Alcohol and Nutrition Power Point

The Science of Nutrition
Fifth Edition
Chapter 4A
In Depth: Alcohol
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What Is Alcohol?
• Produced when sugar is fermented by yeast
• Most plants that contain natural sugars or starches can be
a potential source of alcohol

Alcohol Metabolism (1 of 3)
• Absorbed directly from the stomach and small intestine
• Transported to the liver to be metabolized
• Consuming foods with some fat, protein, and fiber can
reduce blood alcohol concentration (BAC) by up to 50%

• Rate of absorption depends on
– Presence or absence of food, and type of food
– Gender
• Most alcohol is oxidized in the liver
• Some alcohol is metabolized by both stomach and liver
enzymes:
– Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
– Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Figure 2

• Women don’t oxidize as much alcohol in their stomach,
thus leaving more there to be absorbed
• On average, a healthy adult metabolizes the equivalent of
one drink per hour
• Excess alcohol is released back into the bloodstream

Alcohol Intake (1 of 2)
• Recommended in moderation
– No more than one drink/day for women, or two
drinks/day for men
• A drink is the amount of a beverage that provides ½ fluid
ounce of pure alcohol
– 12 ounces beer
– 10 ounces wine cooler
– 4–5 ounces wine
– 1½ ounces 80-proof whiskey, scotch, gin, or vodka

Figure 3

Alcohol Intake (2 of 2)
• People who should avoid drinking alcohol:
– Women who are or may become pregnant, or who are
breastfeeding
– People with a history of alcoholism
– People taking medications that interact with alcohol
– People who are driving, operating machinery, or
engaging in other tasks that require attention and
coordination
– Anyone younger than the legal drinking age

Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Intake
• Social and health benefits
– Reduced stress, enhanced confidence, stimulated
appetite, improved dietary intake
– Reduced stroke and cardiovascular risk: increased
HDL, lower LDL, potentially reduced blood clots
– May reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline
or dementia

Concerns of Moderate Alcohol Intake
• Linked to increased risk for breast cancer, hypertension,
hemorrhagic stroke
• Increased Caloric intake and risk for obesity
• Potential for drug–alcohol interactions

Table 1 Myths about Alcohol
Metabolism
The Claim The Reality
Physical activity, such as walking
around, will speed up the breakdown
of alcohol.
Muscles don’t metabolize alcohol; the
liver does.
Drinking a lot of coffee will keep you
from getting drunk.
Coffee does not speed up alcohol
breakdown or excretion.
Using a sauna or steam room will
force the alcohol out of your body.
Very little alcohol is lost in sweat; the
alcohol will remain in your bloodstream.
Herbal and nutritional products are
available that speed up the
breakdown of alcohol.
There is no scientific evidence that
commercial supplements will increase
the rate of alcohol metabolism; they will
not lower blood alcohol levels.

Alcohol Disorders
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
(NIAAA) recognizes two types:
– Alcohol abuse
– Alcohol dependence, known as alcoholism

Alcohol Abuse (1 of 7)
• Alcohol abuse is a pattern of alcoholic consumption
resulting in distress, danger, or harm to one's health,
functioning, or relationships
• Both chronic and occasional alcohol abuse can lead to
alcoholism

• Binge drinking is consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks on
one occasion (men) or 4 or more (women)
– Increased risk for fatal falls, drownings, and automobile
accidents
– Increased risk for acts of physical violence, vandalism
and sexual assuault

• Alcoholism: a disease characterized by chronic alcohol
dependence
• Alcohol dependence is a disease, symptoms include:
– Craving
– Loss of control
– Physical dependence
– Tolerance (the need to drink more)

• Narcotic effect: alcohol acts as a sedative, depressant
• Toxicity risk: high concentrations destroy cells
• Mortality risks from accidents, trauma

Alcohol Hangover
• Lasts up to 24 hours
• Symptoms include:
– Headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, extreme thirst,
light/sound sensitivity, mood disturbances
• Consequences include:
– Fluid/electrolyte imbalance
– Stomach and gastric irritation/inflammation
– Metabolic disturbances
– Biological disturbances

• Reduced brain function
– Even low intakes impair reasoning and judgment
– Teens/young adults: chronic, excessive consumption
can permanently damage brain structure and function
• Alcohol poisoning
– Serious metabolic response to very high intakes
– Reduces oxygen level reaching the brain; can result in
death from respiratory or cardiac failure

Figure 5

Figure 6

• Reduced liver function
– Fatty liver
– Alcoholic hepatitis
– Cirrhosis of the liver
• Increased risk for chronic diseases
– Loss of calcium impacts bone health
– Pancreatic injury and diabetes
– Cancer (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver,
colon, breast)

Figure 7

• Malnutrition
– Over time, the diet becomes deficient in protein, fat,
carbohydrates, vitamins A and C, iron, zinc, and
calcium
• Increased risk for traumatic injury
• Fetal and infant health problems
– No level of alcohol consumption is safe for pregnant
women

Figure 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• Alcohol harms fetal development
• The more alcohol a mother consumes, the greater is the
danger
• FAS:
– Causes malformations of developing fetus’s face,
limbs, heart, and nervous system
– Child will suffer from emotional, social, learning, and
developmental disabilities
• Effects are permanent

Figure 9

Treatment
• Speak with others and identify treatment options
• Should include behavioral intervention that explores social,
environmental, and factors contributing to abuse, and
relapse
• People who abuse alcohol cannot “cut down”
• Avoidance works for most for full and ongoing recovery

Talking to Someone about Alcohol Use
• Approaches when trying to get someone into treatment:
– Stop “covering” and making excuses
– Intervene at a vulnerable time
– Be specific
– Get help
– Enlist the support of others

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