bahan kuliah iktiologi

1. SISTEM PEREDARANSISTEM PEREDARAN
DARAHDARAH

2.  Dikendalikan jantungDikendalikan jantung
Fungsi jtg :Fungsi jtg :
 Mengedarkan cairan darahMengedarkan cairan darah
 Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) sertaMengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) serta
hasil buangan metabolisme yg bbtk larutan danhasil buangan metabolisme yg bbtk larutan dan
terlarut dlm darahterlarut dlm darah
 Pd insang tjd pertukaran O dr air & CO dr darah,Pd insang tjd pertukaran O dr air & CO dr darah,
& pengeluaran kotoran bernitrogen& pengeluaran kotoran bernitrogen
 Organ lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr darahOrgan lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr darah
adalahadalah ginjalginjal
 Volume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh ikanVolume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh ikan ++
2,5-3% berat tubuh2,5-3% berat tubuh

3. ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAHORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH
 Pembuluh darahPembuluh darah embrio & dewasaembrio & dewasa
 LimphaLimpha: pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey): pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey)
 LimphaLimpha: yg dpt membentuk erythrocyte & sel darah: yg dpt membentuk erythrocyte & sel darah
 MesonephrosMesonephros: membentuk Thrombocyte: membentuk Thrombocyte
 SubmucosaSubmucosa: esophagus (Elasmobranchi): esophagus (Elasmobranchi)
 Usus spiralUsus spiral: (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentuk sel: (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentuk sel
darah putih)darah putih)
 Jaringan di luar jantungJaringan di luar jantung: (Lepidosiren, polyodom &: (Lepidosiren, polyodom &
acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte)acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte)
 Tl. Rawan CranialTl. Rawan Cranial: membentuk bermcm sel darah putih: membentuk bermcm sel darah putih
(Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)(Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)

4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
JantungJantung
 Letak : cranioventral, dibelakang insangLetak : cranioventral, dibelakang insang
 dari rongga perut oleh sebuah sekatdari rongga perut oleh sebuah sekat
 pny 2 ruang, tetapi tdd 4 bagian :pny 2 ruang, tetapi tdd 4 bagian :
 sinus venosus: ruang penerima darah drsinus venosus: ruang penerima darah dr
seluruh tubuh (dr pembuluh vena)seluruh tubuh (dr pembuluh vena)
 atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yg lunak,atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yg lunak,
memompa dg lemahmemompa dg lemah
 ventricle: bag. depan memiliki katup,ventricle: bag. depan memiliki katup,
berdinding tebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), selaluberdinding tebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), selalu
berdenyut u/ memompa darah ke seluruhberdenyut u/ memompa darah ke seluruh
tubuh (pompa utama)tubuh (pompa utama)
 bulbus arteriosus: fibroelastis dg katup utkbulbus arteriosus: fibroelastis dg katup utk
mencegah aliran kembali ke ventrikel;mencegah aliran kembali ke ventrikel;
berfungsi sbg pengatur tekanan untukberfungsi sbg pengatur tekanan untuk
menjaga pembuluh2 di insangmenjaga pembuluh2 di insang

5.  venous blood to heartvenous blood to heart
– hepatic portal systemhepatic portal system
– renal portal systemrenal portal system
 heart to gillsheart to gills
– via ventral aortavia ventral aorta
 gills to bodygills to body
– via dorsal aortavia dorsal aorta

6. CirculationCirculation
 mirip pd mamalia ; jtgmirip pd mamalia ; jtg  respiratoryrespiratory
system (insang) u/ pertukaran gassystem (insang) u/ pertukaran gas  tubuhtubuh
 Deoxygenated blood mengalir dr jtgDeoxygenated blood mengalir dr jtg 
ventral aortaventral aorta  insanginsang
 Oxygenated blood mengalir dr insangOxygenated blood mengalir dr insang 
dorsal aortadorsal aorta  tubuh.tubuh.
 Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim.Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim.
a. Dr bag. ekor berjln melewati ginjala. Dr bag. ekor berjln melewati ginjal  jtgjtg
(renal portal system).(renal portal system).
b. Dr usus berjln melewati hatib. Dr usus berjln melewati hati  jtg (hepaticjtg (hepatic
portal system).portal system).

8. Siklus peredaran darah ikanSiklus peredaran darah ikan
Ventral
aorta
Kepala,
Bag. Tbh
Yg lain
insang
Dorsal
aorta
Hati/ginjal
jantung

9. DARAHDARAH
Susunan darahSusunan darah
 Plasma darahPlasma darah
(cairan jernih mineral t’larut,hsl(cairan jernih mineral t’larut,hsl
pencernaan terserap, hsl buanganpencernaan terserap, hsl buangan
jaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & enzimjaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & enzim
[lipase + carbonic anhidrasel[lipase + carbonic anhidrasel , ), )
 Butiran darahButiran darah

10. Butiran/sel darahButiran/sel darah
 Butiran darah erythrocyteButiran darah erythrocyte
leucocyteleucocyte
granulocytegranulocyte
lymphocytelymphocyte
monocytesmonocytes
thrombocytesthrombocytes
Granulocyte :Granulocyte : dibedakan berdasarakandibedakan berdasarakan
penyerapan thd zat warnapenyerapan thd zat warna
a.a. NeutrofilNeutrofil menyerang bakterimenyerang bakteri
b.b. Acidofil (asam)Acidofil (asam)
c.c. BasofilBasofil (Fungsi??)(Fungsi??)

