accident identifiaction and rfid anti theft system Final thesis

IntelligentAccidentIdentificationSystembyUsingGPSand GSM
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Dedication
To
Our beloved parents and
Respected teachers
Whose prayers, efforts
And wishes are an inspiration

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Acknowledgement:
All glory to Almighty ALLAH, who is the entire source of knowle[ge and wisdom endowed
to mankind. All thanks to ALLAH who gave us the faith, hope and ability to complete this
project successfully.
We owe a debt of gratitude to our respected project supervisor Engr. Imran Malik, who
guided us throughout our project with their worthy knowledge. Their dedication and endless
help during the project showed us the new ways and gave us innovating ideas and also made
things look easier.
We are thankful to our respected supervisor for the encouragement.

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Table of Contents
Dedication……………………………………………………….……..........1
Acknowledgement……………………………………………......................2
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………3
List of Figures……………………………….......………………..................7
List of Tables …………………………………………....………………….8
Abstract……………………………….………………………….................9
Chapter 1: PREAMBLE
1.1Introduction……………………………………………………………………......10
1.1.1 How to prevent car accidents?…………..………………………………....10
1.1.2 What is Vehicle Accident Detection (VAD)?..............................................10
1.1.3 Why VAD is needed? ...............................................................................10
1.1.4 How does it work? .......................................................................................10
1.1.5 How VAD will protect car? ………………….………………………..…...11
1.2 Research Background ………………………………….………………………….....11
1.3 Problem Statement …………………………………….………………………….….15
1.4 Research Objectives ….................................................................................................16
1.5 Thesis Overview………………………………………….………………………......16

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Chapter 2: ARDUINO
2.1 Overview …………………………………………………..……………………….18
2.2 Technical Specifications ……………………………………………………….......18
2.3 Other Useful Documentation………………………………………………...……..18
2.4 Arduino MEGA Board……………………………………………………………..22
2.5 Other Arduino Boards……………………………………..……………………….23
2.5.1 Arduino UNO…………………………………....…………………….....23
2.5.2 Arduino 101 0r Genuino 101…………………………………………......24
2.5.3 Arduino Pro…………………………………...…………………………..24
2.5.4 Arduino Micro or Genuino Micro…………...……………………………25
2.5.5 Arduino Pro mini………………………..………………………………..26
2.5.6 Arduino Nano………………………..…………………………………...27
Chapter 3: GPS MODULE
3.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………….…29
3.2 How does it work? .....................................................................................................29
3.3 The GPS Satellite System……………...……………………………………………29
3.4 Why is VAD?.............................................................................................................29
3.5 VK16E model………………………………...……………………………………..30
3.6 Applications……………………………………………………………………........30
3.7 Features……………………………………………………………………………...30
3.8 How does a GPS Tracking System works?................................................................31
3.8.1 Mobile tracking……………………………………………………...........32
3.9 Pin Diagram…………………………………………………...……………………33

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3.10 Performance Specifications………………………………………………….……..33
3.11 Importance of GPS System……………….………………………………………...34
Chapter 4: GSM MODULE
4.1 Overview……………………………………………………………………………..36
4.2 GSM services……………………………….………………………………………...36
4.2.1 Data transmission.………………….……………………………………….37
4.2.2 Accessing GSM network……...……………………………………………37
4.3 Voice Servicing……………………………………………………………………….38
4.4 Data Service………………………………………………………………………......39
4.5 GSM Phase……………………………….…………….………………………….…40
4.5.1 Phase 1………………………...….………….…………………………….40
4.5.2 Phase 2 ……………………………………….…………………...……….41
4.6 SIM808 Overview……………………………………….…………………………...42
4.7 SIM808 Functional Diagram…………………………….………………………..…43
4.8 SIM808 Pin Diagram………………………………...…….…………………….…..43
4.9 SIM808 Key Features …………………………………….…………………………44
Chapter 5: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 Our proposed model …………………………………………………………….….48
5.1.1 Arduino……………………………………..……...…………….…….….48
5.1.2 GPS Module………………………………………..…..……………..…..48
5.1.3 GSM Module……………………………………….…..……………..….49
5.1.4 Vibration Sensor…………………………………….………..………..…50
5.1.5 HMI Display………………………………………….….…………….....50
5.1.6 RFID Security System……………………………...….…..…………..…51

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5.1.7 Summary of Whole Working…………………………..……………….51
5.2 Other Components Used………………………………………………………….52
5.2.1 Sonar Sensor………………………………………….....………………52
5.2.2 LM35 sensor………………………………………….……………...….52
5.3 Diagram of Project…………………………………………………………...…...53
Chapter 6: PROGRAMMING
6.1 Code…………………………………………………………..………………..55
Conclusion…………………………………………………...…………………….63
References…………………………………………………...……………………..64

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List of Figures
Fig 1.1: working of a system proposed in research paper ………………….16
Fig 2.1: ATmega Arduino pin mapping……………………………………..25
Fig 2.2: Mega Board………………………………………………………....25
Fig 2.3: Arduino UNO Board………………………………………………..26
Fig 2.4: Arduino 101 or Genuino 101 …………………………………...….27
Fig 2.5: Arduino Pro Board………………………………………………….28
Fig 2.6: Arduino MICRO or Genuine MICRO…………....………………...29
Fig 2.7: Arduino Pro Mini Board………………………………………….…30
Fig 2.8: Arduino Nano Board………………………………………...….......30
Fig 3.1: VK16 Model………………………..………………………….……33
Fig 3.2: Pin Configuration………………..…………………………….…….37
Fig 4.1: Voice Service…………………..……………………………….…...45
Fig 4.2: Pin Diagram of SIM808……….……………………………….…...50
Fig 5.1.1: Interface of GPS with Arduino………………………………..….53
Fig 5.1.2: Interface of SIM808 with Arduino……...……………………..…54
Fig 5.1.3: Nextion HMI display……………………………………………...55
Fig 5.1.4: Circuit Diagram of RFID Security System…………………….....56
Fig 5.2.2: Sonar Senor Working……………….…………………………......57
Fig 5.2.3: LM35 Working………………………...……………………….…58
Fig 5.3: Overall Working…………………...………………….…………….59

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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Technical Specification of Arduino Mega………..…..…………18
Table 3.1: Pin Specification of GPSVK16E………………….…………….37
Table 3.2: Performance Specification VK16E …………….….……………38
Table 4.1: Key Features Description of SIM808…………………………...50

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Abstract:
We obtain, design and implement a vehicle accident system which is an electronic device
which will be installed in a vehicle. The system works on Global Positional System (GPS)
and Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology. This design will monitor the status of the
vehicle and will report it to the relatives and rescue in the form of Google map. In this project
the GPS and the GSM Modules are connected to the Arduino microcontroller which is the
main part of the project. Another component is the vibration sensor which senses the high
vibration of the accident and sends the data to the microcontroller. Thus microcontroller will
react on this and take action by sending message onward. The Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) security system is also used for the security of the system by using unique Tags. The
Human Machine Interface (HMI) is also connected to the system that will show all the
features of the system and having touch display.

