construction history

1. Historical perspective of the
architectural features of the
buildings

2. The history of architecture traces the changes in
architecture through various traditions,
regions, overarching, stylistic trends and
dates.
Early architecture had two main functions:
1) to consolidate security and power
2) to please the gods.

3. Neolithic architecture
• Neolithic , also known as
the new stone age(9000
BC to 5000 BC).
FEATURES:
• The tools available were
made from natural
materials including bone,
antler, hide, stone, wood,
grasses, animal fibers, and
the use of water.

4. • In addition to living
in caves and rock
shelters, the first
buildings were
simple shelters ,
tents like and huts
sometimes built as
pit-houses.

5. Ancient Egyptian architecture
• Egyptian architecture developed a vast array of diverse
structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile,
including pyramids and temples.
• Created for Monarchs & Nobles
• Stepped Design
• Granite, limestone, and sandstone - Both sun-dried and kiln-
dried bricks were used extensively
• Hieroglyphics were decoration as well as records of historic
events.

6. • Sun baked mud brick and stone
were used .
• Limestone , sandstone and granite
used in considerable quantities.
• Stone was reserved for tombs and
temples.
• while bricks were used for royal
palaces, fortresses, the wall of
temple precincts and towns.

7. Greek Architecture
The history of art and architecture in
Ancient Greece is divided into
three basic eras:
• the Archaic Period (c.600-500
BCE),
• the Classical Period (c.500-323
BCE) and
• the Hellenistic Period (c.323-27
BCE). About 600 BCE,
Inspired by the theory and practice of
earlier Egyptian stone masons and
builders.

8. • the Greeks set about replacing the wooden structures of their
public buildings with stone structures - a process known as
'petrification'.
• Limestone and marble was employed for columns and walls,
while terracotta was used for roof tiles and ornaments.
• Decoration was done in metal, like bronze.

9. • The most common types of public buildings were temples,
municipal structures, theatres and sports stadiums.
• Rectangular building design was often surrounded by a
columns on all four sides (e.g. the Parthenon) or more rarely at
the front and rear only (e.g. the Temple of Athena Nike).
• Fired clay was mainly restricted to roofing tiles. The roof tiles
allow a low roof pitch characteristic of ancient Greek
architecture.
• Building structure mostly used a simple beam and column
system without vaults or arches.
• Pediments (the flattened triangular shape at each gable end of
the building) were usually filled with sculptural decoration.
• friezes, as was the row of lintels along the top of each side
wall, between the roof and the tops of the columns.

10. Roman architecture
• Roman architecture served the needs of the Roman state,
which was keen to impress, entertain and cater for a
growing population in relatively confined urban areas.
• Roman architecture was assisted by major advances in
both design and new materials. Design was enhanced
through architectural developments in the construction of
arches and roof domes.
• The Roman use of the arch and their improvements in the
use of concrete and bricks facilitated the building.

11. • The Romans were the first builders in the history of
architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of
large and well-defined interior spaces. Half-domes also
became a favored architectural element.
• The spiral stair is a type of stairway which, due to its complex
helical structure, was introduced relatively late into
architecture. other types of buildings such as temples, thermae,
basilicas and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways

12. Feature:
• Hydraulic lime mortar called roman cement were used for
building construction.
• Used brick or stone to build the outer skin of the wall and filled the
cavity with massive amounts of concrete.
• They also substituted bronze for wood and made bronze roof tiles
• Roman also made use of glass in construction with colored glass in
mosaics and clear glass for window.
• Two of the greatest structure of ancient Rome were the Colosseum
and trajan’s column(monument to the emperor trajan).
• Tile covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary
building material In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength
freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing
environment. Roman brick and Roman concrete also used.

13. Persian architecture
• Persian or Iranian architecture is architecture of Iran and part
of the rest of west Asia and central Asia.
• Various structures such as mosques, mausoleums, bazaars,
bridges, and different palaces have mainly survived from this
period.
• Features:
• Heavy clays and molded mud were used by them.
• They use abundant symbolic geometry , using pure forms
such as circles and squares.

