5. Same concepts: Ch.10-13
Different ‘data’
Total
Sum of ...
Average
Total divided by Qty
Marginal
Change in Total
‘per extra’ unit (change in Qty)
Selfde konsepte: Hfs.10-13
Ander ‘data’
Totaal
Som van ...
Gemiddeld
Totaal gedeel deur Qty
Grens (MARGINAAL)
Verandering in Totaal
‘per ekstra’ eenheid
(verandering in Qty)
Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe
6. NB. Same concepts
(calculations), otherdata
N ... variable input (labour)
Q ... Units produced
NB. Dieselfde konsepte
(berekeninge), net anderdata
N ... veranderlike inset (arbeid)
Q ... eenhede produksie
Basic Concepts Basiese Begrippe
Koste ... Cost Inkome ... Revenue
Produksie ...
Production
Totale
(Total)
TC = AC x Q
TC = TVC + TFC
TR = P x Q TP = AP x N
Gemiddeld
(Average)
AC = TC ÷ Q
AC = AVC + AFC
AR = TR ÷ Q
AR = P.Q ÷ Q = P
AP = TP ÷ N
Grens
(Marginal)
MC = ΔTC ÷ ΔQ MR = ΔTR ÷ ΔQ MP = ΔTP ÷ ΔN
7. NB.
MARKET
PC = Buyers and sellers
can’t influence the price
Profit = TR – TC
TR = P x Q (sold)
Perfect competition
7 prerequisites
Profit maximisation
NB Price takers
AVERAGE, MARGINAL,
TOTAL
NB.
MARK
VM = Kopers en verkopers
kan nie die prys beïnvloed
nie!
Wins = TR – TC
TR = P x Q (verkoop)
Volmaakte mededinging
7 voorwaardes
Winsmaksimering
NB Prysnemers
GEMIDDELD, GRENS,
TOTAAL
PC VM
8. Many sellers & buyers
No collusion
Identical / homogenous
products
Free entry to & exit from
market
Full knowledge & information
to all participants
No government intervention
Full mobility of production
factors
Baie kopers & verkopers
Geen sameswering
(collusion)
Identiese / homogene
produkte
Vrye toetrede & uittrede tot
mark
Volledige kennis / informasie
Geen owerheids inmenging
Volle mobiliteit van produksie
faktore
7 Requirements 7 Voorwaardes
9. Price determined by
MARKET (D & S)
FIRM
price taker
can sell all Q at Pm
DEMAND horizontal NB!
Prys bepaal deur
MARK (V & A)
FIRMA
prysnemer
kan alle Q verkoop teen
Pm
VRAAG horisontaal NB!
Perfect Competition Volmaakte Mededinging
10. Fig. 12-1 P = AR = MR = D
Die Sektor
The Sector
Die individuele FIRMA
The individual FIRM
Vraagkromme
Demand curve
=D
11. MR (Fig.12-1)
extra income earned from
selling 1 extra product
MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
AR (Fig.12-1)
Average income per unit over
all sales
AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
TR (Fig.12-2)
total revenue earned from all
sales
TR = P x Q = AR x Q
P = AR = MR = D
MR (Fig.12-1)
ekstra inkome verdien uit
verkope van 1 ekstra produk
MR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
AR (Fig.12-1)
gemiddelde inkome per produk
uit alle verkope
AR = TR ÷ Q = Pm
TR (Fig.12-2)
totale inkome verdien uit alle
verkope
TR = P x Q = AR x Q
P = AR = MR = D
Revenue Inkome
12. Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM
Q P TR MR AR
0 20
1 20
2 20
3 20
4 20
5 20
P = AR = MR = D
13. Totale, Grens- en gemiddelde inkomste onderVM
Q P TR MR AR
0 20 0 - -
1 20 20 20 20
2 20 40 20 20
3 20 60 20 20
4 20 80 20 20
5 20 100 20 20
P = AR = MR = D
14. 2 Decisions
Worth producing?
How much?
NB. Price is fixed (MARKET)
2 Rules
(valid for ALL market structures)
2 Besluite
Moeite werd om te produseer?
Hoeveel?
NB. Prys is vas (MARK)
2 Reëls
(geld vir ALLE markvorme)
Equilibrium Ewewig
1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel
TR>= TVC
AR>= AVC
15. 2 Rules
(valid for ALL market structures)
2 Reëls
(geld vir ALLE markvorme)
Equilibrium Ewewig
2.) Profit Max/Wins maks
MR= MC
17. Fixed Costs (FC)
must be paid
NB.
Long Run (LR) only has
variable costs (VC)
Short Run (SR) also has some
fixed costs (FC)
Firms produce as long
as
AR=P > AVC
thus can contribute to FC
Vaste koste (FC)
moet betaal word
NB.