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CHAPTER 1
PREAMBLE

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1.1 Introduction:
It is the mankind’s unfulfilled desire to control accidents. Now a days, vehicles are
very essential for the transportation in every field. The safety of public and private vehicle is
a major concern these days because thousands of accidents happen every day. In America,
according to FBI there were an estimated 715,373 accidents of motor vehicles worldwide in
2013. More than $4.3 billion was lost worldwide to motor vehicles accident in 2013. Almost
60 million vehicles have been accident in America till now. The description of how to
prevent the loss of human life in accidents is discussed in following section.[1]
1.1.1 How to prevent a person in a car accident?
There are various methods of prevention to the accident. Vehicle accident is always a
big issue for the drivers, but nowadays accident detection of the vehicles by using the Global
Positioning System (GPS) and global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is very easy
and efficient. A system can also be used to prevent the person in a vehicle while connecting
the device ion the car.
1.1.2 What is Vehicle Accident Detection (VAD)?
VAD is the Vehicle Accident Detection system. The system will be installed in the
vehicle to prevent the person. VAD has the ability to monitor and record the position of the
vehicle. This system has five main parts.
1. GPS (Global Positioning system)
2. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
3. Arduino
4. RFID
5. Sonar sensor
All these c components will be connected with each other in VAD.
1.1.3 Why VAD is needed?
The VAD (Vehicle Accident Detection) provides the real time location e.g. if
someone really want to find the vehicle accident location by using the system then he can get
the accurate location. In this system the GPS and GSM modules are connected to the

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Arduino. The GPS will find out the exact location like latitude, longitude of the vehicle and
will send the same information to the GSM and the GSM will send the same information in
the mobile phone of the user through SMS.
1.1.4 How does it work?
In this VAD the GPS module which is used to determine the accurate location of a
vehicle as well as latitude, longitude. This system will be installed on the vehicle and the
whole system will be controlled by cell phone. This phone will provide the wireless
connection between the VAD unit and the honor/user. In the GSM module there is a slot for
the SIM which is used to receive and transmit the information through SMS. The honor will
send a text message through its phone then he will be able to know the position of its vehicle.
So he can prevent the person very well.
1.1.5 How VAD will protect the vehicle?
The VAD will provide the protection of the vehicle and accident location of the
vehicle. In VAD the GSM module is directly connected to the Arduino which is used to send
and receive the SMS. GSM get the data and send the information/data to mobile phone of the
honor. This data consist of latitude, longitude and speed of the vehicle. Through this way we
can save the person as well as possible.
1.2 Research background:
A research paper title “Intelligent Automatic Vehicle Accident Detection System
Using Wireless Communication” was published. The abstract of that paper is as follows:
“Traffic accidents are one of the main causes of fatalities. An important indicator of
survival rates after an accident is the time between the accident and when emergency medical
personnel are dispatched to the accident location. By eliminating the time between when an
accident occurs and when the first responders are dispatched to the scene decreases mortality
rates, we can save life. One approach to eliminating the delay between accident occurrence
and first responder dispatched is to use in vehicle automatic accident detection and
notification systems, which sense when a traffic accident is likely to occur and immediately
notify emergency occurred. These in-vehicle systems, however, are not available in all cars
and affordable to retrofit in older vehicle. In this paper, such a system is described the main
application of which is early accident detection. It can automatically detect traffic accidents

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using accelerometers and immediately notify a central emergency dispatch server after an
accident, using GPS coordinates. Along with the data it will send the number of the vehicles
to. This paper proves the following contribution to detecting traffic accidents via ARM7
controller. Here it is seen how arm controller, accelerometers, GSM connections, and GPS
can be used to provide situational awareness responders. The codes are written and compiled
in Keil ARMIED”[1]
1.2.1 Components:
Arduino
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board, which has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a
USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support
the microcontroller simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC
to DC adapter or battery to get started.[10]
GPS Global Positioning (GPS)
The System (GPS Global Positioning) is a navigational system that uses a network of
24-32 satellites to determine the exact position of any object on earth. The satellites are
positioned in orbits about an altitude of 12,000 miles from the earth surface. The satellites
send microwave signals which are collected by GPS receivers. The collected information is
used to infer the distance using velocity and time.[2]
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM modem is similar to mobile phone without any display, keypad and speakers.
This accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator. GSM modem
can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile phone. More than
690 mobile networks provides GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents
82.4% of all global mobile connections. Besides the voice communication it also offers short
messages services (SMS) and General packet radio services (GPRS) to transfer data. GSM
digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency
band. The transmission rate of GSM is 270 kbps. The GSM modem utilized the GSM
network to send the location of the accident. The modem can be controlled by the

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microcontroller. The GSM modem has capacitors and resistors for their proper working and
LEDs for indicating the network status. The network status pin does depict the status of
accessing network right away when we turn the circuit “ON”. To represent it we used a green
LED whose status will be that it will blink rapidly when like to acquire network and blink
slowly after the assessment of network.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person.[6]
Human Machine Interface (HMI) Display
HMI (Human-Machine Interface) allow the driver and passengers to interact with the
vehicle. This delivers the convenience, information, and entertainment in a safe and seamless
fashion. These are among the most readily-visible and highly-used functions in the vehicle. It
provides the greatest opportunity for unique branding and differentiation.[5]
Temperature Sensor
The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with
an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)[7]
Vibration Sensor
Vibration sensor is connected with microcontroller through 7400IC. When collision
of vehicle occurs, vibration sensor will sense the immense vibration. One of the inputs of
NAND gate will goes high. It sends interrupt to microcontroller.[4]
Sonar Sensor
An ultra-sonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves in the air and detects the reflected
waves from surrounding objects. Ultrasonic sensor generates high frequency sound waves
and evaluates the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensor calculates the time
interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an
object. It uses very high frequency inaudible to humans. Sonar emits short, high frequency
sound pulses at regular intervals. These propagate in the air at the frequency of sound. The
minimum detection distance which ranges between 15 cm to 35 cm[12]