14. • Heavy clays, molded mud, lime mortar, brick used for
construction.
• Iranian architecture makes use of abundant symbolic
geometry, using pure forms such as circles and squares, and
plans are based on often symmetrical layouts featuring
rectangular courtyards and halls.
• feature of Persian domes, which separates them from those
domes created in the Christian world or the Ottoman and
Mughal empires, was the use of colorful tiles, with which the
exterior of domes are covered much like the interior.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
• Mud
• rubble
• cut stone
• wood
• Gravel and paving

15. Islamic architecture
• Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both
secular and religious architecture styles from the foundation
of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and
construction of buildings and structures within the sphere of
Islamic culture. Some distinctive structures in Islamic
architecture are mosques, tombs, palaces and forts.
• Islamic architecture influenced by Roman and Persian
architecture.
• The principal Islamic architectural types are: the mosque,
the tomb, the palace and the fort.
• The horseshoe arch became a popular feature in Islamic
structures.
• Motifs of Islamic architecture have always been the
mathematical themes, rhythmic and metric pattern.

16.  a residence or other secular building is a private courtyard and walled garden. It
is used for:
• the aesthetics of plants,
• water,
• architectural elements,
• and natural light;
 for cooler space with fountains and shade, and source of breezes into the
structure, during summer heat; and a protected and proscribed place where the
women of the house need not be covered in the hijab clothing traditionally
necessary in public.
• Every mosque interior contains a niche in the wall called the mihrab.
• As a common feature, Islamic architecture makes use of specific ornamental
forms, including mathematically complicated, elaborate geometric and interlace
patterns, floral motifs, and elaborate calligraphic inscriptions, which serve to
decorate a building, specify the intention of the building by the selection of the
textual program of the inscriptions.

17. Southern Asia(Indian Architecture)
• Indian architecture encompasses
a wide variety of geographically
and historically spread structures,
and was transformed by the
history of the Indian
subcontinent.
• Indian architecture started from
Indus valley civilization, cave
architecture, rock cut
architecture.
• It influenced by Islamic and
Persian architecture mainly.

18. • Colonial Architecture: The Dutch, Portuguese and the French
made their presence felt through their buildings but it was the
English who had a lasting impact on architecture.
• Indo Islamic Architecture: The medieval period saw great
developments in the field of architecture. The Indo-Islamic
style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu.
• Cave Architecture: These caves were used by Buddhist and
Jain monks as places of worship and residence. Some
examples of this type of cave structure are Chaityas and
Viharas of Buddhists.
• Temple architecture: Decoration is one of the major parts of
Indian temples. It is reflected in the multitude details of
figured sculpture as well as in the architectural elements.

19. • Wooden architecture was popular and rock cut architecture
became solidified, during Post Maha Janapadas period.
• Walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied
buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors
are important features of the architecture during Maha
Janapadas period.
• Burnt and unburnt (sun-dried) bricks ,kiln-fired brick
,limestone, thatch, woods used for construction.
• Mughal tombs of sandstone and marble show Persian
influence Employing the double dome, the recessed archway,
white marble and parks while stressing on symmetry and detail
was visible during the reign of Shah Jahan.

20. Buddhist Architecture
• During the Kushan Empire and
Mauryan Empire, Indian architecture
and civil engineering reached regions
like Baluchista and Afghanistan.
• Statues of Buddha were cut out,
covering entire mountain cliffs, like in
Buddhas of Bamyan, Afghanistan.
Over a period of time, the ancient
Indian art of construction blended
with Greek styles and spread to
Central Asia.

21. The major features of this style are
• Stupas
• stambhas
• chaitayas
• viharas
• stupas are the circular tumuli built of earth,
covered with stone or brick, the plan,
elevation, section and the Stupa become a
cosmic symbol in response total form of
which were to a major human condition:
death.
• DOME- is a solid brick-work 32.32m in
diameter and 12.8m high.

22. Eastern Asia(Chinese architecture)
• Chinese architecture refers to a style of
architecture that has taken shape in East
Asia over many centuries.
• Chinese architecture has had a major
influence on the architectural styles of
Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
• In historic China, architectural emphasis
was laid upon the horizontal axis, in
particular the construction of a heavy
platform and a large roof that floats over
this base, with the vertical walls not as
well emphasized.

