, especially fruit, and
supplies an important part of the energy
that animals need.
___________ a large organ in your
body that produces bile and cleans your
blood.
Hangman game
lungs
glucose
liver
L UN
GLUC S
L VE

8. human body quiz Test your knowledge of
the human body !
What is the longest bone in the human body?
•clavicle
•spine
•femur
•tibia
an average adult femur is around 19in (48cm)
long, but this varies depending on how tall a
person is.
Where in the body are new blood cells made?
the heart
the brain
the liver
bones
blood cells are made in bones marrow inside
your bones.

9. human body quiz Test your knowledge of
the human body !
How many bones are there in an adult human
body?
•359
•206
•187
Although you are born with about 350 bones,
many fuse together so by adulthood, you have
206 bones.
What`s liver`s main job?
•convert the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells
•pump blood to deliver oxygen to the brain
•filter the blood
The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive
tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also
detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs into forms that are
easier to use for the rest of the body or that are nontoxic.

10. human body quiz Test your knowledge of
the human body !
How many teeth does and adult normally have?
•42
•25
•32
Although you have only 20 baby teeth when you
are a child, adults have a full set of 32 teeth.
What`s the kidneys' job?
•filter the blood and make urine.
•to store urine
•protects us from microbes
The kidneys' job is to filter your blood. They remove wastes,
control the body's fluid balance. All of the blood in your body
passes through them about 40 times a day. Urine is made in the
kidneys and travels down to the bladder, the organ that stores
urine.

15. heart
stomach
liver
brain
muscles
lung

17. my dad caught
lemon and olive
oil
a small blue notebook
animals, a garden,
olive trees, and
grapes
Greek sandwich
with pitta bread

18. 1 She studied psychology at Kent University. She travelled round southern
Europe and South America. She went back to Crete and worked in the family
restaurant.
2 When she was a student, she used to save money and go and eat there.
Because she wanted to work there.
3 She became head chef.
4 It has more Cretan dishes on the menu.
5 Four or five times a year. They share all the food and always
order too much.

19. 1 (It’s a non-action verb, not
normally used in the
continuous.)
2 (It’s an temporary action
which is only happening
this week.)
3 I go (It’s a habitual action.)

20. • What do you usually have for breakfast?
• Do you drink fizzy drinks, e.g. Coke? How many
glasses do you drink a day?
• What do you usually have for lunch during the
week?
• Where do you normally have lunch?
• Do you ever cook? What do you make?
• Do you prefer eating at home or eating out?
• Are you taking vitamins or food supplements at the
moment?
• Are you trying to cut down on anything at the
moment?
• Do you need to buy any food today?
• Do you want anything to eat right now?
• Is the diet in your country getting better or worse?

22. 1 A father is the male parent of a child. A parent is the mother or father.
2 A stepmother is married to your father, but she isn’t your biological
mother.
3 A brother-in-law is the brother of your husband / wife, or your sister’s
husband.
4 A stepsister is the daughter of your stepmother or stepfather and their
previous husband or wife. She isn’t biologically related to you. A half-
sister shares one parent with you, either your mother or your father.
5 A grandfather is your father or mother’s father. A greatgrandfather is
your father or mother’s grandfather.
6 An adopted child is one who has become part of a family
which is not the one in which he or she was born. An only
child is a child who doesn’t have brothers or sisters.
7 ‘Brothers and sisters’ and ‘siblings’ mean the same thing, but
sibling is a more formal word and is used for both genders.
8 Your immediate family are your parents, children, brothers,
and sisters. Your extended family is anyone related to you who
is not your immediate family, e.g. your uncles, aunts, cousins,
grandparents, etc.

23. 14%
45%
40%
30
32
10%
17%
2

25. 2
3
1
They’re talking about a party that she’s going to.
They’re talking about if he can borrow her car.
They’re talking about what he’s going to do next year.