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Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a component that has a (variable) resistance
that changes with the light intensity that falls upon it. This allows them to be used in light
sensing circuits. LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their
light sensitive properties.[13]
1.2.2 System Description:
The vibration sensor is used to detect the vibrations and it is the main sensor used to
detect accident. It gives data to detect the accident. Once the accident is detected by the GPS
sensor, the GSM modem sends the GPS data and number of the vehicle to a predefined
mobile number.
We propose, design and implement a system which is an electronic device and will be
installed in a vehicle. The system works on Global Positioning system (GPS) and Global
System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology. This design will monitor the status of
vehicle and will report it. In this system the GPS receiver and GSM module are connected to
the microcontroller which is the main part of this project. Another component is the vibration
sensor and it is also connected to the microcontroller. When a vehicle goes through an
accident, vibration sensor will sense and give alert signal to the microcontroller. In a GSM
module there is a slot for the SIM which is used to send the position of the vehicle and GPS
will continuously give the data i.e. latitude and longitude, the same information will be send
to the emergency number so that the vehicle driver can be rescued.
This system has an RFID sensor that will prevent from car theft. The car will not be unlocked
until the card number is detected by the car.
This system also includes a light sensor LDR that will sense the light intensity and will turn
the car headlights on and off depending on the light intensity.
A temperature sensor is also used which will turn the buzzer on when the engine will heat up.
A Sonar sensor is used to maintain a specific distance between two cars. It will be placed in
front of the car. If the distance between the cars will be less than the specified distance,
buzzer will turn on.

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1.2.3 Working of the system:
Fig 1.1: working of system proposed in research paper
L
P
C
2
1
4
8
M
A
X
232
Power
supply
LCD
Buzzer
Motor
Motor
driver
MEMS
LM 35
Fire sensor
SONAR
sensor
GPS
GSM
RFID
security
system
HMI
display
LDR
Light senor

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The main intention of this project is to find the accident spot at any place and intimating
the ambulance by GPS and GSM. The GPS based accident identification contains MEMS, GPS
module and GSM module connected with microcontroller. Global system for mobiles (GSM)
technology is used to establish the cellular connection. GPS is used to positioning the vehicles.
The RFID system is attached to the microcontroller for the security of the vehicles. When the
accident occur the MEMS gets disturbed and sends output to the processor 8051 is the location is
identified by the GPS. This system also provide with the LDR light sensor for the automatic
lights on during the night or in the cloudy weather. There is also the HMI display gives the
overall display of the system attached in the vehicle. The sonar system is also attached to the
microcontroller to control the speed of the vehicle and to maintain the distance between two
vehicles. As the ARM processor requires 3.3 volts of supply, so a step down transformer of
230/12 is used to get a required AC output. To convert that AC supply to DC supply is done by
using rectifier. DC output consists of ripples, to remove those ripples we use filter capacitors. To
get output voltages of +5v & +12v we are using voltage regulators 7805 &7812. Finally 3.3v is
given to the ARM processor for functioning. ARM processor consists of two modes i.e.: program
mode and run mode. Program mode is used for dumping of the program into ARM processor
from any external device such as computer. Run mode is used to execute the program. When
accident occurs the disturbance is created in MEMS which indicates a change in an angle of X-
co-ordinates gives an analogue signal output. This analogue signal is converted into digital signal
by using ADC and thus this digital signal is given to ARM processor.
When ARM processor reads the signal of MEMS it indicate the accident the accident has
been occurred in order to locate the spot of the accident we use GPS, output of GSM and GPS is
given to MAX-232. It is a level converter which changes RS-232 to TTL and vice versa. Because
LPC 2148 understands the TTL format when accident occurs the GPS is activated and gives the
location in terms of latitude and longitude. e.g.
Accident occurred at location:
Latitude=2856.87
Longitude=13457.987

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The value is send to the cellular phone of parents/police/ambulance through GSM and on LCD.
Thus the accident is easily detected.
1.3 Problem Statement:
The advancement in the technology has increase the danger for traffic. As the rapid
growth of technology has made our life comfortable and luxurious. Thus there are many cause of
loss of the human life during accident as they are poor emergency facilities.
The main cause behind roads accident are: lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor
roads conditions, use of cell phone during driving, over loading and poor governmental plans.
Our unique project provides the accident detection and prevention of the human life. So, this is
an intelligent system that detects the location of the accident and reports about on predefined
numbers.
1.4 Research Objective:
The designed model is beneficial to save human life in accident situation.it will inform
the guardian about the accident situation by sending the message. We designed our project in
such a way that if accident occurs then the system will have ask the driver whether to send
message or not if the driver is safe he will not send message by pressing certain button otherwise
the message will have send to the guardian.[1]
1.5 Thesis Overview:
The chapter 1 of this thesis gives the essential guidance that for which purpose, the
project we are making will be beneficial for the society. Chapter 2 gives the description of
Arduino MEGA, its pin technical side and brief description of the board that are available for
different cases. Chapter 3 gives technical description of GSM module and discusses the module
in our project. Chapter 4 is about the GPS module and its working. Chapter 5 is about the RFID
security system thus chapter 6 describes all the components used and how they interfaced in this
project. And the final chapter 7 contains the coding side of the project.

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CHAPTER 2
ARDUINO

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2.1 Overview:
The Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega1280 (datasheet). It
has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs,
4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino
Duemilanove or Diecimila.[10]
2.2 Technical Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmega1280
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory
128 KB of which 4 KB used by boot
loader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Table 2.1: Technical specification of Arduino MEGA

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2.3 Other Useful Documentation:
Programming:
The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For details, see
the reference and tutorials. The ATmega1280 on the Arduino Mega comes pre-burned with
a boot loader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header
files).You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header.
The AT mega16U2 firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The AT
mega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board and then rise the
8U2.
 On Rev2 on later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Power:
The Arduino Mega can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either
from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external
supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as
follows:

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 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
Memory:
The ATmega1280 has 128 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 4 KB is used
for the boot loader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).
Input and Output:
Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected
by default) of 20-50 kohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX); Serial
3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1
are also connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt
3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino

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language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible
with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire
library (documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location
as the I2C pins on the Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.[10]
Communication:
The Arduino Mega has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega1280 provides four
hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An FTDI FT232RLon the board channels
one of these over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and
TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB
connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega digital pins.

