3. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN HYPERPLASIA
OF PROSTATE SEC.
Urinary frequency
Urinary urgency
Nocturia- Needing to get up frequently at night to
urinate
Hesitancy - Difficulty initiating the urinary stream;
interrupted, weak stream
Incomplete bladder emptying - The feeling of
persistent residual urine, regardless of the frequency
of urination
Straining - The need strain or push (Valsalva
maneuver) to initiate and maintain urination in order
to more fully empty the bladder
Decreased force of stream - The subjective loss of
force of the urinary stream over time
Dribbling - The loss of small amounts of urine due to a
poor urinary stream as well as weak urinary stream
Nodular hyperplastia results from an overgrowth of glandular and
fibromuscular tissues in the central (preurethral) region of the prostate. The
cause of hyperplasia is not exactly known, but it is probably related to the
action of dihydrotestosterone, a derivative of testosterone
5. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA OF
BRONCHUS SEC.
Wheezing.
Coughing up blood (hemoptysis).
Hoarseness.
Loss of appetite.
Unexplained weight loss.
Unexplained fatigue (tiredness).
The tumor surface is whitish-gray often speckled with black deposits of
anthracotic pigment. There are soft, friable areas of necrosis which
frequently cause central cavitation within the tumor.
7. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
VITREOUS DEGENERATION OF
RENAL ARTERIOLE SEC.
Sudden onset of hypertension.
Hypertension not responsive to three or
more blood pressure medications.
Increased urea (waste product excreted by
the kidneys) in the blood.
Unexplained kidney failure
Infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, and renal interstitial edema; and
renal arteriolar lesions: renal intimal thickening and vitreous
degeneration.
9. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN FIBRINOID
DEGENERATION SEC.
Nosebleeds
Bleeding gums
Blood in the urine
Blood in the stool
Muscle bruises
Hemorrhage of the spleen and other
organs
arteriole walls are thickened. The resulting reduced renal blood
flow causes chronic ischaemia and gradual atrophy of the tubules.
These lesions are generally not detected grossly
11. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN TISSUE SYSTEM
HISTIOCYTOSIS
rash on the scalp
pain in a bone
discharge from the ear
loss of appetite
fever
Abdominal area of an infant with multiple erythematous
papules covered by scale and/or crust.
13. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN BRONCHIECTASIS
SEC.
Cough and daily mucopurulent sputum
production, often lasting months to years
(classic)
Blood-streaked sputum or hemoptysis
from airway damage associated with
acute infection
Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, wheezing,
fever, weakness, fatigue, and weight loss
Rarely, episodic hemoptysis with little to
no sputum production (ie, dry
bronchiectasis)
focal area of dilated bronchi extending to the pleural surface, typical
of localized bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis tends to be localized with
disease processes such as neoplasms and aspirated foreign bodies
that block a portion of the airways
15. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN PATHOLOGIC
CALCIFICATION SEC.
Angina,
Congestive heart failure
Syncope
nodularity and thickening of this valve. This valve would be extremely
stiff and almost entirely immobile.
17. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN RENAL TUBULE
EPITHELIUM EDEMA SEC.
Oliguria
Edema
Fatigue
shortness of breath
confusion, nausea
seizures or coma
chest pain or pressure
Shows cellular swelling of the organ. Note that the kidney appears
pale, swollen and has a parboiled appearance. Also note the bulging
cortex
19. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HEMORRHAGIC INFARCT OF
LUNG
Dyspnea
Chest pain
Swelling or pain in unilateral
lower extremity
fever
Hemoptysis
red infarct is wedge-shaped and based on the pleura. These infarcts
are hemorrhagic because, though the pulmonary artery carrying most
of the blood and oxygen is cut off, the bronchial arteries from the
systemic circulation
21. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
RENAL ANEMIC INFARCT
Abdominal or flank pain
Nausea and vomiting
Hematuria
Fever
Note the wedge shape of this zone of coagulative necrosis resulting
from loss of blood supply with resultant tissue ischemia that
produces the pale infarct.
23. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
PULMONARY EDEMA
Coughing up blood or bloody
froth.
Difficulty breathing when lying
down (orthopnea)
Feeling of "air hunger" or
"drowning"
The reddish coloration of the tissue is due to congestion. Some
normal pink lung tissue is seen at the edges of the lungs
25. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
PULMONARY AMNIOTIC
EMBOLISM
Pleuritic chest pain (sharp &
stabbing pain, well localised,
exacerbated by deep
inspiration)
Breathlessness
Haemoptysis
Collapse
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Gross natural color close-up of meaty cut surface with deep blue
appearance through pleura looks like diffuse alveolar damage
27. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
HUMAN INFARCT OF THE
BRAIN
Sudden numbness or weakness in the
face, arm, leg, especially on one side
of the body
Confusion, trouble speaking or
difficulty understanding speech
Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Trouble walking, dizziness, loss of
balance, or lack of coordination
Severe headache with no known
cause
edema which obscures the structures. The acutely edematous
infarcted tissue may produce a mass effect. Note the decrease in size
of the ventricle on the left with shift of the midline.
29. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
INTRAVENOUS THROMBI SEC.
Sudden shortness of breath
Chest pain or discomfort that
worsens when taking a deep breath
or when coughing
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Fainting
Rapid pulse
Rapid breathing
Hematemesis
dark red thrombus is apparent in the lumen . The plaques of atheroma
narrow this coronary significantly, and the thrombus occludes it
completely.
31. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
ADENOCARCINOMA OF LYMPH
GLAND SEC
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in
your neck, armpits or groin.
Persistent fatigue.
Fever.
Night sweats.
Shortness of breath.
Unexplained weight loss.
Itchy skin
Gross natural color obvious tumor with necrosis and anthracotic
pigment 44yo BF adenocarcinoma of lung giant cell type
33. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA SEC
Rapidly growing neck mass
Compression symptoms including
dysphagia and hoarseness
Can present with diffuse thyroid
enlargement
May be accidentally discovered
Hypothyroid manifestations may
develop
Cold nodule
Variable sized, rubbery / soft mass
White cut surface with fish flesh appearance
Necrosis could be found
35. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
SPLENIC INFARCTION SEC
The most common presenting symptom
is left-upper-quadrant abdominal pain
(up to 70%). Additional symptoms
include fever and chills, nausea and
vomiting, pleuritic chest pain, and left
shoulder pain (Kehr sign).
splenic infarcts in a patient with infective endocarditis. Portions of
the vegetations have embolized to the spleen. These infarcts are
typical of ischemic infarcts: they are based on the capsule, pale, and
wedge-shaped. The remaining splenic parenchyma appears dark red.
37. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
SEC
Chest pain or discomfort. ...
Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint
Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck,
or back.
Pain or discomfort in one or both
arms or shoulders.
Shortness of breath.
anterior left ventricular free wall and septum in cross section. Note
that the infarction is nearly transmural. There is a yellowish center
with necrosis and inflammation surrounded by a hyperemic border.
39. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
LIVER ABCESS SEC
Pain right hypochondrium referred to
the right shoulder
Pyrexia (100.4 F)
Profuse sweating and rigors
Loss of weight
Earthy complexion
Gross specimen of liver tissue with an abscess (white) that formed
due to infection of the organ with Entamoeba histolytica
41. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
NEPHRAPOSTASIS SEC
Severe pain in your back or side that
will not go away.
Blood in your urine.
Fever and chills.
Vomiting.
Urine that smells bad or looks
cloudy.
A burning feeling when you urinate.
Tumor is typically circumscribed , and unencapsulated with a tan,
myxoid cut-surface.
43. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
LUNG ABSCESS
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Sweating during the night
Fever
A cough that brings up sputum
There are adjacent areas of tan consolidation with bronchopneumonia.
Abscesses are often complications of aspiration, where they appear
more frequently in the right posterior lung.
45. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
SEC
chills.
fever.
pain in your back, side, or groin.
nausea.
vomiting.
cloudy, dark, bloody, or foul-smelling
urine.
frequent, painful urination.
The renal pelvis and ureter are markedly dilated. The calyces are
irregular and the papillae are blunted. The renal cortex and medulla
are irregular in shape and thickness, and their normal architecture is
disrupted by whitish-yellow areas of fibrosis.
47. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
LOBSTER PNEUMONIA
Cough, which may produce greenish,
yellow or even bloody mucus.
Fever, sweating and shaking chills.
Shortness of breath.
Rapid, shallow breathing.
Sharp or stabbing chest pain that
gets worse when you breathe deeply
or cough.
Loss of appetite, low energy, and
fatigue.
This is a lobar pneumonia in which consolidation of the entire left
upper lobe has occurred
49. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
LOBAR PNEUMONIA
grossly heavy and boggy appearing
lung tissue
diffuse congestion
vascular engorgement
accumulation of alveolar fluid rich in
infective organisms
gross appearance of a lipid pneumonia in which there is an ill-defined,
pale yellow area on the left. This yellow appearance explains the term
"golden" pneumonia.
51. GROSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
ACUTE NEPHRITIS SEC
foamy urine and edema
pain in the pelvis.
pain or a burning sensation while
urinating.
a frequent need to urinate.
cloudy urine.
atrophic kidneys with a thin cortex from a patient at autopsy with
chronic renal failure (CRF)
53. In many of the lectures of my first half we were
being shown lots of techniques and figures of
tissues that didn't involve us using the use of
microscopes and tend to focus on a more
theoretical and academic discussion
on the second half, it is very exciting for us to actually
see tissues under the microscope. Pathologists can say
that we are approaching a new adventure of our life
time. Proper microscope use is one of the most
important skills that we should learn first and later the
most crucial part is interpreting what we see under the
microscope.
REFLECTION
ADRIAN CABALLES
ADRIAN CABALLES