26. going to go
Shall I make
’m staying
’s going to be
’ll drive
’ll be
a
d e
b
c
f

27. :
WILL GOING TO
A decision at the moment of speaking. A decision before the moment of speaking.
EXAMPLE 1
-Brian phoned while you were out.
-Ok, I`ll call him back.
EXAMPLE 1
-Brian phoned while you were out.
-Yes, I know. I`m going to call him back.
EXAMPLE 2
-Daniel is in hospital.
-Oh really? I didn`t know. I`ll go and visit him.
EXAMPLE 2
-Daniel is in hospital.
-Yes, I know.I`m going to visit him this evening.

28. WILL

29. We use both WILL and GOING TO to predict future happenings and
situations.
I think the weather will be nice later.
I think the weather is going to be nice later.
When we say something is going to happen, we know this from the
situation now.
Look at those black clouds. It`s going to rain.
(We can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky
now.)
Predictions

30. Use will for prediction without real
evidence.
"It will rain tomorrow."
(It's my feeling but I can't be sure.)
Use going to for prediction when there
is some real evidence.
"It's going to rain."
(There's a big, black cloud in the sky and
if it doesn't rain I'll be very surprised.)
Predictions

31. Use the present continuous to talk about arrangements, appointments, social
events and anything you would put in a diary, particularly when the time,
place or purpose is mentioned.
• I’m seeing Bill in Paris tomorrow to discuss the project.
Going to can almost always be used in these situations, but use of
the present continuous is very common in everyday spoken English.
Present Continuous
Do not use will to talk about what you
have arranged to do:
What are you doing this evening
(not What will you do)
Alex is getting married next month. (not
will get)

32. You must take an umbrella. It ................................................................ (rain)
I ..................................... to the cinema tonight. I already have a ticket. (go)
Are you planning any summer holiday? - I don't know yet. Perhaps I .................................. at home. (stay)
You look pretty tired. You should have a break. - OK. I .......................................................... a rest. (have)
Betty is going to driving lessons, because she ....................................................... a car. (buy)
I've just missed my train! - No problem. I ......................................... you there. (drive)
I can't eat anything today. I ............................................... an appointment at the hospital tomorrow. (have)
The Sharks are much better! I'm sure they .................................................. the Dolphins today! (beat)
Not at five o'clock. Look at the diary. We ................................................ Mr. Clark at three o'clock. (meet)
Please, buy some eggs. I ............................................................ a cake. (make)
My dad has already booked the holiday. We ................................................... to France on 2 July. (fly)
is going to rain
am going
will stay
Have a rest
is going to buy
Will drive
am having
are going to beat
are meeting
will make
are flying

33. 'I haven't got my phone. That's OK. ____ you mine. (lend)
It's Julia's birthday next week and I´ve been saving some bucks, so ____ her some flowers. (buy)
Will you lend me £10? I promise ____ it back to you tomorrow. (give)
____ a barbecue tomorrow. It's all planned, so I hope it won't rain. (have)
'Jim's starting university tomorrow.' 'What ____ study? (go)
You ____ that film. It's very frightening. Let's choose another one. (like)
Do you think they ____ the presents we got for them? (like)
Look! The coach ____ !Run or we'll miss it. (leave)

34. Will X Shall
Shall I shut the window?
Will you shut the window?
= do you want me to shut it?
= I want you to shut it

35. Normally we use shall with I and we
I shall be late this evening.
We shall probably go to France in June.
I shan`t (shall not) be here tomorrow.
Never use shall with he/she/it/you/they
She will be angry (not she shall be)
Will X Shall