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The ATmega1280 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation on the Wiring
website for details. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega1280 datasheet.
Automatic (Software)Reset:
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Mega is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theFT232RL is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega1280 via a 100 nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.
This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Mega is connected to either a computer running Mac
OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the Mega. While it is programmed to
ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first
few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Mega contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the
trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum
thread for details.[11]

25
ATmega 168/328-Arduino Pin Mapping:
Fig 2.1: ATmega168/328-Arduino pin mapping
2.4 Arduino Mega Board:
Fig 2.2: Arduino mega board

26
2.5 Other Arduino Boards:
2.5.1 Arduino UNO:
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with
your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you
can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Fig2.3: Arduino UNO

27
2.5.2 Arduino 101 or Genuino 101:
A learning and development board that delivers the performance and low-power consumption of
the Intel® Curie™ Module with the simplicity of Arduino at an entry level price.
It keeps the same robust form factor and peripheral list of the UNO with the addition of onboard
Bluetooth LE capabilities and a 6-axis accelerometer/gyro to help you easily expand your
creativity into the connected world. The module contains two tiny cores, an x86 (Quark) and
a 32-bit ARC architecture core, both clocked at 32MHz. The Intel tool chain compiles your
Arduino sketches optimally across both cores to accomplish the most demanding tasks.
The Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) and framework developed by Intel is open sourced.
See below under Firmware for the download link. The Arduino core communicates with the
RTOS via static mailboxes to accomplish a predefined list of tasks (interface with PC using
USB, program the sketch into flash, expose Bluetooth LE functionality to sketch, perform
PWM). The RTOS for Intel Curie is still under development and new functions and features will
be released in the near future. The 101 comes with 14 digital input/output pins (of which 4 can
be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connector for serial communication and
sketch upload, a power jack, an ICSP header with SPI signals and I2C dedicated pins.
The board operating voltage and I/O is 3.3V but all pins are protected against 5V overvoltage.
The Arduino 101 (USA only) and the Genuino 101 (outside USA) has been designed in
collaboration with Intel®.
Fig 2.4: Arduino 101 or Genuino 101 board

28
2.5.3 Arduino Pro:
This is a 5V Arduino running the 16MHz boot loader in a super-sleek form factor that
will fit easily into your next small project. Arduino Pro does not come with connectors populated
so that you can solder in any connector or wire with any orientation you need. We recommend
first time Arduino users start with the Uno R3. It’s a great board that will get you up and running
quickly. The Arduino Pro series is meant for users that understand the limitations of this lack of
connectors and USB off board.
This board connects directly to the FTDI Basic Breakout board and supports auto-reset.
The Arduino Pro also works with the FTDI cable but the FTDI cable does not bring out the DTR
pin so the auto-reset feature will not work. In this latest version of the Arduino Pro we’ve also
moved the FTDI headers back just a skoach so that the pins don’t hang over the edge of the
board. We’ve also populated it with a sturdier power selection switch.
Fig 2.5: Arduino Pro board

29
2.5.4 Arduino MICRO or Genuino MICRO:
The Micro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32U4 (datasheet), developed
in conjunction with Adafruit. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM
outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a micro USB cable to get started. It has a form factor that enables it
to be easily placed on a breadboard. The Micro board is similar to the Arduino Leonardo in that
the ATmega32U4 has built-in USB communication, eliminating the need for a secondary
processor. This allows the Micro to appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in
addition to a virtual (CDC) serial / COM port.
Fig 2.6: Arduino MICRO or Genuino MICRO board
2.5.5 Arduino Pro Mini:
The Arduino Pro Mini is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, an
on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A six pin header can be
connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout board to provide USB power and

30
communication to the board. The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation
in objects or exhibitions. The board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of
various types of connectors or direct soldering of wires. The pin layout is compatible with the
Arduino Mini. There are two version of the Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at
5V and 16MHz. The Arduino Pro Mini was designed and is manufactured by SparkFun
Electronics.
Fig 2.7: Arduino Pro Mini board
2.5.6 Arduino Nano:
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328
(Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but
in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable
instead of a standard one.[10]
Fig 2.8: Arduino Nano board

31
CHAPTER 3
GPS
(Global Positioning System)

32
3.1 Overview:
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system consists of 24
satellites placed into the orbit, that circle the globe once every 12 hours, to provide worldwide
position, time and velocity information. GPS makes it possible to precisely identify locations on
the earth by measuring distance from the satellites. GPS allows you to record or create locations
from places on the earth and help you navigate to and from those places. Originally the System
was designed only for military applications and it wasn’t until the 1980’s that it was made
available for civilian use also.
3.2 How does it work?
The GPS satellite circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal
information to earth. GPS receiver takes this information and calculates the user’s exact location.
At any instant of time, there are at least 4 GPS satellites in line of sight to a receiver on the earth.
Each of these GPS satellite sends information about its position and the current time to the GPS
receiver at fixed regular instants of time. This information is transmitted to the receiver in the
form of signal which is then intercepted by the receiver devices. These are radio signals that
travel with the speed of light. The distance between a GPS receiver and the satellite is calculated
by finding the difference between the time the signal was send from GPS satellite and the time
the GPS receiver received the signal.
Once the receiver receives the signal from at least three satellites, the receiver then points its
location by using trilateration process. A GPS requires at least 3 satellites to calculate 2-D
position (latitude and longitude on a map). In this case, the GPS receiver assumes that it is
located at mean sea level. However, it requires at least 4 satellites to find receivers 3-D position
(latitude, longitude and altitude).[2]
3.3 The GPS satellite system:
The 24 GPS satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12000
miles above us. They are constantly moving making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours.
These satellites travel 12,500 miles (20,000 km) above us at roughly 7,000 miles per hour. GPS

33
satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running
in the event of solar eclipse, when there is no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite
keep them flying in the correct path.[3]
3.4 Why GPS is used in VAD?
The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e the latitude and longitude indicating the
position of vehicle. Without GPS we cannot find the exact location of the vehicle. GPS is the
main part of this project.
The model of GPS used in our project is VK16E. Some useful details of VK16E are discussed in
following section.[2]
3.5 GPS VK16E module:
3.6 Applications:
 „ LBS (Location Based Service)
 „ Vehicle navigation system

34
 „ PND (Portable Navigation Device)
 „ GPS mouse and Bluetooth GPS receiver
 „ Timing applications
3.7 Features
 Ultra high sensitivity: -165dBm
 22 tracking/66 acquisition-channel receiver
 WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN support
 AGPS support
 NMEA protocols (default speed: 9600bps)
 One serial port
 Embedded patch antenna 12*12*4 mm
 Operating temperature range: -40 to 85℃
 RoHS compliant (Lead-free)
 Tiny form factor ：20.5mm x12.8mm x 7.8mm
3.8 How does a GPS tracking system works?
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from
the constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The Global Positioning System is
mainly funded and controlled by the U.S Department of Defense (DOD). The system was
initially designed for the operation of U. S. military. But today, there are also many civil users of
GPS across the whole world. The civil users are allowed to use the Standard Positioning Service
without any kind of charge or restrictions.
Global Positioning System tracking is a method of working out exactly where something
is. A GPS tracking system, for example, may be placed in a vehicle, on a cell phone, or on
special GPS devices, which can either be a fixed or portable unit. GPS works by providing
information on exact location. It can also track the movement of a vehicle or person. So, for
example, a GPS tracking system can be used by a company to monitor the route and progress of

