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Volmaakte mededinging (VM)
Perfect competition (PC)
Mohr & Fourie: Chapter / Hoofstuk 12ECON121_2013
 Prerequisites
 DEMAND
 Equilibrium conditions
 Shut down rule
 Profit maximisation rule
 PC profit maximisation
 Equilibrium according to
 TR & TC
 MR & MC
 SR possibilities
 SUPPLY (market & firm)
 LR equilibrium of PC firm
 Allocation efficiency
 Production efficiency
 Voorwaardes
 VRAAG
 Ewewigsvoorwaardes
 Sluitingsreël
 Winsmaksimeringsreël
 VM winsmaksimering
 Ewewig volgens
 TR & TC
 MR & MC
 KT moontlikhede
 AANBOD (mark & firma)
 LT ewewig van VM firma
 Allokasie doeltreffendheid
 Produksie doeltreffendheid
Ch 12 Layout Hfst 12 Uitleg
 Graphs
 Market demand for
firm’s product
 TR & TC
 Firm’s supply
 Ab/normal profit/loss
 LT firm vs. sector
 Tables
 Concepts
 explain, discuss,
define
 Grafieke
 Markvraag na firma se
produk
 TR & TC
 Firma se aanbod
 Ab/normale
wins/verlies
 LT firma vs sektor
 Tabelle
 Konsepte
 verduidelik, bespreek,
definieer
Outcomes Uitkomstes
 Explain (for PC)
 Prerequisites
 Demand curve
 P = AR = MR
 Equilibrium (SR & LR)
 Allocation efficiency
 Production efficiency
 Illustrate (for PC)
 Supply curve
 Equilibrium (SR & LR)
 Profit maximisation
 Verduidelik (onder VM)
 Voorwaardes
 Vraagkromme
 P = AR = MR
 Ewewig in die KT & LT
 Allokasiedoeltreffendheid
 Produksiedoeltreffendheid
 Illustreer (onder VM)
 Aanbodkromme
 Ewewig (LT & KT)
 Winsmaksimering
Outcomes Uitkomstes
 Same concepts: Ch.10-13
 Different ‘data’
 Total
 Sum of ...
 Average
 Total divided by Qty
 Marginal
 Change in Total
 ‘per extra’ unit (change in Qty)
 Selfde konsepte: Hfs.10-13
 Ander ‘data’
 Totaal
 Som van ...
 Gemiddeld
 Totaal gedeel deur Qty
 Grens (MARGINAAL)
 Verandering in Totaal
 ‘per ekstra’ eenheid
(verandering in Qty)
Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe
 NB. Same concepts
(calculations), otherdata
 N ... variable input (labour)
 Q ... Units produced
 NB. Dieselfde konsepte
(berekeninge), net anderdata
 N ... veranderlike inset (arbeid)
 Q ... eenhede produksie
Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe
Koste ... Cost Inkome ... Revenue
Produksie ...
Production
Totale
(Total)
TC = AC x Q
TC = TVC + TFC
TR = P x Q TP = AP x N
Gemiddeld
(Average)
AC = TC ÷ Q
AC = AVC + AFC
AR = TR ÷ Q
AR = P.Q ÷ Q = P
AP = TP ÷ N
Grens
(Marginal)
MC = ΔTC ÷ ΔQ MR = ΔTR ÷ ΔQ MP = ΔTP ÷ ΔN
 NB.
 MARKET
 PC = Buyers and sellers
can’t influence the price
 Profit = TR – TC
 TR = P x Q (sold)
 Perfect competition
 7 prerequisites
 Profit maximisation
 NB Price takers
 AVERAGE, MARGINAL,
TOTAL
 NB.
 MARK
 VM = Kopers en verkopers
kan nie die prys beïnvloed
nie!
 Wins = TR – TC
 TR = P x Q (verkoop)
 Volmaakte mededinging
 7 voorwaardes
 Winsmaksimering
 NB Prysnemers
 GEMIDDELD, GRENS,
TOTAAL
PC VM
 Many sellers & buyers
 No collusion
 Identical / homogenous
products
 Free entry to & exit from
market
 Full knowledge & information
to all participants
 No government intervention
 Full mobility of production
factors
 Baie kopers & verkopers
 Geen sameswering
(collusion)
 Identiese / homogene
produkte
 Vrye toetrede & uittrede tot
mark
 Volledige kennis / informasie
 Geen owerheids inmenging
 Volle mobiliteit van produksie
faktore
7 Requirements 7 Voorwaardes
 Price determined by
 MARKET (D & S)
 FIRM
 price taker
 can sell all Q at Pm
 DEMAND horizontal NB!
