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What is the
nervous
system?
The nervous system consists of two divisions: the
central nervous system containing the brain and
spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system
which is a network of nerves and neural tissues
branching out throughout the body.
Neurons
Neurons are the nerve
cells, the structural and
functional units of the
nervous system.
They conduct impulses that enable the body to interact with its
internal and external environments. There are various types of
neurons. The motor neurons usually have one axon and several
dendrites. Motor neurons cause muscle contractions and control
secretions from glands and organs controlling body functions.
Sensory neurons do not have true dendrites. They are attached to
sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous
system, which then stimulate the interneurons, and then motor
neurons. Interneurons are located entirely within the central nervous
system. They intercept the impulses from the sensory neurons and
transmit the signals to the motor neurons.
Nerve impulses are transmitted via branches
called synapses. The synapses are connectors…
hooking dendrites and axons from one neuron to
another.
Synapses…
The number of
synapses
influences
transmission.
That number can
decrease with
disease, lack of
stimulation, drug
use, etc.
Parts of the brain…the cerebrum
Taking up 7/8ths of the
brain’s weight, the
cerebrum governs all
sensory and motor
activity. This includes
sensory perception,
emotions, consciousness,
memory, and voluntary
movements.
It is divided into the left and right hemispheres.
The surface or cortex is arranged in bulging folds,
each one called a gyrus (JĪ rus), and furrows,
each one called a sulcus (SULL kus).
Parts of the brain…the cerebrum
The cortex is also divided
into 4 lobes that
correspond to the
overlying bones of the
skull: the frontal lobe
specializes in motor
activity, personality, and
speech; the parietal lobe
is where language,
temperature, pressure,
touch are interpreted;
the temporal lobe contains centers for hearing,
smell, and language input; the occipital lobe
specializes in vision.
Parts of the brain…the cerebellum
The cerebellum is the
second largest part of
the brain. It contains
nerve fibers that
connect it to every part
of the central nervous
system. It coordinates
voluntary and
involuntary patterns of
movements. It also
adjusts muscles to
automatically maintain
posture.
Parts of the brain…
the diencephalon
The diencephalon
(die en SEPH ah lon)
refers to the
thalamus and
hypothalamus. The
thalamus is the relay
center for all sensory
impulses except
olfactory (sense of
smell) and motor
areas of the cortex.
The hypothalamus regulates behavior and emotional
expression, body temperature, and many metabolic
activities. Attached to the pituitary gland, it also
controls hormonal secretions of this gland.
Parts of the brain… the brainstem
The brainstem consists of 3 structures: the gray
matter of the midbrain control visual reflexes and
sense of hearing. The white matter of the pons plays
a role in regulating visceral (internal organ) control.
The medulla
oblongata connects
the rest of the brain
to the spinal cord. It
regulates breathing,
swallowing,
coughing, sneezing,
vomiting, heartbeat,
and blood pressure.
The spinal cord…
The spinal cord has 31
segments: 8 cervical
segments that correspond
to the C1-C8 vertebrae; 12
thoracic segments
corresponding to the T1-
T12 vertebrae; 5 lumbar
segments corresponding
to L1-L5 vertebrae, 5
sacral segments
corresponding to S1-S5
vertebrae, and 1
coccygeal (cock SĬJ ee ul)
segment.
The 44 cm long spinal
cord is shorter than
the spinal column, so
segments do not
perfectly correspond
to the vertebrae.
The spinal cord…
At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right
pairs of sensory and motor nerves branch out and
connect to the peripheral nervous system.
Impulses travel back and forth to the brain and
back to the muscles.
Cerebrospinal fluid…
A colorless fluid is produced in the ventricles of the
brain; it surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is
called cerebrospinal fluid, and it cushions the brain
and cord from shocks that could cause injury. It is
maintained at a level around 1/2 - 2/3 cup.
Peripheral nervous system…
The network of nerves
branching out
throughout the body
from the brain and
spinal cord is called the
peripheral nervous
system. In addition to
the 31 pairs of spinal
nerves mentioned in the
slides on the spinal
cord, there are 12 pairs
of cranial nerves that
attach to the brain:
I. The olfactory nerve
carries sensory input
for smell
Peripheral nervous system…
II. The optic nerve
carries sensory input
for vision
III. The oculomotor nerve
controls muscles of
the eye and eyelid
IV. The trochlear nerve
(TRŎK lee ur) controls
the eyeball
V. The trigeminal nerve
(try JEM ǐ nul) controls
the face, nose, mouth,
forehead, top of head,
and jaw.
VI. The abducens
nerve (ab DŪ senz)
also controls the
eyeball
Peripheral nervous system…
VII. The facial nerve
controls muscles
of the face and
scalp, and part of
the tongue for
sense of taste.
VIII. The auditory or
cochlear nerve
provides sensory
input for hearing and equilibrium.
IX. The glossopharyngeal (gloss oh fair INJ ee al)
nerve controls saliva, swallowing, and taste.
Peripheral nervous system…
X. The vagus (VĀ gus) nerve
is the longest cranial
nerve, extending to and
controlling the heart,
lungs, stomach, and
intestines.
XI. The accessory nerve
permits movement of the
head and shoulders.
XII.The hypoglassal nerve
(hī pah GLOSS ul)
controls the muscles of
the tongue.
The autonomic
nervous system is a
part of the peripheral
nervous system.. it
controls the
involuntary bodily
functions such as
sweating, gland
secretions, blood
pressure, and the
heart. It is divided into
the ‘sympathetic’ and
‘parasympathetic’
divisions.