35
a delivery truck, and by parents to check on the location of their child, or even to monitor high-
valued assets in transit.
A GPS tracking system uses the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network.
This network incorporates a range of satellites that use microwave signals that are transmitted to
GPS devices to give information on location, vehicle speed, time and direction. So, a GPS
tracking system can potentially give both real-time and historic navigation data on any kind of
journey. GPS provides special satellite signals, which are processed by a receiver. These GPS
receivers not only track the exact location but can also compute velocity and time. The positions
can even be computed in three-dimensional views with the help of four GPS satellite signals. The
Space Segment of the Global Positioning System consists of 27 Earth-orbiting GPS satellites.
There are 24 operational and 3 extra (in case one fails) satellites that move round the Earth each
12 hours and send radio signals from space that are received by the GPS receiver.
The control of the Positioning System consists of different tracking stations that are
located across the globe. These monitoring stations help in tracking signals from the GPS
satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth. Space vehicles transmit microwave carrier
signals. The users of Global Positioning Systems have GPS receivers that convert these satellite
signals so that one can estimate the actual position, velocity and time.
A passive GPS tracking system will monitor location and will store its data on journeys
based on certain types of events. So, for example, this kind of GPS system may log data such as
where the device has traveled in the past 12 hours. The data stored on this kind of GPS tracking
system is usually stored in internal memory or on a memory card, which can then be downloaded
to a computer at a later date for analysis. In some cases the data can be sent automatically for
wireless download at predetermined points/times or can be requested at specific points during the
journey.
An active GPS tracking system is also known as a real-time system as this method
automatically sends the information on the GPS system to a central tracking portal or system in
real-time as it happens. This kind of system is usually a better option for commercial purposes
such as fleet tracking or monitoring of people, such as children or elderly, as it allows a caregiver

36
to know exactly where loved ones are, whether they are on time and whether they are where they
are supposed to be during a journey. This is also a useful way of monitoring the behavior of
employees as they carry out their work and of streamlining internal processes and procedures for
delivery fleets. Real-time tracking is also particularly useful from a security perspective as it
allows vehicle owners to pinpoint the exact location of a vehicle at any given time. And, the GPS
tracking system in the vehicle may then be able to help police work out where the vehicle was
taken to if it was stolen.[2]
Mobile Phone Tracking
The development of communications technology has long since surpassed the sole ability
to access others when they are mobile. Today, mobile communication devices are becoming
much more advanced and offer more than the ability to just carry on a conversation. Cell phone
GPS tracking is one of those advances.
All cell phones constantly broadcast a radio signal, even when not on a call. The cell
phone companies have been able to estimate the location of a cell phone for many years using
triangulation information from the towers receiving the signal. However, the introduction of GPS
technology into cell phones has meant that cell phone GPS tracking now makes this information
a lot more accurate.
With GPS technology now more commonplace in many new smartphones, this means
that the location of anyone carrying a GPS enabled smartphone can be accurately tracked at any
time. Cell phone GPS tracking can therefore be a useful feature for business owners, parents,
friends and co-workers looking to connect with one another. GPS Tracking Apps
(www.gpstrackingapps.com) provides a suit of Apps for the iPhone, iPad, Android, Blackberry
and latest Samsung operating system bade all of which can be used to track one another on a
location-based social networking portal or from phone to phone.The technology of locating is
based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a mobile phone
always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest base stations, so if you know which base
station the phone communicates with, you know that the phone is close to the respective base
station.

37
Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone resides and roughly
estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be accomplished by
interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a
precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers
(base stations) is sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations
and therefore determine locations less precisely. [3]
3.9 Pin configuration:

38
3.10 Performance Specification:
3.11 Importance of GPS system:
It is important because the System helps an average person to locate himself precisely
anywhere on the planet without having to be too much technically literate and for free. It
encourages the innate desire of humans to explore the unknown lands without the fear of not
being able to return. GPS installed in the vehicles helps to monitor them. Having it will give
immense security because you know that the vehicle’s location can be monitored at any time. If a
vehicle is stolen, the system can be used to track its location right away. Itquietly helps protect
our soldiers in times of conflict and in hostile lands by helping them navigate themselves and by
helping others to find them if needed. [3]

39
CHAPTER 4
GSM
(Global System for Mobile
Communication)

40
4.1 What is GSM?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications), which originally stood for Group
Special Mobile the CEPT committee, which began the GSM standardization process. It is the
most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM service is used by over 2 billion
people across more than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes
international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to
use their phones in many parts of the world. From the point of view of the consumers, the key
advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to
making calls such as text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability
to deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy inter-
operability. Like other cellular standards GSM also allows network operators to offer roaming
services, which means that subscribers can use their phones all over the world. As the GSM
standard continued to develop, it retained backward compatibility with the original GSM
phones. For example, packet data capabilities were added in the Release ‘97 version of the
standard, by means of GPRS. Higher speed data transmission has also been introduced with
EDGE in the Release '99 version of the standard.
GSM is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech
channels are Digital call quality, which means that it is considered as a second generation (2G)
mobile phone system. This fact has also meant that data communication was built into the
system from the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This 2G digital technology was
originally developed for Europe, which now has in excess of 71 per cent of the world market.
Initially GSM was developed for operation in the 900MHz band and subsequently modified for
the 850, 1800 and 1900MHz bands. GSM differs from the first generation wireless systems
because it uses digital technology and time division multiple access transmission methods.
GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200k Hz channel into eight 25k Hz
timeslots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and
850MHz bands in the US. The 850MHz band is also used for GSM and 3GSM in Australia,
Canada and many South American countries. GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 k
bit/s, allowing the transmission of basic data services such as SMS (Short Message Service).

41
Another major benefit is its international roaming capability, allowing users to access the same
services when traveling abroad as at home. This gives consumers seamless and same number
connectivity in more than 210 countries. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service
access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available.[8]
4.2 GSM Services:
GSM services are a standard collection of applications and features available to mobile
phone subscribers all over the world. The GSM standards are defined by the 3GPP
collaboration and implemented in hardware and software by equipment manufacturers and
mobile phone operators. The common standard makes it possible to use the same phones with
different companies' services, or even roam into different countries. GSM is the world's most
dominant mobile phone standard.
The design of the service is moderately complex because it must be able to locate a moving
phone anywhere in the world, and accommodate the relatively short battery life, limited
input/output capabilities, and weak radio transmitters on mobile devices
4.2.1 Data transmission:
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is essentially a collection of
interconnected systems for taking an audio signal from one place and delivering it to another.
Older analogue phone networks simply converted sound waves into electrical pulses and back
again. The modern phone system digitally encodes audio signals so that they can be combined
and transmitted long distances over fiber optic cables and other means, without losing signal
quality in the process. When someone uses a computer with a traditional modem, they are
encoding a (relatively slow) data stream into a series of audio chirps, which are then relayed by
the PSTN in the same way as regular voice calls. This means that computer data is being
encoded as phone audio, which is then being re-encoded as phone system data, and then back to
phone quality audio, which is finally converted back to computer data at the destination.
GSM voice calls are essentially an extension of the PSTN, dealing only with audio
signals. Behind the scenes, we know these audio channels happen to be transmitted as digital
radio signals.