 Prys bepaal deur
 MARK (V & A)
 FIRMA
 prysnemer
 kan alle Q verkoop teen
Pm
 VRAAG horisontaal NB!
Perfect Competition Volmaakte Mededinging
Fig. 12-1 P = AR = MR = D
Die Sektor
The Sector
Die individuele FIRMA
The individual FIRM
Vraagkromme
Demand curve
=D
 MR (Fig.12-1)
 extra income earned from
selling 1 extra product
 MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
 AR (Fig.12-1)
 Average income per unit over
all sales
 AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
 TR (Fig.12-2)
 total revenue earned from all
sales
 TR = P x Q = AR x Q
 P = AR = MR = D
 MR (Fig.12-1)
 ekstra inkome verdien uit
verkope van 1 ekstra produk
 MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
 AR (Fig.12-1)
 gemiddelde inkome per produk
uit alle verkope
 AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
 TR (Fig.12-2)
 totale inkome verdien uit alle
verkope
 TR = P x Q = AR x Q
 P = AR = MR = D
Revenue Inkome
Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM
Q P TR MR AR
0 20
1 20
2 20
3 20
4 20
5 20
P = AR = MR = D
Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM
Q P TR MR AR
0 20 0 - -
1 20 20 20 20
2 20 40 20 20
3 20 60 20 20
4 20 80 20 20
5 20 100 20 20
P = AR = MR = D
 2 Decisions
 Worth producing?
 How much?
 NB. Price is fixed (MARKET)
 2 Rules
(valid for ALL market structures)
 2 Besluite
 Moeite werd om te produseer?
 Hoeveel?
 NB. Prys is vas (MARK)
 2 Reëls
(geld vir ALLE markvorme)
Equilibrium Ewewig
1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel
TR>= TVC
AR>= AVC
 2 Rules
(valid for ALL market structures)
 2 Reëls
(geld vir ALLE markvorme)
Equilibrium Ewewig
2.) Profit Max/Wins maks
MR= MC
Raam / Box 12-2
P=AR>AC
P=AR<AC
P=AR>AVC
P=AR<AVC
 Fixed Costs (FC)
 must be paid
 NB.
 Long Run (LR) only has
variable costs (VC)
 Short Run (SR) also has some
fixed costs (FC)
 Firms produce as long
as
 AR=P > AVC
 thus can contribute to FC
 Vaste koste (FC)
 moet betaal word
 NB.
 Langtermyn (LR) is alle kostes
veranderlik (VC),
 Korttermyn (SR) is sekere
kostes vas (FC).
 Firmas produseer solank
 AR=P > AVC
 dus kan deel van FC delg
Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?
 TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)
 Price insufficient to cover VC
 only incurs furtherlosses
 Firm must shut down
 TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)
 Prys te min om VC te dek
 maakmeerverlies
 firma moet produksie staak.
Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?
 TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)
 no contribution to FC
 does not matter whether firm
continues production or stops
 TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)
 contributes to FC
 continue production
 TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)
 niks FC nie
 om’t ewe of firma toemaak of
produseer
 TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)
 dus dra by tot FC
 bly produseer
 Profit = TR – TC
 TR
 must cover VC
 must contribute to FC
 Profit max. at
 biggest difference
between TR, TC
 Touchline?
 with slope of TR touches
TC only once
 parallel to TR
 Slope vs. Marginal?
 Wins = TR – TC
 TR
 moet VC dek
 moet bydra tot FC
 Wins maks. waar
 verskil tussen TR,TC
grootste is
 Raaklyn
 met helling TR slegs 1
punt van TC sny
 parallel tot TR
 Helling vs. Grens?