36. In the first person, shall is used to indicate simple futurity: I shall
not have buy another ticket. In the second and third persons, it
is expressed by will: The comet will (not shall) return in 87 years.
You will (not shall) probably encounter some heavy seas when
you round the point. The use of will in the first person and of
shall in the second and third may express determination,
promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context.
Thus I will leave tomorrow indicates that the speaker is
determined to leave; You and she shall leave tomorrow is likely
to be interpreted as a command. The sentence You shall have
your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your
money"), whereas You will have your money makes a simple
prediction.
As Warner Brothers cartoon characters often used to say, "Uh—
yeah." What kind of rules are these? Are we really expected to
believe that an arbitrary splotch of persnickety specifications
like these arose naturally among people busily chopping
potatoes, getting married, burping babies, training animals,
catching colds, and dropping dead? Don't all these little
directives sound more like something somebody came up with
while sitting in their study late at night without much else to do?
In fact, that is just where they came from: A certain John Wallis
cooked this one up in 1653 in one of the earliest outlines of
English "grammar," the Grammaticae Linguae Anglicanae
mentioned earlier. Simple as that.
In other words, any insecurities we have about shall are based on
our being accused not just of daring to allow our language to
change, but in this case, of allowing a change from an original
state that never existed! In other words, the reason we have to
be carefully taught these "rules" for shall is not because English
speakers have strayed from them over time.
On the contrary, there has never been a time when English
speakers ever observed these rules. Unlike "Don't dangle
prepositions" and "Don't split infinitives," these rules about shall
are not even based on Latin or Greek, just the prim, autocratic
little caprice of a guy wearing stockings 350 years ago. Lowth
picked this shall nonsense up, and the rest is history. In real life,
will has long been preferred to shall in the English-speaking
world outside of England, except for set, rather stiff expressions
such as Shall we go? But even the British never used shall
according to these baroque rules, and today even England rule
giving it up altogether.
Word on the Street, John McWhorther
Shall We Abandon Shall?
Will X Shall

37. The Constitution of the United States
Section. 2.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People
of the several States, and the Electors in each State
shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of
the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not
have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and
been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of
that State in which he shall be chosen.
Read more: http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/shall_we_abandon_shall/
All sums payable under this contract by Party
A to Party B shall be paid in euros by direct
bank transfer to Party B’s bank account
number
The word ‘Shall’ has the following meanings:
An imperative command; has a duty to or is required to. For example,
the notice shall be sent within 30 days. Usually ‘shall’ used here is in
the mandatory sense.
Should . Courts often interpret shall as should. For example, all
claimants shall request mediation.
May. When a negative word such as not or no precedes shall the word
shall often means may. For example, no person shall enter the building
without first signing the roster.
Will . For example, the defendant shall then have a period of 30 days
to object.
Will X Shall

38. Shall We Abandon Shall?
BY BRYAN A. GARNER
In March 1968 I was a fourth-grader at Rex Reeves Elementary School in
Canyon, Texas, a small college town in the Panhandle. My teacher, the
beloved Mrs. Pearcy, had a not-beloved student teacher, Mrs. Phillips, who
was seeking her teacher certification. Mrs. Phillips, I realized early on, was
not partial to me.
One day—it was the ides of March—Mrs. Pearcy announced to the class
that Mrs. Phillips would be leading us in a lesson. There was a professor of
education in the back of the room, Mrs. Pearcy explained, to observe Mrs.
Phillips—who soon took her place at the front of the classroom.
“Children,” Mrs. Phillips said, “today I am going to teach you about
contractions.” This struck me as a little silly. We had learned all about
contractions in the third grade. “Can anyone name a contraction?”
My hand shot into the air.
“Bryan.”
“Shan’t.”
“Umm, no. That’s not a word.”
“It is, Mrs. Phillips! It’s a contraction of shall not.”
“No, that’s not a word. Can anyone name a contraction? Craig.”
“Won’t.”
“Good, Craig.”
Other pupils started chiming in:
“Can’t! Isn’t! Doesn’t! Shouldn’t! Wouldn’t! Aren’t!”
“Good, children, good! Those are all contractions—and real words.” She
glanced disapprovingly at me with that last remark. I went silent for the
rest of that class. I felt flushed. I remember the moment as if it were
yesterday.
In the corner of the room, I knew, was a huge dictionary—as it turns
out, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961. As
soon as class was over, I went to the corner and looked up shan’t. There it
was: “shan’t. Contr.Shall not.” I heaved the huge tome off its stand and
cheerfully approached Mrs. Phillips to give her the good news.
She was talking to the professor, so I stood by quietly. When they finished
speaking, I said: “Look, Mrs. Phillips! It is a word! Shan’t is right here in the
dictionary!”
She turned from me and waved her hand behind her back, as if to shoo me
away.
“But it’s right here. ...” My enthusiasm melted as she turned back to me and
said sternly: “Bryan Garner, that’s not a word. I’m not looking at that. Put the
dictionary away and go play. It’s recess now.” So ended one of the most
important lessons of my life—the one that would ignite my interest in
lexicography. It was also the beginning of my recognition of an anti-
intellectual strain in my hometown.
WHAT YOU’RE REALLY SAYING
In retrospective fairness, Mrs. Phillips had a point: No American says shan’t. I
had heard a television character use it—the very English Mr. French in the
1960s series Family Affair.
Nor do Americans use the positive form, shall, except in two expressions: We
shall overcome and Shall we ... ? Otherwise, this modal verb isn’t really a part
of normal American English.
Which brings us to legal English, where shall is ubiquitous in contracts,
statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations. In the ordinary contract, almost
every sentence contains a shall. The U.S. Constitution is chock-full of shalls.
In law school, we learn that shall is “mandatory” and may is “permissive.”
There are even statutes enshrining this idea. If you don’t look closely
at shall and its semantic content, those statutory provisions seem to make
sense.
But let’s do look more closely. What about laws stating that “No person shall
... ?” If shall means “has a duty to” or “is required to,” we have a problem.
We’re negating a command to do something: You’re not required to do it
(but, by implication, you may if you like).
That’s plainly not the meaning. What is meant is to prohibit altogether—to
disallow. Hence it should be “No person may ... .” That is, no person is
allowed to do this.
Confronted with a “No person shall” provision, courts routinely hold
that shall means may. In every English-speaking jurisdiction that I know of—
don’t be so shocked—shall has been held to mean may. As Justice Ruth
Bader Ginsburg remarked in a majority opinion: “though shall generally
means must, legal writers sometimes use, or misuse, shall to mean should,
will or even may.”