42
The GSM standard also provides separate facilities for transmitting digital data directly,
without any of the inefficient conversions back and forth to audio form. This allows a mobile
"phone" to act like any other computer on the Internet, sending and receiving data via the
Internet Protocol or X.25. The mobile may also be connected to a desktop computer, laptop, or
PDA, for use as a network interface. (Like a modem or Ethernet card, but using a GSM
compatible data protocol instead of a PSTN-compatible audio channel or an Ethernet link to
transmit data.) Newer GSM phones can be controlled by a standardized Hayes AT command set
through a serial cable or a wireless link (using IrDA or Bluetooth). The AT commands can
control anything from ring tones to data compression algorithms. In addition to general Internet
access, other special services may be provided by the mobile phone operator, such as SMS.
4.2.2 Accessing a GSM Network:
In order to gain access to GSM services, a user needs three things:
1. A subscription with a mobile phone operator.
2. A mobile phone, which is GSM compliant and operates at the same frequency as the
operator.
3. A SIM card that is issued by the operator once the subscription is granted. The SIM card
comes pre-programmed with the subscriber's phone "identity" and will be used to store personal
information (like contact numbers of friends and family).
After subscribers sign up, information about their phone's identity and what services they
are allowed to access are stored in a "SIM record" in the Home Location Register (HLR). The
Home Location Register is a database maintained by the "home" phone company for all of its
subscribers.
Once the SIM card is loaded into the phone and it is powered on, it will search for the
nearest mobile phone mast, also called a Base Transceiver Station or BTS. If a mast can be
successfully contacted, then there is said to be coverage in the area.
Stationary phones are always connected to the same part of the phone network, but
mobile phones can "visit" any part of the network, whether across town or in another country
via a foreign provider. Each geographic area has a database called the Visitors Location

43
Register (VLR) which contains details of all the local mobiles. Whenever a phone attaches, or
visits, a new area, the Visitors Location Register must contact the Home Location Register. The
Visitors Location Register will tell the Home Location Register where the phone is connected to
the network (which VLR), and will ask it for a copy of the SIM record (which includes, for
example, what services the phone is allowed to access). The current cellular location of the
phone (i.e. which BTS it is at) is entered into the VLR record and will be used during a process
called paging when the GSM network wishes to locate the mobile phone. Every SIM card
contains a secret key, called the Ki, which it uses to prove its identity to the phone network (to
prevent theft of services) upon first contact. The network does this by consulting the
Authentication Center of the "home" phone company, which also has a copy of the secret key.
Every phone contains a unique identifier (different from the phone number, which is
associated at the HLR with the removable SIM card), called the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). When a phone contacts the network, its IMEI is supposed to be checked against
the global Equipment Identity Register to locate stolen phones and facilitate monitoring.[8]
4.3 Voice Services (How outgoing calls are made from a mobile?):
Once a mobile phone has successfully attached to a GSM network as described above,
calls may be made from the phone to any other phone on the global Public Switched Telephone
Network assuming the subscriber has an arrangement with their "home" phone company to
allow the call. The user dials the telephone number and the mobile phone sends a call setup
request message to the mobile phone network via the mobile phone mast (BTS) it is in contact
with. The element in the mobile phone network that handles the call request is the Visited
Mobile Switching Center (Visited MSC). The MSC will check against the subscriber's
temporary record held in the Visitor Location Register to see if the outgoing call is allowed. If
so, the MSC then routes the call in the same way that a telephone exchange does in a fixed
network.[8]

44
4.4 Data Services:
4.4.1 Short message services:
The GSM standards first defined the structure of a Short Message, and provide a means
of transmitting messages between mobile devices and Short Message Service Centers via the
Short Message Service (SMS). SMS messages may be carried between phones and SMSCs by
any of the circuit-switched or packet switched methods described above or, more typically, by
the MAP protocol through the SS7 signaling channel used for call setup. SMSCs can be
thought of as central routing hubs for Short Messages. Many mobile service operators use their
SMSCs as gateways to external systems, including the Internet, incoming SMS news feeds,
and each other (often using the de facto SMPP standard). The SMS standard is also used
outside of the GSM system.
4.4.2 Multimedia services:
There are two modes of delivery in MMS: immediate or deferred:
 Immediate delivery: When the MMS client on the mobile phone receives the
MMS notification, it then immediately (without user intervention or knowledge)
retrieves the MMS message from the Multimedia Messaging Service Center
(MMSC) that sent the notification. After retrieval, the subscriber is alerted to the
presence of a newly arrived MMS message.

45
 Deferred delivery: The MMS client alerts the subscriber that an MMS message
is available, and allows the subscriber to choose if and when to retrieve the MMS
message. As with the MMS submission, the MMS retrieval request, whether
immediate or deferred, occurs with an HTTP request. The MMSC responds by
transmitting the MMS message in an HTTP response to the MMS client, after
which the subscriber is finally alerted that the MMS message is available. The
essential difference between immediate and deferred delivery is that the former
hides the network latencies from the subscriber, while the latter does not.
Immediate or deferred delivery are handset dependent modes, which means that
the handset manufacturer can provide the let the user decide his preference.[9]
4.5 GSM Phases:
In the late 1980’s, the groups involved in developing the GSM standard realized that
within the given time-frame they could not complete the specifications for the entire range of
GSM services and features originally planned. Because of this, it was decided that GSM would
be released in phases with phase 1 consisting of a limited set of services and features. Each
new phase builds on the services offered by existing phases.
GSM Phase 1 features
GSM Phase 2 features
GSM Phase 2+ features
4.5.1 Phase 1 features
Phase 1 contains the most common services including:
1. Call Forwarding
2. All Calls
3. No Answer
4. Engaged
5. Unreachable

46
6. Call Barring
7. Outgoing - Bar certain outgoing calls
8. Incoming - Bar certain incoming calls
9. Global roaming - Visit any other country with GSM and a roaming agreement and use
your phone and existing number
Phase 1 also incorporated features such as Ciphering and Subscribers Identity Module
(SIM) cards. Phase 1 specifications were then closed and cannot be modified.
4.5.2 GSM Phase 2 features
Additional features we introduced in GSM phase2 included:
1. SMS - Short Message Service - Allows you to send text messages to and from phones
2. Multi Party Calling - Talk to five other parties as well as yourself at the same time
3. Call Holding - Place a call on Hold
4. Call Waiting - Notifies you of another call whilst on a call
6. Mobile Data Services - Allows handsets to communicate with computers
7. Mobile Fax Service - Allows handsets to send, retrieve and receive faxes
8. Calling Line Identity Service - This facility allows you to see the telephone number of the
incoming caller on our handset before answering
9. Advice of Charge - Allows you to keep track of call costs
10. Cell Broadcast - Allows you to subscribe to local news channels
11. Mobile Terminating Fax - Another number you are issued with that receives faxes that you
can then download to the nearest fax machine.