11. Red blood cellsRed blood cells
 elongatedelongated andand ellipticalelliptical
 with an oval, centrally-located, nucleuswith an oval, centrally-located, nucleus
 Immature erythrocytes are calledImmature erythrocytes are called
polychromatocytespolychromatocytes
 no bone marrowno bone marrow
 Blood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleostsBlood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleosts
 main sourcemain source
– head kidneyhead kidney

12. Bentuk sel darah merah ikanBentuk sel darah merah ikan
a.a. sudah masak adl. ovalsudah masak adl. oval ΦΦ7-367-36
b.b. blm masak bulatblm masak bulat
 Pengangkutan zat asam dlmPengangkutan zat asam dlm
darah dilakukan o/ pigmendarah dilakukan o/ pigmen
pernafasanpernafasan (haemoglobin)(haemoglobin)
terdpt dlm btr darah merahterdpt dlm btr darah merah
 Pengangkutan O o/ darahPengangkutan O o/ darah
sangat tergantung pd jumlahsangat tergantung pd jumlah
erytrocyteerytrocyte
 Darah ikan dpt mengikat zatDarah ikan dpt mengikat zat
asam 15-25 x dibanding air,asam 15-25 x dibanding air,
shg haemoglobin sgt efisienshg haemoglobin sgt efisien
dlm mengikat oksigendlm mengikat oksigen
Mature erythrocyte
Immature erythrocyte

13. White blood cells /White blood cells / LeucocytesLeucocytes
 mirip mammaliamirip mammalia
 tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
lymphocytes & macrophageslymphocytes & macrophages  msg2 pny cirimsg2 pny ciri
spesifikspesifik
 no lymph nodesno lymph nodes
 lymphocytes > neutrophilslymphocytes > neutrophils
 lymphoid tissueslymphoid tissues
– ThymusThymus  primary sourcesprimary sources
– head kidneyhead kidney  primary sites of antibodyprimary sites of antibody
productionproduction
– SpleenSpleen
– melanomacrophage centersmelanomacrophage centers

14.  Jml leucocytes pd ikanJml leucocytes pd ikan  cth kisaran lymphocytes (tipecth kisaran lymphocytes (tipe
leucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow Troutleucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow Trout
((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss),), antara 7.8 & 20.9 x 103 cells/antara 7.8 & 20.9 x 103 cells/
mm3mm3
 JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi:JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi:
 Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax) 3.5% of blood) 3.5% of blood
cellscells
 White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus) 3.5% of blood cells) 3.5% of blood cells
 SaupeSaupe ((Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 2% of blood cells2% of blood cells
 Pd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukanPd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukan
bone marrow, the spleen and the lymph nodes.bone marrow, the spleen and the lymph nodes.
 Pd ikan, organs spt kidney, spleen and thymus take partPd ikan, organs spt kidney, spleen and thymus take part
in haematopoeisisin haematopoeisis
 Melanomacrophage centerMelanomacrophage center  mrpk klpk macrophagesmrpk klpk macrophages
& melanocytes ditemukan di hati, limpha, & ginjal.& melanocytes ditemukan di hati, limpha, & ginjal. 
mengandung melanin, lipofuscin, & phagocytizedmengandung melanin, lipofuscin, & phagocytized
material, & mengalamimaterial, & mengalami hyperplasia and hypertrophyhyperplasia and hypertrophy
saat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd lingkungan yg terpolusisaat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd lingkungan yg terpolusi

15. LYMPHOCYTELYMPHOCYTE
 FUNGSI : membentuk antibodiFUNGSI : membentuk antibodi  to mediate the humoral(HT6B3.3) &to mediate the humoral(HT6B3.3) &
cellular immune responsecellular immune response
 LymphocytesLymphocytes  spherical cellsspherical cells (btk bola/bulat)(btk bola/bulat)
spherical cells
immature lymphocytes

16.  fish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinyafish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinya
mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals.mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals.
 Saat kontak dg antigenSaat kontak dg antigen  tjd proliferation of lymphocytestjd proliferation of lymphocytes
 then secrete large quantities of immunoglobulinthen secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin
antibody.antibody.
 proportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pdproportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pd
bbrp jenis ikan.bbrp jenis ikan.
 Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss), 89 -), 89 -
98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml
lymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit dibedakanlymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit dibedakan
dg thrombocytes.dg thrombocytes.
 Percentage of i) WBC & ii) lymphocytes pd sel darah :Percentage of i) WBC & ii) lymphocytes pd sel darah :
% WBC% WBC % pd sel% pd sel darahdarah
 Sea BassSea Bass ((Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax)) 90%90% 3.15%3.15%
 White BreamWhite Bream ((Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus)) 70%70% 2.45%2.45%
 Saupe (Saupe (Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 88%88% 1.76%1.76%