39. In English, words which are
stressed more strongly are the
ones which carry information, e.g.
I went to the cinema on Friday
night. These are typically verbs,
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
The ‘non-information’ words (e.g.
personal pronouns, articles, and
little words like to, of, on, as, etc.)
are pronounced less strongly, and
these words often get shortened
when we speak, e.g. to becomes
/tə/. It is this mixture of stressed
and unstressed words which gives
English its rhythm, and we need
plenty of practice until correct
stress and rhythm becomes
instinctive.
They are stressed!
sister’s having baby April
anyone family moving house soon
see parents weekend
think live home next year

41. shy
mean
lazy
quiet
serious

42. 1 the youngest child
2 the oldest child
3 the only child
4 the middle child
the youngest child
the middle child
the oldest child
the only child

43. A
B
C
D
G
F
E

58. My neighbor Gene was the most
________ and chill person I have ever
seen. He had at one time been an
engineer, since he had retired with
financial security, he seemed very at
ease in his retirement. Some days he
would sit in a lawn chair in his garage
half the day and read a book or the
newspaper.
My cousin is quite __________ , you
know, she has a flair for striking up
conversation with strangers. She loves
going to social gatherings (e.g. party,
church, networking event etc).
I frequently drop things, run into
things, get scratches I have no idea of,
run into people and drip gravy down
my shirt. I rarely wear white clothes
because I stain my clothes when I’m
eating something like ice cream (let
alone spaghetti). I hate being that
__________.
Chill: relaxed
At ease: relaxed position
Gravy: a sauce made from meat juices
Let alone: quem dirá
That: (MAINLY SPOKEN) to a very great degree
Flair: ability (facilidade)
Strike up: start
Gathering: meeting
Vocab
laid-back
clumsy
outgoing
1
2
3

61. 1 2 3
4 5 6

62. 1
2
3 4
5 6

66. *sympathetic: showing that you understand and
care about someone’s problems or suffering.

67. In Focus: She`s not my type
Besides the zodiac, what are the other ways people can classified into
specific types?
Renowned psychologist Carl Jung classified people into one of four
categories. What were them?