47
4.5.3 GSM Phase 2 + features
The standardization groups have already defined the next phase, 2+. This program covers
multiple subscriber numbers and a variety of business oriented features. Some of the
enhancements offered by Phase 2+ include:
1. Available by 1998
2. Upgrade and improvements to existing services
3. Majority of the upgrade concerns data transmission, including bearer services and packet
switched data at 64 kbit /s and above
4. DECT access to GSM
5. PMR/Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR)-like capabilities
6. GSM in the local loop
7. Virtual Private Networks
8. Packet Radio
9. SIM enhancements
10. Premium rate services
11. Enhanced Data-over-GSM Speeds [8]
4.6 What GSM are we using? (SIM808)
4.6.1 SIM808 working:
SIM808 module is a complete Quad-Band GSM/GPRS module which combines GPS
technology for satellite navigation. The compact design which integrated GPRS and GPS in a
SMT package will significantly save both time and costs for customers to develop GPS
enabled applications. Featuring an industry-standard interface and GPS function, it allows
variable assets to be tracked seamlessly at any location and anytime with signal coverage.

48
4.6.2 Generalfeatures:
 Quad-band 850/900/1800/1900MHz
 GPRS multi slot class 12/10
 GPRS mobile station class B
 Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2 W @ 850/900MHz)
Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
 Bluetooth: compliant with 3.0+EDR
 Dimensions: 24*24*2.6mm
 Weight: 3.3g
 Control via AT commands (3GPP TS 27.007, 27.005 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
 Supply voltage range 3.4 ~ 4.4V
 Low power consumption
 Operation temperature:-40 ~85[9]

49
4.6.3 GSM Sim808 Pin Diagram:
4.6.4 Features:
Description Min Typical Max Unit
Voltage Input(VBAT） 3.4 - 4.4 VDC
Input voltage VinH(Target Voltage = 3.3V ) 3 3.3 3.6 V
Input voltage VinH(Target Voltage = 5V ) 4.5 5 5.5 V
Input voltage VinL -0.3 0 0.5 V
Peak Current 0 - 2 A
Average Current 2 - 500 mA

50
CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE
DESCRIPTION

51
5.1 Our Proposed Model:
In our project, there are six basic components used and the functionalities of all the different
aspects of our project are fulfilled by these four components. By understanding the
functionalities, nature and their interconnections with each other, we can understand the
purpose and objective of our whole project. These six components are following:
 Arduino mega,
 GSM (Global system for mobile communication) module
 GPS (Global positional system) module
 Vibration sensor
 RFID security system
 HMI (Human machine interface) touchscreen display
5.1.1 Arduino:
The Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega1280 (datasheet). It
has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs,
4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the
Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.[4]
5.1.2 GPS:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was
originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system
available for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24
hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.GPS satellites circle
the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS
receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location.

52
Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the
time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is.
Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the
user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.[2]
5.1.3 GSM:
GSM is very important in this project. We are using SIM808 for this purpose. It should be
noted that Tx pin of GSM must be connected to the Rx pin of the microcontroller and the vice
versa. Because if one device is transmitting data other should be receiving it. so Rx of pin of
one device is connected to the pin one of ARDUINO.[3]

53
5.1.4 Vibration Sensor:
When an accident occurs, the vibration is detected at the vibration sensor. The vibration sensor
can be made sensitive according to the requirement that how sensitive should be. For example
if we want the vibration sensor to detect any accident we should keep it in mind the vibration
must be major it is not cause just by the speed breaker or by the little push the vibration must
be huge enough to detect the accident .[4]
5.1.5 HMI Display:
The Standard HMI product line offers extensive, built-in, time-saving features that help
customers develop fast, consistent, standardized graphical interfaces. Bright, full color screens
with multiple-protocol connectivity offer the best in class functionality for your application.
Add single platform data management and control with GP-Pro Ex or Pro-Server EX software
to complete the winning combination.
GP series has been well-received by a lot of customers since a full graphical touch panel
monitor was developed in 1988 for the first time in the world. Our wide variety of hardware
products include Standard that is widely used for operation display of a range of control
devices such as PLC, Compact, Modular Type, and so on. As a flagship model, SP5000 series,

54
"Smart Portal", is available. SP5000 series offers unprecedented solutions for utilization of
increasingly sophisticated information.[5]
Features
 3.8” to 12.1” Display
 Analog Resistive Touch Screens (no grid)
 Data sharing & collection
Fig 5.1: HMI Display
5.1.6 RFID SecuritySystem:
It is a wireless contact use the radio-frequency electromagnetic field used to transfer the
data, for the purpose of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to the object. It is
an extension to bar code.[6]

55
Fig 5.2: Circuit diagram of RFID system
5.1.7 Summary of Whole Working:
The whole working of the project goes through the several steps which are described as
following. When a vehicle goes through accident and vibration sensor detects the vibration
according to how sensitive the vibration sensor is made or adjusted, the vibration sensor will
send the output signal to pin 7 of Arduino mega. A pull up resistor 10 K ohms is connected
with the output of vibration sensor and pin 7 of Arduino mega. Then the Arduino transmits the
request to the GPS module to send the coordinates of location at where the accident to vehicle
has occurred. The GPS receives the request and transmit the coordinates to Arduino mega. The
Arduino mega receives the coordinates from the GPS module and transmits them to GSM
module. The GSM module will then send the coordinates to the concerned numbers that the
relatives or rescue team can come for rescue and a human life can be saved.