17.  Pny struktur khusus, dikenal sbgPny struktur khusus, dikenal sbg
Polymorphonuclear (PMN)Polymorphonuclear (PMN)
leucocytes.leucocytes. cytoplasmcytoplasm pny sejmlpny sejml
granula halus.granula halus.
 GranulocytesGranulocytes  3 sub-populations3 sub-populations
berbeda tgt staining characteristicsberbeda tgt staining characteristics
dr granula stl diberi histologicaldr granula stl diberi histological
dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes).dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes).
 3 tipe granulocytes di ikan:3 tipe granulocytes di ikan:
neutrophils & eosinophilsneutrophils & eosinophils  plgplg
byk, basophilsbyk, basophils  jarangjarang
 Granulocytes dibutuhkan dlmGranulocytes dibutuhkan dlm
mekanisme pertahanan non-mekanisme pertahanan non-
specific, yi. Bertgg jwb thdspecific, yi. Bertgg jwb thd
keberadaan benda asing dlm tbhtpkeberadaan benda asing dlm tbhtp
tidak mengenali specific antigens.tidak mengenali specific antigens.
Sel ini bermigrasi ke bagian tbh ygSel ini bermigrasi ke bagian tbh yg
diserang & merusak benda asingdiserang & merusak benda asing
melalui phagocytosis / direct killingmelalui phagocytosis / direct killing
(cytotoxic response). Proses ini(cytotoxic response). Proses ini
menyebabkan inflammatorymenyebabkan inflammatory
response (peradangan)response (peradangan)
Granulocytes

18.  NEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, butNEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, but
stainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & msakstainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & msak
jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria.jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria.
 EOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt diEOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt di
stained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak internalstained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak internal
parasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergiparasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergi
 BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity u/BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity u/
basic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-organisms). Dlmbasic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-organisms). Dlm
darah normalnya jmlnya sgtdarah normalnya jmlnya sgt ↓↓. Di ikan kebeadaanya msh. Di ikan kebeadaanya msh
dipertanyakandipertanyakan
 Granulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya bervariasiGranulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya bervariasi
in different species of fish.in different species of fish.
 Granulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow TroutGranulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow Trout
((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss).).
 Percentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darahPercentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darah
% WBC% WBC % granulo dlm sel% granulo dlm sel
darahdarah
 Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax)) 8%8% 0.28%0.28%
 White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus)) 28%28% 0.98%0.98%
 Saupe (Saupe (Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 12%12% 0.24%0.24%

19. MonocytesMonocytes
 MonocytesMonocytes  sel yg besar, dg nucleus besarsel yg besar, dg nucleus besar  antara ⅓ -antara ⅓ -
½ dr cell.½ dr cell.
 cytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebarcytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebar
 MonocytesMonocytes  precursors of macrophages.precursors of macrophages.
 Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi.Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi.  berperan pdberperan pd
non-specific immunity & inflammatory response. Monocytesnon-specific immunity & inflammatory response. Monocytes
lbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocyteslbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocytes
 Monocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, didugaMonocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, diduga
berasal dr stem cells ginjalberasal dr stem cells ginjal

20.  Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg bervariasi,Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg bervariasi,
tp umumnya sedikit.tp umumnya sedikit.
 Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes.Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes.
 Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes.Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes.
 Percentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darahPercentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darah
% (i)% (i) % (ii)% (ii)
Sea Bass (Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labraxDicentrarchus labrax)) 2%2% 0.07%0.07%
White Bream (White Bream (Diplodus sargusDiplodus sargus)) 2%2% 0.07%0.07%
SaupeSaupe ((Sarpa salpaSarpa salpa)) 0%0% 0%0%

21. thrombocytesthrombocytes
 Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-shaped,Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-shaped,
spiked & fragmented.spiked & fragmented.
 The oval or spindle-shaped cellsThe oval or spindle-shaped cells  dianggap btk normal thrombocytesdianggap btk normal thrombocytes
in vivoin vivo, & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes., & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes.
 Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah.Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah.
 The source of thrombocytesThe source of thrombocytes  spleenspleen  seen in large numbersinseen in large numbersin
mammalmammal
 thrombocytesthrombocytes  precursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm darahprecursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm darah
& bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah.& bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah.
 Mammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikanMammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikan
thrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darahthrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darah

22.  ada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm peripheralada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm peripheral
blood of fish,blood of fish,  ini disebabkan sulit dibedakan dari lymphocytes.ini disebabkan sulit dibedakan dari lymphocytes.
 DISAGREEMENT:DISAGREEMENT: Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout,Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout, OncorhynchusOncorhynchus
mykissmykiss, thrombocytes dihitung sebesar 1-6% of total leucocytes., thrombocytes dihitung sebesar 1-6% of total leucocytes.
 Ratio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow TroutRatio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow Trout  25:1,25:1,
tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1.tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1.
 % leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (% leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (Carassius auratus),Carassius auratus), ±±
70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-
13%.13%.