Profit Wins
20
Figuur 12-3 Totale korttermynkoste van die firma
SR– HAVE
FIXED
COSTS
Fig. 12-3 & 12-4
 TR > TC
→ wins / profit
 Max. wins / profit
→ waar die vertikale afstand
tussen TR en TC die
grootste is
→ Where the vertical distance
between TR & TC is largest
→ MR= MC
 TC > TR
→ verlies / loss
 TR = TC
→ gelykbreekpunt
→ breakeven
Max π
Raam/Box 12-3
Max.wins
Max. Profit
Max.verlies
Max. Losses
MR > MC
expand production
MR = MC (on +slope)
maximise profit
MR = MC (on –slope)
maximise loss
MR < MC
reduce/contract
production
Fig. 12-5 MR/MC voorbeeld / example
 P = R10
 FC = TFC = R5
 TP … Tabel 12-1
Q TR MR TC MC
π
0 0 - 5 - -5
1 10 10 9 4 1
2 20 10 15 6 5
3 30 10 23 8 7
4 40 10 33 10 7
5 50 10 45 12 5
 Draw MC
 Draw AC
 NB. minimum
 Type of Profit
 Where is Price (MR)?
 Abnormal profit
 P > ACmin
 Normal profit
 P = ACmin
 Loss
 P < ACmin
 Qty @ MR = MC
 TC = AC x Q
 Teken MC
 Teken AC
 NB. minimum
 Wins Tipe
 Waar is Prys (MR)?
 Abnormale wins
 P > ACmin
 Normale wins
 P = ACmin
 Verlies
 P < ACmin
 Qty @ MR = MC
 TC = AC x Q
NB. Fig 12-6 NB. Fig 12-6
Supply curve Aanbod kromme
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Verlies
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Normal Profit
Normale wins
Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
Economic profit
Ekonomiese wins
Volmaakte mededinging (VM)
Perfect competition (PC)
Mohr & Fourie: Chapter / Hoofstuk 12ECON121_2013
 Maximise profit where quantity
produced relates to …
 MR = MC
 MC increases (+slope)
 REMEMBER!!!
 P = MR = AR in PC
 P is set by MARKET
 P CANNOT be changed to
increase profit
 Wins word gemaksimeer as ‘n
firma die opbrengspeil produseer
waar ...
 MR = MC
 MC styg (+ helling)
 Onthou!!!
 P = MR = AR onder VM
 P is deur MARKvasgestel
 P kan nie verander word om
meer wins te maak nie
RECAP RECAP
RECAP RECAP
1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel
TR>= TVC
AR>= AVC
2.) Profit Max/Wins maks
MR= MC
NB. Fig 12-3&4 NB. Fig 12-3&4
Max π
NB. Fig 12-6 NB. Fig 12-6
Demand curve Vraag kromme
 All PFs variable
 Firms can enter/exit
 Abnormal Profit (Fig 12-9)
 more firms enter market
 Market SUPPLY shifts right
 Price decreases, reduces profit
 Economic Loss (Fig 12-10)
 Firms exit market
 Market SUPPLY decreases
 Price increases … normal
Profit
 Alle PFe veranderlik
 Firmas kan in/uit tree
 Abnormale Wins (Fig 12-9)
 meer firmas tree toe
 Mark AANBOD skuif regs
 Prys daal, verminder wins
 Ekonomiese Verlies (Fig 12-10)
 Firmas tree uit
 Mark AANBOD verminder
 Prys styg ... normale wins
Long run vs Short run Langtermyn vs Korttermyn
Figuur 12-8 Die langtermynewewig van die firma en
die bedryf
42
Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer
die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
43
Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer
die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
44
Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die
firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
45
Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die
firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
 Can expand production
 Economies of scale
 Lower unit costs
 Max. LR profit …
 P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
 Kan produksie uitbrei
 Skaalvoordele
 Laer eenheidskostes
 Maks. LR wins ...
 P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
LRProduction LT Produksie
 Impossible to improve one
player’s position without
worsening the position of
another player
 Thus all enjoy max. gain –
Pareto Optimal
 P = MC over LR
 PC … Profit max. is
allocation efficient
 Onmoontlik om iemand
beter af te maak sonder om
iemand anders te benadeel
 almal op maks. voordeel –
Pareto optimaliteit
 P = MC oor LR
 VM ... Winsmaksimering is
ook allokasie doeltreffend
Allocative Efficiency Toedelingsdoeltreffendheid
 Production level where
LRAC is at a minimum
 Scarce resources are
allocated efficiently
 PC … LR equilibrium
only at LRACmin
 Opbrengspeil waar
LRAC by minimum is
 Skaars hulpbronne
doeltreffend aangewend
 VM ... LR ewewig net by
LRACmin
Productive Efficiency Produksie Doeltreffendheid
 Price taker …
 Price set by MARKET
 DEMAND is horizontal at Pm
 7 Prerequisites for PC
 Profit Max @ MR= MC
 Slopes of TR, TC equal
 SR (Short Run)
 Economic Profit (P > ACmin)
 Normal Profit (P = ACmin)
 Economic Loss (P < ACmin)
 LR (Long Run)
 ONLY normal profit
 Firms can exit/enter
 Profit Max
 P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
 Prys nemer ...