23. • The deviation from this standard is the tower architecture of
the Chinese tradition, which began as a native tradition and
was eventually influenced by the Buddhist building for
housing religious sutras - the stupa — which came from
India. Ancient Chinese tomb model representations of multiple
story residential towers and watchtowers date to the Han
Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD).

24. • Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of buildings are found
everywhere in Chinese architecture, from palace complexes to
humble farmhouses.
• The use of open courtyards is a common feature in many types
of Chinese architectures.
• The common use of curtain walls or door panels to delineate
rooms or enclose a building, with the general de-emphasis of
load-bearing walls in most higher class construction.

25. Korean architecture
• The basic construction form is
more or less similar to Eastern
Asian building system. From a
technical point of view, buildings
are structured vertically and
horizontally.
• A construction usually rises from a
stone sub foundation to a curved
roof covered with tiles, held by a
console structure and supported on
posts.
• walls are made of earth (adobe) or
are sometimes totally composed of
movable wooden doors.

26. • The main parts of a building
consisted of a raised platform made
of stone, a timber post-and-lintel
skeleton and a heavy pitched roof
with overhung eaves.
• The special features of this building
construction are the bracket sets
which consist of a number of small
supporting blocks called the 'so-
ro'(toufu Chinese) and bracket anns
called the 'po' (kung in Chinese).
• The bracket arms, parallel to the
lintels, were cut vertically at fue
upper parts of the ends, while the
lower parts were convex fu shape.

27. Japanese architecture
• Japanese architecture has as long a history as
any other aspect of Japanese culture. it also
shows a number of important differences and
aspects which are uniquely Japanese.
• Two new forms of architecture were
developed in medieval Japan in response to
the militaristic climate of the times:
• the castle, a defensive structure built to house
a feudal lord and his soldiers in times of
trouble;
• the shoin, a reception hall and private study
area designed to reflect the relationships of
lord and vassal within a feudal society.

28. • First of all is the choice of
materials, always wood in
various forms (planks, straw,
tree bark, paper, etc.) for
almost all structures. Unlike
both Western and some
Chinese architecture, the use
of stone is avoided except for
certain specific uses, for
example temple podia and
pagoda foundations.
• Arches and barrel roofs
are completely absent. Gable and
eave curves are gentler than in
China and columnar entasis
(convexity at the center) limited.

29. Incan architecture
• Incan architecture consists of the major
construction achievements developed by the Incas.
• The Incas developed an extensive road system
spanning most of the western length of the
continent.
• Inca rope bridges could be considered the world's
first suspension bridges. Because the Incas used no
wheels (It would have been impractical for the
terrain) or horses, they built their roads and
bridges for foot and pack- llama traffic.

30. • The famous lost city Machu
Picchu is the best surviving
example of Incan
architecture.

31. • Inca buildings were made out of
fieldstones or semi-worked stone
blocks and dirt set in mortar; adobe
walls were also quite common,
usually laid over stone foundations.
• The most common shape in Inca
architecture was the rectangular
building without any internal walls
and roofed with wooden beams and
thatch.
• Inca architecture is widely known for
its fine masonry, which features
precisely cut and shaped stones
closely fitted without mortar
categories identified by Rowe:

32. • Cellular polygonal masonry: with small blocks
• Cyclopean polygonal masonry: with very large stones
• Encased coursed masonry: in which stone blocks are not
aligned
• Sedimentary coursed masonry: in which stones are laid out in
horizontal rows (i.e., ashlars)
• the Inca used stone, bronze or copper tools, usually splitting
the stones along the natural fracture lines.
• the walls of Incan buildings were slightly inclined inside and
the corners were rounded.

33. Romanesque
• Romanesque is characterized by a
use of round or slightly pointed
arches, barrel vaults, cruciform
piers supporting vaults, and groin
vaults.
• The great carved portals and
church facades
• Merchants, nobles, knights,
artisans, and peasants crossed
Europe and the Mediterranean
world for business, war, and
religious pilgrimages, carrying
their knowledge of what buildings
in different places looked like.

