1. Social Relations
How do we relate to others?
Attraction Conflict and Prejudice Altruism and Peacemaking Aggression
2. Prejudice
• An unjustifiable
attitude towards a
group of people.
• Usually involves
stereotyped beliefs
(a generalized belief
about a group of
people).
Overt
Subtle
7. Social Inequalities
(A principle reason behind prejudice)
• Ingroup: “us”- people
with whom one
shares a common
identity.
• Outgroup: “them”-
those perceived as
different than one’s
ingroup.
• Ingroup bias: the
tendency to favor
one’s own group.
8. Scapegoat Theory
• The theory that
prejudice
provides an
outlet for anger
by providing
someone to
blame.
9. Why is their prejudice?
• Categorization
• Vivid Cases
(Availability
Heuristic)
• The Just-
World
Phenomenon
11. The Biology of Aggression
• Genetics
• Neural
Influences (is
aggression in
the brain)
• Biochemical
12. The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive
Principle:
• the blocking of an
attempt to achieve
some goal
• Creates anger which
generates aggression.
Goals can be:
•Sports or work
•Relationship
•Body Condition etc…
14. Can we learn to be aggressive
or gentle?
They can be learned but….
Once learned they are difficult to
change.
15. Aggression and TV
Watches
=
• By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school
•2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week.
•By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000
murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV
•Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain
•As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong
positive correlation.
•How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?
19. Reciprocal Liking
• You are more
likely to like
someone who likes
you.
• Why?
• Except in
elementary
school!!!!
20. Similarity
• Paula Abdul was
wrong- opposites do
NOT attract.
• Birds of the same
feather do flock
together.
• Similarity breeds
content.
21. Liking through Association
• Classical Conditioning
can play a pert in
attraction.
• I love Theo’s Wings.
If I see the same
waitress every time I
go there, I may begin
to associate that
waitress with the good
feelings I get from
Theo's.
23. The Hotty Factor
• Physically
attractiveness predicts
dating frequency (they
date more).
• They are perceived as
healthier, happier,
more honest and
successful than less
attractive
counterparts.
28. LOVE
• Passionate Love: an
aroused state of
INTENSE positive
absorption of another.
• Compassionate Love:
the deep affectionate
attachment we feel for those
with whom our lives are
intertwined.
30. Altruism
• Unselfish regard for
the welfare of
others.
• Kitty Genovese case.
• Bystander Effect
(bystanders less
willing to help if
there are other
bystanders around).
31. Social Exchange Theory
• The idea that our social behavior is an
exchange process, which we maximize benefits
and minimize costs.
32. Peacemaking
• Give people superordinate (shared) goals
that can only be achieved through
cooperation.
• Win Win situations through mediation.
• GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated
Initiatives in Tension Reduction).
36. Conditions that Strengthen
Conformity
• One is made to feel incompetent
• The group is at least three people
• The group is unanimous
• One admires the group’s status
• One had made no prior commitment
• The person is observed
37. Reasons for Conforming
Normative Social
Influence
• Influence resulting
from a person’s
desire to gain
approval or avoid
disappointment
Informational Social
Influence
• Influence resulting
from one’s
willingness to accept
others’ opinions
about reality
40. What did we learn from Asch &
Milgram?
• Ordinary people can do shocking things.
41. Group Influence on Behavior
Lets look at how groups effect our behavior.
42. Social Facilitation
• Improved performance of tasks in the
presence of others.
•Occurs with simple or well learned tasks.
•Not with tasks that are difficult or not yet
mastered.
43. Yerkes- Dodson Law
• There is an optimal
level of arousal for
the best performance
of any task:
• easy tasks--
relatively high
• difficult tasks--low
arousal
• other tasks--
moderate level
44. Social Loafing
• The tendency for
people in a group
to exert less
effort when
pooling efforts
toward a common
goal than if they
were individually
accountable.
45. Deindividuation
• The loss of self-awareness and self-
restraint occurring in group situations
that foster arousal and anonymity.
46. Group Polarization
• The concept that
a group’s attitude
is one of
extremes and
rarely moderate.
As a group, both the Black
Panthers and the Ku Klux
Klan are more extreme
than the average
individual in the group.
48. Groupthink
• The mode of
thinking that occurs
when the desire for
harmony in a
decision-making
group overrides
common sense.
How could the hazing incident at
Northbrook High School be an example of
groupthink?
49. We also influence ourselves
The Power of the Individual
can be stronger than a group.
50. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
• Occurs when one
person’s belief
about others
leads one to act in
ways that induce
the others to
appear to confirm
the belief.
If you think someone finds you attractive,
they more likely will!!!
53. Attribution Theory
• The idea that we give a casual
explanation for someone's behavior.
•We credit that
behavior either to
the situation or….
•To the person’s
disposition.
Was my friend a
jerk because she
had a bad day or
is just a bad
person?
54. Fundamental Attribution
Error
• The tendency to underestimate the
impact of a situation and overestimate
the impact of personal disposition.
How do you view your
teacher’s behavior? You
probably attribute it to
their personality rather
than their profession.
56. The Effects of Attribution
• Social Effects
• Political
Effects
• Workplace
Effects
57. Attitudes
• A belief or
feeling that
predisposes one
to respond in a
particular way
to something.
How might different attitudes
respond to this picture?
58. Do our attitudes guide our actions?
Only if….
• External pressure is minimal.
• We are aware of our attitudes.
• The attitude is relevant to the behavior.
61. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
• The tendency for
people who have
first agreed to a
small request to
comply later with
a larger request.
If I give out an answer on a quiz,
what happens next?
62. Door-in-face Phenomenon
• The tendency
for people who
say no to a huge
request, to
comply with a
smaller one.
If I ask my wife for the
1952 Topps Mantle card
($15k) she will say? NO
But she may let me
buy a new
playstation game.
63. Zimbardo Prison Study
Role playing affects attitudes. What do
you think happened when college
students were made to take on the roles
of prison guards and inmates.
64. What happens when we become
aware that our attitudes don’t
match or actions?
65. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• We do not like when we have either
conflicting attitudes or when our
attitudes do not match our actions.
•When they clash, we will change
our attitude to create balance.