Autonomic nervous system…
The sympathetic
nervous system is
responsible for the
‘flight or fight’
responses… increased
alertness, metabolic
rate, respiration, blood
pressure, heart rate,
and sweating AND a
Autonomic nervous system…
decrease in digestive and urinary function. The
parasympathetic nervous system counteracts the
responses of the sympathetic system… restoring
homeostasis.
179-Anatomy-Nervous-System.ppt
179-Anatomy-Nervous-System.ppt

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179-Anatomy-Nervous-System.ppt

  • 1.
  • 2. What is the nervous system? The nervous system consists of two divisions: the central nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which is a network of nerves and neural tissues branching out throughout the body.
  • 3. Neurons Neurons are the nerve cells, the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They conduct impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environments. There are various types of neurons. The motor neurons usually have one axon and several dendrites. Motor neurons cause muscle contractions and control secretions from glands and organs controlling body functions. Sensory neurons do not have true dendrites. They are attached to sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous system, which then stimulate the interneurons, and then motor neurons. Interneurons are located entirely within the central nervous system. They intercept the impulses from the sensory neurons and transmit the signals to the motor neurons.
  • 4. Nerve impulses are transmitted via branches called synapses. The synapses are connectors… hooking dendrites and axons from one neuron to another. Synapses… The number of synapses influences transmission. That number can decrease with disease, lack of stimulation, drug use, etc.
  • 5.
  • 6. Parts of the brain…the cerebrum Taking up 7/8ths of the brain’s weight, the cerebrum governs all sensory and motor activity. This includes sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements. It is divided into the left and right hemispheres. The surface or cortex is arranged in bulging folds, each one called a gyrus (JĪ rus), and furrows, each one called a sulcus (SULL kus).
  • 7. Parts of the brain…the cerebrum The cortex is also divided into 4 lobes that correspond to the overlying bones of the skull: the frontal lobe specializes in motor activity, personality, and speech; the parietal lobe is where language, temperature, pressure, touch are interpreted; the temporal lobe contains centers for hearing, smell, and language input; the occipital lobe specializes in vision.
  • 8. Parts of the brain…the cerebellum The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. It contains nerve fibers that connect it to every part of the central nervous system. It coordinates voluntary and involuntary patterns of movements. It also adjusts muscles to automatically maintain posture.
  • 9. Parts of the brain… the diencephalon The diencephalon (die en SEPH ah lon) refers to the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is the relay center for all sensory impulses except olfactory (sense of smell) and motor areas of the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates behavior and emotional expression, body temperature, and many metabolic activities. Attached to the pituitary gland, it also controls hormonal secretions of this gland.
  • 10. Parts of the brain… the brainstem The brainstem consists of 3 structures: the gray matter of the midbrain control visual reflexes and sense of hearing. The white matter of the pons plays a role in regulating visceral (internal organ) control. The medulla oblongata connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. It regulates breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
  • 11. The spinal cord… The spinal cord has 31 segments: 8 cervical segments that correspond to the C1-C8 vertebrae; 12 thoracic segments corresponding to the T1- T12 vertebrae; 5 lumbar segments corresponding to L1-L5 vertebrae, 5 sacral segments corresponding to S1-S5 vertebrae, and 1 coccygeal (cock SĬJ ee ul) segment. The 44 cm long spinal cord is shorter than the spinal column, so segments do not perfectly correspond to the vertebrae.
  • 12. The spinal cord… At each segment of the spinal cord, left and right pairs of sensory and motor nerves branch out and connect to the peripheral nervous system. Impulses travel back and forth to the brain and back to the muscles.
  • 13. Cerebrospinal fluid… A colorless fluid is produced in the ventricles of the brain; it surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is called cerebrospinal fluid, and it cushions the brain and cord from shocks that could cause injury. It is maintained at a level around 1/2 - 2/3 cup.
  • 14.
  • 15. Peripheral nervous system… The network of nerves branching out throughout the body from the brain and spinal cord is called the peripheral nervous system. In addition to the 31 pairs of spinal nerves mentioned in the slides on the spinal cord, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that attach to the brain: I. The olfactory nerve carries sensory input for smell
  • 16. Peripheral nervous system… II. The optic nerve carries sensory input for vision III. The oculomotor nerve controls muscles of the eye and eyelid IV. The trochlear nerve (TRŎK lee ur) controls the eyeball V. The trigeminal nerve (try JEM ǐ nul) controls the face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of head, and jaw. VI. The abducens nerve (ab DŪ senz) also controls the eyeball
  • 17. Peripheral nervous system… VII. The facial nerve controls muscles of the face and scalp, and part of the tongue for sense of taste. VIII. The auditory or cochlear nerve provides sensory input for hearing and equilibrium. IX. The glossopharyngeal (gloss oh fair INJ ee al) nerve controls saliva, swallowing, and taste.
  • 18. Peripheral nervous system… X. The vagus (VĀ gus) nerve is the longest cranial nerve, extending to and controlling the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines. XI. The accessory nerve permits movement of the head and shoulders. XII.The hypoglassal nerve (hī pah GLOSS ul) controls the muscles of the tongue.
  • 19.
  • 20. The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system.. it controls the involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, gland secretions, blood pressure, and the heart. It is divided into the ‘sympathetic’ and ‘parasympathetic’ divisions. Autonomic nervous system…
  • 21. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the ‘flight or fight’ responses… increased alertness, metabolic rate, respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating AND a Autonomic nervous system… decrease in digestive and urinary function. The parasympathetic nervous system counteracts the responses of the sympathetic system… restoring homeostasis.