 Prys vasgestel deur MARK
 VRAAG is horisontaal teen Pm
 7 Voorvereistes
 Wins maks. @ MR= MC
 Hellings van TR, TC gelyk
 SR (Kort Termyn)
 Ekonomiese Wins (P > ACmin)
 Normale Wins (P = ACmin)
 Ekonomiese Verlies (P < ACmin)
 LR (Lang Termyn)
 SLEGS normale wins
 Firmas kan in/uittree
 Wins maks.
 P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
Recap Hersien

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Perfect competition

  • 1. Volmaakte mededinging (VM) Perfect competition (PC) Mohr & Fourie: Chapter / Hoofstuk 12ECON121_2013
  • 2.  Prerequisites  DEMAND  Equilibrium conditions  Shut down rule  Profit maximisation rule  PC profit maximisation  Equilibrium according to  TR & TC  MR & MC  SR possibilities  SUPPLY (market & firm)  LR equilibrium of PC firm  Allocation efficiency  Production efficiency  Voorwaardes  VRAAG  Ewewigsvoorwaardes  Sluitingsreël  Winsmaksimeringsreël  VM winsmaksimering  Ewewig volgens  TR & TC  MR & MC  KT moontlikhede  AANBOD (mark & firma)  LT ewewig van VM firma  Allokasie doeltreffendheid  Produksie doeltreffendheid Ch 12 Layout Hfst 12 Uitleg
  • 3.  Graphs  Market demand for firm’s product  TR & TC  Firm’s supply  Ab/normal profit/loss  LT firm vs. sector  Tables  Concepts  explain, discuss, define  Grafieke  Markvraag na firma se produk  TR & TC  Firma se aanbod  Ab/normale wins/verlies  LT firma vs sektor  Tabelle  Konsepte  verduidelik, bespreek, definieer Outcomes Uitkomstes
  • 4.  Explain (for PC)  Prerequisites  Demand curve  P = AR = MR  Equilibrium (SR & LR)  Allocation efficiency  Production efficiency  Illustrate (for PC)  Supply curve  Equilibrium (SR & LR)  Profit maximisation  Verduidelik (onder VM)  Voorwaardes  Vraagkromme  P = AR = MR  Ewewig in die KT & LT  Allokasiedoeltreffendheid  Produksiedoeltreffendheid  Illustreer (onder VM)  Aanbodkromme  Ewewig (LT & KT)  Winsmaksimering Outcomes Uitkomstes
  • 5.  Same concepts: Ch.10-13  Different ‘data’  Total  Sum of ...  Average  Total divided by Qty  Marginal  Change in Total  ‘per extra’ unit (change in Qty)  Selfde konsepte: Hfs.10-13  Ander ‘data’  Totaal  Som van ...  Gemiddeld  Totaal gedeel deur Qty  Grens (MARGINAAL)  Verandering in Totaal  ‘per ekstra’ eenheid (verandering in Qty) Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe
  • 6.  NB. Same concepts (calculations), otherdata  N ... variable input (labour)  Q ... Units produced  NB. Dieselfde konsepte (berekeninge), net anderdata  N ... veranderlike inset (arbeid)  Q ... eenhede produksie Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe Koste ... Cost Inkome ... Revenue Produksie ... Production Totale (Total) TC = AC x Q TC = TVC + TFC TR = P x Q TP = AP x N Gemiddeld (Average) AC = TC ÷ Q AC = AVC + AFC AR = TR ÷ Q AR = P.Q ÷ Q = P AP = TP ÷ N Grens (Marginal) MC = ΔTC ÷ ΔQ MR = ΔTR ÷ ΔQ MP = ΔTP ÷ ΔN
