1) The document discusses psychodynamic theories of addiction, which focus on interpersonal and intrapersonal factors from early childhood that may lead to addiction. These include underdeveloped ego functions, a failure to internalize soothing objects, and an abnormal relationship with pleasure. 2) Addiction is more likely in those with weak ego functions like impulse control. Object relations theory looks at how early relationships shape one's internal world and representations of others. 3) Lacanian theory views addiction as stemming from a paradoxical form of pleasure called jouissance that is both enjoyable and intolerable.

1. Character of Mary
Tyrone :
Psychology of
Addiction
Presented by : Emisha Ravani

2. Sem 2 (M.A.)
Roll no. 07
Enrollment no.: 4069206420210031
Paper code : 22401
Paper no. & paper name : Paper 108, The American
Literature
Submitted to : Smt S.B. Gardi, Department of English,
MKBU
emisharavani3459@gmail.com

3. Psychodynamic theories of addiction
A significant strength of psychodynamic theory has been the focus
on interpersonal and intrapersonal factors, beginning as early as
during parent-child interactions and the emergence of unconscious
motivations, factors that may manifest in behavior across
development. Overall, modern psychodynamic theories (based
primarily on case studies) suggest that there are three interrelated
factors that lead to addiction: (1) underdeveloped ego-functions and
defense mechanisms; (2) a failure in symbolization of the soothing
qualities of internal objects (3) a deviant positioning towards pleasure
in the form of Jouissance (US National library of medicine)

4. First, from an ego-psychology perspective, addiction is more likely in
individuals with underdeveloped executive functioning or ego-
functions, primarily reality testing, stimulus barrier, judgement,
impulse control, and the synthetic-integrative function.
Second, an object-relations perspective proposes that to understand
addiction vulnerability, a focus on the relational and representational
aspects of development is needed, wherein, over time, the mind
develops in relation to others, primarily with early caregivers.
Through experience, these interactions become embedded in the
child’s internal world as mental representations or internal objects.
Third, the Lacanian psychoanalytic movement explains addiction
from the perspective of jouissance: a paradoxical –enjoyable yet
intolerable– form of pleasure.

5. The 4 C’s of Addiction
Compulsion Craving
Consequences Control

6. 1. Compulsion
Compulsion means that an individual has an absolute and overpowering urge
to fuel their addiction. The behavior may start impulsively, but as the addiction
grows, it becomes a compulsive habit. By not partaking in the habit, agonizing
anxiety occurs, affecting all other behaviors.
2. Craving
The urge to fuel the addiction becomes as demanding as hunger pain,
mimicking a physical need. It feels like it is vital for survival. This urge often
manifests as restlessness, insomnia and lack of appetite.
3. Consequences
Even when negative consequences become apparent, the behavior continues.
Consequences of addiction include relationship, work, legal and money
problems.
4. Control
Control of when or how the individual fuels their addiction is lost. Oftentimes,
in the early stages of addiction, an individual will try to cut down or eliminate
the behavior. This is impossible when the lack of control stage of addiction is
reached.(National library of medicine)

7. Morphine is a morphinan alkaloid that is a highly
potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug.
Morphine acts directly on the central nervous
system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high
potential for addiction, with tolerance and both
physical and psychological dependence developing
rapidly.(National Library of Medicine)

8. Character of Mary Tyrone
Mary is fifty-four, about medium height. She still has a young,
graceful figure, a trifle plump, but showing little evidence of
middle-aged waist and hips, although she is not tightly
corseted. Her face is distinctly Irish in type. It must once have
been extremely pretty, and is still striking. It does not match her
healthy figure but is thin and pale with the bone structure
prominent. Her nose is long and straight, her mouth wide with
full, sensitive lips. She uses no rouge or any sort of make-up.
Her high forehead is framed by thick, pure white hair.
Accentuated by her pallor and white hair, her dark brown eyes
appear black. They are unusually large and beautiful, with black
brows and long curling lashes.

9. Dailogues of Mary Tyrone
Mary : I'm not upset. There's nothing to
be upset about. What makes you think
I'm upset?
Mary : You really must not watch me
all the time, James. I mean, it makes
me self-conscious.
Mary : why are you staring, Jamie? It's
hard for me to do it up properly, now.
My eyes are getting so bad and I never
can find my glasses.

10. Her nervousness several times
Mary : I do feel out of sorts this morning. I
wasn't able to get much sleep with that awful
foghorn going all night long. Mary : I know
it's useless to talk, but sometimes I feel so
lonely.
Mary : Your father goes out... You go out....
But I am alone. I've always been alone.
Mary : I couldn't sleep because I was thinking
about you. That's the real reason! I have been
so worried ever since you've been sick.
Mary : But I'm quite all right, dear. Except I
naturally feel tired and nervous this morning,
after such a bad night. I really ought to go
upstairs and lie down until lunch time and
take a nap.

11. You must take her tales of the past with a grain of salt. The piano
playing and her dream of becoming a concert pianist. That was put in
her head by the nuns flattering her. ,and the idea she might have
become a nun. That's the worst. She was a bit of a rogue and a
coquette, God bless her, behind all her shyness and blushes. She
was bursting with health and high spirits and the love of loving.
(Mary’s past)
Tyrone

12. Work citation
◈ Alvarez-Monjaras, Mauricio, et al. “A Developmental Model of Addictions: Integrating Neurobiological
and Psychodynamic Theories through the Lens of Attachment.” Attachment & Human Development,
U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2019,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6359991/.
◈ Dimitriadis, Yorgos. “The Psychoanalytic Concept of Jouissance and the Kindling Hypothesis.”
Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01593/full.
◈ Johnson, Marjorie king. “An Analysis of the Artistic Process in Creating the Character of Mary Tyrone
.” Etd.ohiolink.edu/, 1966,
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1392387506&disposition=inli
ne.
◈ Jovey, Roman D. “Opioids, Pain and Addiction - Practical Strategies.” British Journal of Pain, SAGE
Publications, Feb. 2012, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590091/.
◈ National Center for Biotechnology Information. "PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5288826,
Morphine" PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Morphine. Accessed 13 April,
2022.

13. THANK YOU