Langtermyn (LR) is alle kostes
veranderlik (VC),
Korttermyn (SR) is sekere
kostes vas (FC).
Firmas produseer solank
AR=P > AVC
dus kan deel van FC delg
Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?
18. TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)
Price insufficient to cover VC
only incurs furtherlosses
Firm must shut down
TR < TVC … (P = AR < AVC)
Prys te min om VC te dek
maakmeerverlies
firma moet produksie staak.
Produce ornot? Produseerof nie?
TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)
no contribution to FC
does not matter whether firm
continues production or stops
TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)
contributes to FC
continue production
TR = TVC … (P = AR = AVC)
niks FC nie
om’t ewe of firma toemaak of
produseer
TR > TVC … (P = AR > AVC)
dus dra by tot FC
bly produseer
19. Profit = TR – TC
TR
must cover VC
must contribute to FC
Profit max. at
biggest difference
between TR, TC
Touchline?
with slope of TR touches
TC only once
parallel to TR
Slope vs. Marginal?
Wins = TR – TC
TR
moet VC dek
moet bydra tot FC
Wins maks. waar
verskil tussen TR,TC
grootste is
Raaklyn
met helling TR slegs 1
punt van TC sny
parallel tot TR
Helling vs. Grens?
Profit Wins
21. Fig. 12-3 & 12-4
TR > TC
→ wins / profit
Max. wins / profit
→ waar die vertikale afstand
tussen TR en TC die
grootste is
→ Where the vertical distance
between TR & TC is largest
→ MR= MC
TC > TR
→ verlies / loss
TR = TC
→ gelykbreekpunt
→ breakeven
Max π
25. Draw MC
Draw AC
NB. minimum
Type of Profit
Where is Price (MR)?
Abnormal profit
P > ACmin
Normal profit
P = ACmin
Loss
P < ACmin
Qty @ MR = MC
TC = AC x Q
Teken MC
Teken AC
NB. minimum
Wins Tipe
Waar is Prys (MR)?
Abnormale wins
P > ACmin
Normale wins
P = ACmin
Verlies
P < ACmin
Qty @ MR = MC
TC = AC x Q
NB. Fig 12-6 NB. Fig 12-6
34. Maximise profit where quantity
produced relates to …
MR = MC
MC increases (+slope)
REMEMBER!!!
P = MR = AR in PC
P is set by MARKET
P CANNOT be changed to
increase profit
Wins word gemaksimeer as ‘n
firma die opbrengspeil produseer
waar ...
MR = MC
MC styg (+ helling)
Onthou!!!
P = MR = AR onder VM
P is deur MARKvasgestel
P kan nie verander word om
meer wins te maak nie
RECAP RECAP
35. RECAP RECAP
1.) Shut Down Rule /Sluitingsreel
TR>= TVC
AR>= AVC
2.) Profit Max/Wins maks
MR= MC
40. All PFs variable
Firms can enter/exit
Abnormal Profit (Fig 12-9)
more firms enter market
Market SUPPLY shifts right
Price decreases, reduces profit
Economic Loss (Fig 12-10)
Firms exit market
Market SUPPLY decreases
Price increases … normal
Profit
Alle PFe veranderlik
Firmas kan in/uit tree
Abnormale Wins (Fig 12-9)
meer firmas tree toe
Mark AANBOD skuif regs
Prys daal, verminder wins
Ekonomiese Verlies (Fig 12-10)
Firmas tree uit
Mark AANBOD verminder
Prys styg ... normale wins
Long run vs Short run Langtermyn vs Korttermyn
41. Figuur 12-8 Die langtermynewewig van die firma en
die bedryf
42. 42
Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer
die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
43. 43
Figuur 12-9 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer
die firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese wins maak
44. 44
Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die
firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
45. 45
Figuur 12-10 Die individuele firma en die bedryf wanneer die
firma aanvanklik ’n ekonomiese verlies ly
46. Can expand production
Economies of scale
Lower unit costs
Max. LR profit …
P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
Kan produksie uitbrei
Skaalvoordele
Laer eenheidskostes
Maks. LR wins ...
P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
LRProduction LT Produksie
47.
48.
49.
50. Impossible to improve one
player’s position without
worsening the position of
another player
Thus all enjoy max. gain –
Pareto Optimal
P = MC over LR
PC … Profit max. is
allocation efficient
Onmoontlik om iemand
beter af te maak sonder om
iemand anders te benadeel
almal op maks. voordeel –
Pareto optimaliteit
P = MC oor LR
VM ... Winsmaksimering is
ook allokasie doeltreffend
Allocative Efficiency Toedelingsdoeltreffendheid
51. Production level where
LRAC is at a minimum
Scarce resources are
allocated efficiently
PC … LR equilibrium
only at LRACmin
Opbrengspeil waar
LRAC by minimum is
Skaars hulpbronne
doeltreffend aangewend
VM ... LR ewewig net by
LRACmin
Productive Efficiency Produksie Doeltreffendheid
52. Price taker …
Price set by MARKET
DEMAND is horizontal at Pm
7 Prerequisites for PC
Profit Max @ MR= MC
Slopes of TR, TC equal
SR (Short Run)
Economic Profit (P > ACmin)
Normal Profit (P = ACmin)
Economic Loss (P < ACmin)
LR (Long Run)
ONLY normal profit
Firms can exit/enter
Profit Max
P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
Prys nemer ...