  • 7.  NB.  MARKET  PC = Buyers and sellers can’t influence the price  Profit = TR – TC  TR = P x Q (sold)  Perfect competition  7 prerequisites  Profit maximisation  NB Price takers  AVERAGE, MARGINAL, TOTAL  NB.  MARK  VM = Kopers en verkopers kan nie die prys beïnvloed nie!  Wins = TR – TC  TR = P x Q (verkoop)  Volmaakte mededinging  7 voorwaardes  Winsmaksimering  NB Prysnemers  GEMIDDELD, GRENS, TOTAAL PC VM
  • 8.  Many sellers & buyers  No collusion  Identical / homogenous products  Free entry to & exit from market  Full knowledge & information to all participants  No government intervention  Full mobility of production factors  Baie kopers & verkopers  Geen sameswering (collusion)  Identiese / homogene produkte  Vrye toetrede & uittrede tot mark  Volledige kennis / informasie  Geen owerheids inmenging  Volle mobiliteit van produksie faktore 7 Requirements 7 Voorwaardes
  • 9.  Price determined by  MARKET (D & S)  FIRM  price taker  can sell all Q at Pm  DEMAND horizontal NB!  Prys bepaal deur  MARK (V & A)  FIRMA  prysnemer  kan alle Q verkoop teen Pm  VRAAG horisontaal NB! Perfect Competition Volmaakte Mededinging
  • 10. Fig. 12-1 P = AR = MR = D Die Sektor The Sector Die individuele FIRMA The individual FIRM Vraagkromme Demand curve =D
  • 11.  MR (Fig.12-1)  extra income earned from selling 1 extra product  MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm  AR (Fig.12-1)  Average income per unit over all sales  AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm  TR (Fig.12-2)  total revenue earned from all sales  TR = P x Q = AR x Q  P = AR = MR = D  MR (Fig.12-1)  ekstra inkome verdien uit verkope van 1 ekstra produk  MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm  AR (Fig.12-1)  gemiddelde inkome per produk uit alle verkope  AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm  TR (Fig.12-2)  totale inkome verdien uit alle verkope  TR = P x Q = AR x Q  P = AR = MR = D Revenue Inkome
  • 12. Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM Q P TR MR AR 0 20 1 20 2 20 3 20 4 20 5 20 P = AR = MR = D
  • 13. Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM Q P TR MR AR 0 20 0 - - 1 20 20 20 20 2 20 40 20 20 3 20 60 20 20 4 20 80 20 20 5 20 100 20 20 P = AR = MR = D
  • 14.  2 Decisions  Worth producing?  How much?  NB. Price is fixed (MARKET)  2 Rules (valid for ALL market structures)  2 Besluite  Moeite werd om te produseer?  Hoeveel?  NB. Prys is vas (MARK)  2 Reëls (geld vir ALLE markvorme) Equilibrium Ewewig 1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel TR>= TVC AR>= AVC
  • 15.  2 Rules (valid for ALL market structures)  2 Reëls (geld vir ALLE markvorme) Equilibrium Ewewig 2.) Profit Max/Wins maks MR= MC
  • 16. Raam / Box 12-2 P=AR>AC P=AR<AC P=AR>AVC P=AR<AVC
  • 17.  Fixed Costs (FC)  must be paid  NB.  Long Run (LR) only has variable costs (VC)  Short Run (SR) also has some fixed costs (FC)  Firms produce as long as  AR=P > AVC  thus can contribute to FC  Vaste koste (FC)  moet betaal word  NB.  Langtermyn (LR) is alle kostes veranderlik (VC),  Korttermyn (SR) is sekere kostes vas (FC).  Firmas produseer solank  AR=P > AVC  dus kan deel van FC delg Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?