56
5.2 Other Components Used:
5.2.1 SonarSensor:
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using
sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and
listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound
wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the
distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Since it is known that sound travels through air at about 344 m/s (1129 ft/s), you can take
the time for the sound wave to return and multiply it by 344 meters (or 1129 feet) to find the
total round-trip distance of the sound wave. Round-trip means that the sound wave traveled 2
times the distance to the object before it was detected by the sensor; it includes the 'trip' from
the sonar sensor to the object AND the 'trip' from the object to the Ultrasonic sensor (after the
sound wave bounced off the object). To find the distance to the object, simply divide the
round-trip distance in half. [12]
Fig 5.2.1: sonar working
5.2.2 LM35 Diode:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an

57
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to
subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The
LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature
range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the water level. The low-output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the
supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to
operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a
−40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are available
packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D
devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available
in an 8-lead surface-mount small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package. [7]

58
5.3 Project Diagram:

59
CHAPTER 6
PROGRAMMING

60
6.1 Code:
#define CardYes 53
#define CardNo 49
#define Temp_sensor A0
#define Light_sensor A1
#define Buzzer 45
#define trigPin 41
#define echoPin 37
#define HeadLight 33
#include <TinyGPS.h>
int ButtonState = 0;
int sensorValue = 0;
int Value = 0;
int i;
TinyGPS gps;
float flat, flon;
void setup() {
Serial3.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);

61
pinMode(29,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(HeadLight, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(CardYes, INPUT);
pinMode(CardNo, INPUT);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void gPs(){
bool newData = false;
unsigned long chars;
unsigned short sentences, failed;
// For one second we parse GPS data and report some key values
for (unsigned long start = millis(); millis() - start < 1000;)
{
while (Serial1.available())
{
char c = Serial1.read();
// Serial.write(c); // uncomment this line if you want to see the GPS data flowing
if (gps.encode(c)) // Did a new valid sentence come in?
newData = true;

62
}
}
if (newData)
{
unsigned long age;
gps.f_get_position(&flat, &flon, &age);
Serial.print("LAT=");
Serial.print(flat == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flat, 6);
Serial.print(" LON=");
Serial.print(flon == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE ? 0.0 : flon, 6);
Serial.print(" SAT=");
Serial.print(gps.satellites() == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_SATELLITES ? 0 :
gps.satellites());
Serial.print(" PREC=");
Serial.print(gps.hdop() == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_HDOP ? 0 : gps.hdop());
//================================================================
//if(digitalRead(29)==LOW){
//Serial2.println("AT+CMGF=1");
//delay(100);
////==========================================================
//Serial2.println("AT+CMGS="+923009630353"r"); // Replace x with mobile number
//delay(100);
//

63
////Serial2.print("I am SMS from GSM Module");// The SMS text you want to send
//Serial2.print("Latitude= ");
//Serial2.print(flat);
//Serial2.print(" ");
//Serial2.print("Longitude= ");
//Serial2.print(flon);
//delay(100);
//Serial2.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
// delay(100);
//}
}
gps.stats(&chars, &sentences, &failed);
Serial.print(" CHARS=");
Serial.print(chars);
Serial.print(" SENTENCES=");
Serial.print(sentences);
Serial.print(" CSUM ERR=");
Serial.println(failed);
//================================== 1 ========================
if(digitalRead(29)==HIGH){
Serial2.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(100);

64
Serial2.println("AT+CMGS="+923427576668760"r"); // Replace x with mobile number
delay(100);
Serial2.println("accident has occured at location:");
Serial2.print(" ");
Serial2.print("http://maps.google.com/maps?q=N");
Serial2.print(flat);
Serial2.print(",E");
Serial2.print(flon);
delay(100);
Serial2.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(8000);
//=============================== 2
====================================
delay(100);
delay(100);
Serial2.print("");

65
delay(100);
delay(8000);
//============================= 3
======================================
delay(100);
delay(100);
Serial2.print("");
delay(100);

66
delay(100);
}
//=====================================================
if (chars == 0)
Serial.println("** No characters received from GPS: check wiring **");
}
void loop() {
ButtonState = digitalRead(CardYes);
if (ButtonState == HIGH)
{
Serial3.print("z1.val=");
Serial3.print(100);
Serial3.write(0xff);
}
ButtonState = digitalRead(CardNo);
if (ButtonState == HIGH)
{
Serial3.print(50);

67
}
if (digitalRead(CardNo)== LOW && digitalRead(CardYes)== LOW)
{
Serial3.print(0);
}
//================ Temprature ==========================
sensorValue = analogRead(Temp_sensor);
Value=map(sensorValue,82,480,0,100);
Serial3.print("j0.val=");
Serial3.print(Value);
//============ Light ===========================
sensorValue = analogRead(Light_sensor);
if(sensorValue>700)digitalWrite(HeadLight, HIGH);

68
else digitalWrite(HeadLight, LOW);
//================== Distance ========================
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration) / 29.1;
Value=distance;
if(Value>100)Value=100;
if(Value<40)digitalWrite(Buzzer, HIGH);
else digitalWrite(Buzzer, LOW);
Serial3.print("j1.val=");
Serial3.print(Value);
//=========================================
gPs();
}

69
Conclusion:
This vehicle accident and alert systems provide emergency responders with crucial information
at the earliest possible time. Reducing the time between when an accident takes place and
when it is detected can reduce death rates. Conventional in-vehicle accident detection and
notification systems, such as On Star, are the effective in reducing the time gap and the first
responder are sent to the scene. These systems, however, are expensive and not available in all
vehicles. To further increase the use of automatic accident detection and notification systems,
this system can be used to indirectly detect accident through sensors, such as vibration sensor.
The RFID security sensor system can secure the vehicle by giving a unique security code by
magnetic card and identify theft. HMI touchscreen display monitor the each sensor in the
vehicle and show the digital display of them. Sonar senor is added to track the sped of the
vehicle to prevent accident. In future we can interface different sensors with paper such as
alcohol detector, heart rate detector, drowsiness detector etc. in terms of these we can really
prevent accident and save life.

70
References
 [1]S.P Bhumkar, V.V. Deotare, R.V. Babar – Intelligent Car System for Accident
 [2] Fundamentals Of Global Positioning System Receivers – James Bao
 [3] Abid khan, ravi Mishra – GPS – GSM Based Tracking System, International
Journal of engineering trends and technology
 [4]Prevention Using ARM-71, International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering, Volume 2.
 [5]http://Nextion%20Instruction%20Set%20-%20ITEAD%20Wiki.html
 [5] https://www.proface.com/en/product/hmi/top
 [6] http://www.edgefxkits.com/security-system-using-smart-card-technology
 [7] http:// www.instructable.com/id/versatile-voltage-regulator-with-LM35//diode
 [7] http://wikipedia.org/wiki/LM35
 [8] https://www.seeedstudio.com/SIM808-GSM%26amp%3BGPRS-%2B-GPS-
Module-p-2523.html
 [8] http://simcom.ee/modules/gsm-gprs/sim808/
 [9] https://cdnshop.adafruit.com/datasheets/SIM808_Hardware+Design_V1.00.pdf
 [10] https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=333739.0
 [11] https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardPro
 [12]http://www.answers.com/sonar/en/com
 [13] http://www.tutorialpoint.com/ldr

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