71. I love being outdoors and socializing, I'm not shy at
all. I'm a group person ...you know...I`m always in a
clique.
For some reason I find it hard to describe myself.
But I'm a sorta loner who is always quiet. I love
being the stiff, bookworm who never leaves the
house.
David
Nichole
Describe these people with the words
you`ve just learned
outgoing funny
shy quiet
Laid-back
And you...Are you introvert or extrovert?
sociable

72. Look up a personality word at a dictionary and read aloud for your teacher

75. Read and label the cartoons with a personality word

76. Jane Alicia
easy-going, shy, clumsy conceited, messy, funny
What does she look like?
What`t she like?
appearance
personality
Describe these gals

77. Natasha is in her late twenties.
she is average-height and slim.
she has long straight blond hair and
blue eyes .
Natasha Banks , USA
What does Natasha look like? What`s Jessica like?
Jessica Sousa, Brazil
Jessica is a caring and kind girl. She`s very
funny, she loves making people laugh.
Sometimes she`s also a little stubborn.
She`s outgoing and loud around her friends
but she has trouble being that way around
complete strangers.

78. Sue: easy-going, organized,
conceited, shy
Tony: stubborn, messy Laurie: jealous, outgoing
Savannah: stressed,rude,laid-back Chris: shy,clumsy Cass: laid-back, messy
What does (she) look like?
What`t (she) like?

79. what does he look like?
what`s he like?
what does he like?
He likes books.
He has short curly hair and blue eyes.
He`s shy and lazy.
to ask about appearance.
to ask about personality.
to ask about preferences.

81. TELL ME ABOUT HER
What's she like?
6.1))) Listen to four conversations about Mia. Which
question ... ?
• asks about her health
• uses like as a verb
• asks for a physical description
• means tell me about her personality / character.
1 'Do you like Mia?'
Yes, I do. I like her a lot.
2 'How's Mia?'
'She's fine, thanks. Very well.
3 'What's Mia like?'
'She's really nice. Very friendly.'
4 'What does Mia look like?'
'She's tall, and she's got brown
eyes and black hair.'

82. I What's your teacher like?
2 What sports do you like?
3 What does your brother look like?
4 Do you like pizza?
5 What's the weather like today?
6 How are your parents?
A B
_ a lovely! Warm and sunny.
_ b She's great! She helps us a lot.
_ c They`re OK. busy as usual.
_ d He`s got blond hair and blue eyes.
_ e Mmm, I love it!
_ f Cycling and skiing
Match a question in A with an answer in B .
6.2)))

83. jealous outgoing
feeling angry or unhappy because
somebody you like or love is showing
interest in somebody else.
Anna says she feels jealous every time
another woman looks at her
boyfriend.
liking to meet other people, enjoying their
company and being friendly towards them.
synonymous: sociable
Salespeople need to be outgoing, because
they are constantly meeting customers.

84. stubborn
a person who is determined to do
what they want and is very unwilling
to change their mind.
She can be as stubborn as a mule.
My father is stubborn at times, he just
do things he wants to.
showing a lack of respect for other
people.
Rude bosses make us unhappy on the
job.
rude

85. Impolite
somebody who is not polite. Not
showing or having good manners for
the feeling of others.
Do you think burping is impolite?
funny
Someone that is amusing and likely to
make you smile or laugh.
My little brother is so funny. He loves
making faces.

86. shy
people who get nervous or embarrassed
about meeting and speaking to other
people.
My cousin is camera-shy. She doesn`t like
having her photograph taken.
lazy
not willing or not wanting to work or
use effort to do something.
My cat is very lazy, he spends his days on
the couch.

87. easy-going
relaxed and happy to accept things
without worrying or getting angry.
Brazilians have a very easy-going
attitude to life.
laid-back (informal)
calm and relaxed; seeming not to worry
about anything.
Nothing worried him, he was really laid
back.
It’s a laid-back company – you can choose
your own hours and the dress is very casual.

88. I`m the
best!
conceited
(disapproving) having too much pride
in yourself and what you do.
Without wishing to sound conceited, I
am the best salesperson in the
company.
stressed(-out)
a person who is worried and nervous.
The kids are sick, I just lost my baby-
sitter, and our toilet doesn’t work – no
wonder I feel stressed-out!

89. messy
a person who is dirty, unpleasant, or
lacks order.
Vicky is a really good cook but she's
messy.
clumsy
a person that moves or handles things in a
careless, awkward way, often so that
things are knocked over or broken.
That's the third glass you've smashed this
week - you're so clumsy!
*smash: to cause something to break noisily
into a lot of small pieces.

90. Describing character / personality