  • 18.  TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)  Price insufficient to cover VC  only incurs furtherlosses  Firm must shut down  TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)  Prys te min om VC te dek  maakmeerverlies  firma moet produksie staak. Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?  TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)  no contribution to FC  does not matter whether firm continues production or stops  TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)  contributes to FC  continue production  TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)  niks FC nie  om’t ewe of firma toemaak of produseer  TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)  dus dra by tot FC  bly produseer
  • 19.  Profit = TR – TC  TR  must cover VC  must contribute to FC  Profit max. at  biggest difference between TR, TC  Touchline?  with slope of TR touches TC only once  parallel to TR  Slope vs. Marginal?  Wins = TR – TC  TR  moet VC dek  moet bydra tot FC  Wins maks. waar  verskil tussen TR,TC grootste is  Raaklyn  met helling TR slegs 1 punt van TC sny  parallel tot TR  Helling vs. Grens? Profit Wins
  • 20. 20 Figuur 12-3 Totale korttermynkoste van die firma SR– HAVE FIXED COSTS
  • 21. Fig. 12-3 & 12-4  TR > TC → wins / profit  Max. wins / profit → waar die vertikale afstand tussen TR en TC die grootste is → Where the vertical distance between TR & TC is largest → MR= MC  TC > TR → verlies / loss  TR = TC → gelykbreekpunt → breakeven Max π
  • 22. Raam/Box 12-3 Max.wins Max. Profit Max.verlies Max. Losses MR > MC expand production MR = MC (on +slope) maximise profit MR = MC (on –slope) maximise loss MR < MC reduce/contract production
  • 23. Fig. 12-5 MR/MC voorbeeld / example  P = R10  FC = TFC = R5  TP … Tabel 12-1 Q TR MR TC MC π 0 0 - 5 - -5 1 10 10 9 4 1 2 20 10 15 6 5 3 30 10 23 8 7 4 40 10 33 10 7 5 50 10 45 12 5
  • 24.
  • 25.  Draw MC  Draw AC  NB. minimum  Type of Profit  Where is Price (MR)?  Abnormal profit  P > ACmin  Normal profit  P = ACmin  Loss  P < ACmin  Qty @ MR = MC  TC = AC x Q  Teken MC  Teken AC  NB. minimum  Wins Tipe  Waar is Prys (MR)?  Abnormale wins  P > ACmin  Normale wins  P = ACmin  Verlies  P < ACmin  Qty @ MR = MC  TC = AC x Q NB. Fig 12-6 NB. Fig 12-6
  • 27. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
  • 28. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
  • 29. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY
  • 30. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY Verlies
  • 31. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY Normal Profit Normale wins
  • 32. Fig. 12-7 Firma AANBOD / Firm SUPPLY Economic profit Ekonomiese wins
  • 33. Volmaakte mededinging (VM) Perfect competition (PC) Mohr & Fourie: Chapter / Hoofstuk 12ECON121_2013
  • 34.  Maximise profit where quantity produced relates to …  MR = MC  MC increases (+slope)  REMEMBER!!!  P = MR = AR in PC  P is set by MARKET  P CANNOT be changed to increase profit  Wins word gemaksimeer as ‘n firma die opbrengspeil produseer waar ...  MR = MC  MC styg (+ helling)  Onthou!!!  P = MR = AR onder VM  P is deur MARKvasgestel  P kan nie verander word om meer wins te maak nie RECAP RECAP
  • 35. RECAP RECAP 1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel TR>= TVC AR>= AVC 2.) Profit Max/Wins maks MR= MC
  • 36. NB. Fig 12-3&4 NB. Fig 12-3&4 Max π
  • 37. NB. Fig 12-6 NB. Fig 12-6
  • 39.
  • 40.  All PFs variable  Firms can enter/exit  Abnormal Profit (Fig 12-9)  more firms enter market  Market SUPPLY shifts right  Price decreases, reduces profit  Economic Loss (Fig 12-10)  Firms exit market  Market SUPPLY decreases  Price increases … normal Profit  Alle PFe veranderlik  Firmas kan in/uit tree  Abnormale Wins (Fig 12-9)  meer firmas tree toe  Mark AANBOD skuif regs  Prys daal, verminder wins  Ekonomiese Verlies (Fig 12-10)  Firmas tree uit  Mark AANBOD verminder  Prys styg ... normale wins Long run vs Short run Langtermyn vs Korttermyn
  • 41. Figuur 12-8 Die langtermynewewig van die firma en die bedryf
  • 42. 42 Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
  • 43. 43 Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
  • 44. 44 Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
  • 45. 45 Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
  • 46.  Can expand production  Economies of scale  Lower unit costs  Max. LR profit …  P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC  Kan produksie uitbrei  Skaalvoordele  Laer eenheidskostes  Maks. LR wins ...  P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC LRProduction LT Produksie
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.  Impossible to improve one player’s position without worsening the position of another player  Thus all enjoy max. gain – Pareto Optimal  P = MC over LR  PC … Profit max. is allocation efficient  Onmoontlik om iemand beter af te maak sonder om iemand anders te benadeel  almal op maks. voordeel – Pareto optimaliteit  P = MC oor LR  VM ... Winsmaksimering is ook allokasie doeltreffend Allocative Efficiency Toedelingsdoeltreffendheid