Prys vasgestel deur MARK
VRAAG is horisontaal teen Pm
7 Voorvereistes
Wins maks. @ MR= MC
Hellings van TR, TC gelyk
SR (Kort Termyn)
Ekonomiese Wins (P > ACmin)
Normale Wins (P = ACmin)
Ekonomiese Verlies (P < ACmin)
LR (Lang Termyn)
SLEGS normale wins
Firmas kan in/uittree
Wins maks.
P=SRMC=SRAC=LRAC
Recap Hersien
Editor's Notes
Waarom nie wins max by MCmin?
Wins area is gebied waar MR &gt; MC
By MC min kry jy net ½ vd winsgebied
Wil dus produseer tot by MC(+helling) = MR
Waarom nie wins maks by 3 units nie?
Eerstens: MR ≠ MC by 3 units nie ... wins maks reël
Tweedens: kan nog 1 meer verkoop ... en ons aannames is altyd dat “more is more” (kan meer mense in diens hou, meer produkte verkoop, meer kliente bevredig)
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
Abnormal PROFIT ... Price is HIGHER than ACmin
Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &gt; ACmin)
Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as
Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en regs) van ACmin wees
Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as
Wins area ... blok tussen MC/MR & Q/AC snypunte en die P-as
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
Price is level with ACmin (So MC, ACmin, MR ... all join at 1 point)
No PROFIT block – included in normal costs
Is there a profit? YES, but only NORMAL
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
LOSS ... Price is BELOW ACmin
Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &lt; ACmin)
Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as EN op na AC kromme
Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en links) van ACmin wees
Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as
VERLIES area ... blok tussen MC=MR & Q/AC snypunte en die P-as (altyd LINKS vd die MC/AC kruising)
Shut Down Rule? ... P &lt; AVCmin (AVCmin cut by MC) ... so if AVCmin &lt; P3 ... Shutdown
Can’t be seen on this graph as no AVC drawn in, BUT AVC always BELOW AC
Profit max? can happen at different places but ALWAYS where MR = MC
Market PRICE determines SR abnormal, normal, negative profits
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
Aanbodkromme van die firma
stygende deel van MC-kromme bokant die minimumpunt van AVC-kromme (punt b) .. sal mos nie aanbied indien jy moet toemaak nie?
P5 firma sal glad nie produseer nie.
P4 firma is by sluitingspunt, om’t ewe of firma aanhou produseer of nie.
P3 firma minimeer verlies deur Q3 te produseer.
P2 firma maak normale wins (gelykbreekpunt).
P1 firma maksimeer ekonomiese wins deur Q1 te produseer.
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
Abnormal PROFIT ... Price is HIGHER than ACmin
Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &gt; ACmin)
Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as
Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en regs) van ACmin wees
Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as
Wins area ... blok tussen MC/MR & Q/AC snypunte en die P-as
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
Price is level with ACmin (So MC, ACmin, MR ... all join at 1 point)
No PROFIT block – included in normal costs
Is there a profit? YES, but only NORMAL
How to draw ... MC = Nike Swoosh, AC bowl cut at minimum by swoosh (MC) ... now where does Price (AR,MR) go?
LOSS ... Price is BELOW ACmin
Stap 1: MC = MR ... (P &lt; ACmin)
Stap 2: MR sny MC trek af na Q-as EN op na AC kromme
Stap 3: Q sny AC ... moet bo (en links) van ACmin wees
Stap 4: Q sny AC trek oor na P-as
VERLIES area ... blok tussen MC=MR & Q/AC snypunte en die P-as (altyd LINKS vd die MC/AC kruising)
Shut Down Rule? ... P &lt; AVCmin (AVCmin cut by MC) ... so if AVCmin &lt; P3 ... Shutdown
Can’t be seen on this graph as no AVC drawn in, BUT AVC always BELOW AC
Profit max? can happen at different places but ALWAYS where MR = MC
Market PRICE determines SR abnormal, normal, negative profits
Normal profit if P = ACmin
No incentive for competitors to enter market
Abnormal Profit if P &gt; ACmin
Attracts competitors … market supply increases
Price decreases, lessens economic (abnormal) profit
Economic loss … P &lt; ACmin
Firms leave sector, Supply decreases
Price increases, lessens loss