34. Gothic
• Originating in northern France
(Denis) in the twelfth century,
Gothic spread rapidly across the
continent and England, then
invaded Scandinavia, confronted
the Byzantine provinces.
• Made appearances, under the
aegis of crusader and explorer in
the Near East and the Americas.

35. – There is no fixed set of proportions in the parts, and no
standard relationship between solid and void. The result is a
distortion.
– Light, open and aerial.
– Emphasizes verticality
– Features almost skeletal stone structures
– Great expanses of glass (stained)
– Sharply pointed spires
– Flying butresses
– Ribbed vaults
– Pointed arches
– Inventive sculptural detail

36. Renaissance
• Rebirth of classical art and
learning
• Classical orders, round arches,
and symmetrical composition
• The ideals of art and architecture
became unified in the
acceptance of classical antiquity
and in the belief that humanity
was a measure of the universe.
• The rebirth of classical
architecture, which took place in
Italy in the 15th century and
spread in the following century
through Western Europe,
terminated the supremacy of the
Gothic style.

37. European and colonial architecture
• With the rise of various European colonial empires
from the 16th century onward through the early 20th
century, the new stylistic trends of Europe were
exported to or adopted by locations around the world,
often evolving into new regional variations.
• Rather then designing a single building, an
architecture might be responsible for reimagining a
complex of building, or even planning an entire city.
• Regular, repeating designs gave way to curves and
irregularity.
• Architects began tinkering with optical illusion in
building.

38. Baroque architecture
• Baroque architecture was one of the most exciting times for
European architecture .
• Baroque architecture found its way across Europe, two
countries came to the fore in this field: Italy and France.
• Use of curves
• Rounded window to the graceful squiggle of the whole façade.
• Symmetrical design

39. Art Nouveau
• Art nouveau was an innovative international style of modern
art that become fashionable from about 1890 to first world
war.
• Aesthetic was considered to be quite revolutionary and new,
hence name-new art or art nouveau.
• Intricate curvilinear pattern of asymmetrical lines.
• Floral and other plant-inspired motifs are popular.
• Art nouveau designs, as are female silhouettes and forms.
• Tendril motifs, intertwined organic forms, mostly curvaceous
in shape.
• Design also inspired by birds, flowers, insects and curvaceous
body of women.

40. Early Modern architecture
• Early Modern architecture began with a number of building
styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification
of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose
around 1900.
• Architect of the building based on the purpose of the building.
• Mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.
• Two principal characteristics distinguish in this year, the use of
a variety of historical style and the development of new
materials and structural methods.
• Town halls, railway station, opera house, legislatures, libraries
were constructed.

41. New trends in architecture
• Architecture is on fast track of change in present time
due to the great increase in land values. Demand of
style accelerated the change. Space creation with
aesthetic value is going to be limited with the passage
of time. Great changes in the field of architecture
revolutionized due to various technological advances.
Creativity in architecture is in danger due to
commercialism.
• In past, the purpose of architecture was to create space
of comfort, protection and rest. This has now changed
due to globalization. Architects are taking designs and
visions of past and then recreating these in new from
which are more comfortable

42. • New architectural trends are focusing on the
enhancement of air ventilation. New trends now also
focus on the minimum habitat disruption, more
efficient use of energy and land, take advantage of
native landscaping to ensure a look style, usage of
building material which has less impact on
environment. Depending upon the demands, indoor
pools, fitness areas, garages all are provided in new
architectural styles.

43. • Today green living and green for future generations are
popular terms. Green designs started from 1920s by an
architect named Rudolf Schindler.
• Regional climate and environmental sensitivity are the key
objectives of this new trend.
• designs were based on elements like concrete and wood.
• Currently green architecture is a new revolution which is
focusing on utilization of space, site, and energy more
efficiently.
• Reduction of wastes and protection of environment are new
visions. Due to the trend of green architecture, there is now
reduced use of chemicals which have adverse effects on
human health, minimizing environmental hazards.
• Also waste materials are less toxic to the environment.
Architecture is such type of art that is changing with the
passage of time.