  • 51.  Production level where LRAC is at a minimum  Scarce resources are allocated efficiently  PC … LR equilibrium only at LRACmin  Opbrengspeil waar LRAC by minimum is  Skaars hulpbronne doeltreffend aangewend  VM ... LR ewewig net by LRACmin Productive Efficiency Produksie Doeltreffendheid
  • 52.  Price taker …  Price set by MARKET  DEMAND is horizontal at Pm  7 Prerequisites for PC  Profit Max @ MR= MC  Slopes of TR, TC equal  SR (Short Run)  Economic Profit (P > ACmin)  Normal Profit (P = ACmin)  Economic Loss (P < ACmin)  LR (Long Run)  ONLY normal profit  Firms can exit/enter  Profit Max  P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC  Prys nemer ...  Prys vasgestel deur MARK  VRAAG is horisontaal teen Pm  7 Voorvereistes  Wins maks. @ MR= MC  Hellings van TR, TC gelyk  SR (Kort Termyn)  Ekonomiese Wins (P > ACmin)  Normale Wins (P = ACmin)  Ekonomiese Verlies (P < ACmin)  LR (Lang Termyn)  SLEGS normale wins  Firmas kan in/uittree  Wins maks.  P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC Recap Hersien

Editor's Notes

  1. Waarom nie wins max by MCmin? Wins area is gebied waar MR &amp;gt; MC By MC min kry jy net ½ vd winsgebied Wil dus produseer tot by MC(+helling) = MR
  2. Waarom nie wins maks by 3 units nie? Eerstens: MR ≠ MC by 3 units nie ... wins maks reël Tweedens: kan nog 1 meer verkoop ... en ons aannames is altyd dat “more is more” (kan meer mense in diens hou, meer produkte verkoop, meer kliente bevredig)
  3. How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? Abnormal PROFIT ... Price is HIGHER than ACmin Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &amp;gt; ACmin) Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en regs) van ACmin wees Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as Wins area ... blok tussen MC/MR &amp; Q/AC snypunte en die P-as How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? Price is level with ACmin (So MC, ACmin, MR ... all join at 1 point) No PROFIT block – included in normal costs Is there a profit? YES, but only NORMAL How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? LOSS ... Price is BELOW ACmin Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &amp;lt; ACmin) Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as EN op na AC kromme Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en links) van ACmin wees Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as VERLIES area ... blok tussen MC=MR &amp; Q/AC snypunte en die P-as (altyd LINKS vd die MC/AC kruising) Shut Down Rule? ... P &amp;lt; AVCmin (AVCmin cut by MC) ... so if AVCmin &amp;lt; P3 ... Shutdown Can’t be seen on this graph as no AVC drawn in, BUT AVC always BELOW AC Profit max? can happen at different places but ALWAYS where MR = MC Market PRICE determines SR abnormal, normal, negative profits
  4. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  5. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  6. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  7. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  8. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  9. Aanbodkromme van die firma stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie? P5  firma sal glad nie produseer nie. P4  firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie. P3  firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer. P2  firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt). P1  firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
  10. How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? Abnormal PROFIT ... Price is HIGHER than ACmin Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &amp;gt; ACmin) Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en regs) van ACmin wees Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as Wins area ... blok tussen MC/MR &amp; Q/AC snypunte en die P-as How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? Price is level with ACmin (So MC, ACmin, MR ... all join at 1 point) No PROFIT block – included in normal costs Is there a profit? YES, but only NORMAL How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go? LOSS ... Price is BELOW ACmin Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &amp;lt; ACmin) Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as EN op na AC kromme Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en links) van ACmin wees Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as VERLIES area ... blok tussen MC=MR &amp; Q/AC snypunte en die P-as (altyd LINKS vd die MC/AC kruising) Shut Down Rule? ... P &amp;lt; AVCmin (AVCmin cut by MC) ... so if AVCmin &amp;lt; P3 ... Shutdown Can’t be seen on this graph as no AVC drawn in, BUT AVC always BELOW AC Profit max? can happen at different places but ALWAYS where MR = MC Market PRICE determines SR abnormal, normal, negative profits
  11. Normal profit if P = ACmin No incentive for competitors to enter market Abnormal Profit if P &amp;gt; ACmin Attracts competitors … market supply increases Price decreases, lessens economic (abnormal) profit Economic loss … P &amp;lt; ACmin Firms leave sector, Supply decreases Price increases, lessens loss