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Inflation
Inflastie
1978… 1978…
1978
Uitkomstes/Outcomes
• Omskryf, definieer, bespreek en
bereken inflasie
• Onderskei tussen verskillende
maatstawwe van inflasie
• Onderskei tussen die vier benaderings
tot die verklaring van waarom inflasie
plaasvind.
• Verduidelik vraagtrek- en
kostedrukinflasie
• Bespreek die verskillende
beleidsmaatreëls wat gebruik kan
word om inflasie te bekamp
• Define, discuss and calculate
inflation
• Distinguish between the different
measures of inflation
• Distinguish between four approaches
to explaining what causes inflation
• Explain demand-pull and cost-push
inflation
• Discuss the different policies that
can be used to combat inflation
21.1 Def. Inflasie/Inflation
• Inflasie: ‘n volgehoue en
aanmerklike styging in pryse
oor die algemeen, waar die
kwaliteit van produkte dieselfde
bly.
• Vier aspekte?
• Inflation: a continuous and
considerable rise in prices in
general, but the quality of the
product remains the same.
• Four aspects?
▫ NeutraalNeutraal – maak voorsiening
vir alle moontlike oorsake van
inflasie, help om anti-
inflasionêre beleid te vorm.
▫ ProsesProses – volgehoue styging in
pryse kom voor, nie eenmalige
styging nie.
▫ ‘n aanmerklikeaanmerklike (of
beduidende) toename in pryse
▫ pryse oor die algemeenalgemeen, nie net
‘n enkele produk nie, maar oor
die hele ekonomie.
▫ NeutralNeutral – allows for all possible
causes of inflation to be taken into
account, and provides a sounder
basis for anti-inflation policy.
▫ ProcessProcess – continuous increase in
prices, not a once-and-for-all
increase.
▫ A considerableconsiderable increase in prices
▫ Prices in generalgeneral,, not an increase
in the price of a particular good.
21.2 Die meting van inflasie
21.2 Measurement of inflation
• Gewildste aanwyser van die
algemene pryspeil: VPIVPI
• Verbruikersprysindeks
• ‘n indeks wat die koste van ‘n
verteenwoordigendeverteenwoordigende
mandjiemandjie verbruikers goedere
en –dienste weerspieël
• Most commonly used indicator
of the general price level: CPICPI
• Consumer Price Index
• The cost of a representativerepresentative
basketbasket of consumer goods
and services
Behuising 22.3%
Openbare vervoer 3.5%
Voedsel 24.2%
Meubels en toerusting 2.8%
Klerasie en skoeisel 3.6%
Voertuie 5.1%
Vervoergoedere 5.2%
Drank en tabak 2.7%
Ander 30.6%
21.2 Die meting van inflasie
21.2 Measurement of inflation
 Inflasiekoers
 Die persentasieveranderingDie persentasieverandering
in die VPIin die VPI
 van een periode tot ‘nvan een periode tot ‘n
volgende (uitgedruk pervolgende (uitgedruk per
jaar)jaar)
 ALTYD %ALTYD %
 Wanneer gesê word dat die
inflasiekoers 10% is, beteken dit dus
dat pryse teen ‘n (gemiddelde) koers
van 10% per jaar toeneem.
 Inflation rate
 The percentage change inThe percentage change in
the CPIthe CPI
 from one period to the nextfrom one period to the next
(per year)(per year)
 ALWAYS %ALWAYS %
 When we say that the inflation rate
is 10%, this means that prices are
increasing at a rate of 10% per
year.
• VPI word maandeliksVPI word maandeliks
gepubliseer (12 syfers)gepubliseer (12 syfers)
• CPI is calculated monthly
(12 figures)
Twee metodes (jaarlikse
inflasie) / Two methods
(yearly inflation)
• Maand op maand vanMaand op maand van
die vorigedie vorige jaar /jaar / Month
on the same month during
the previous year
• Jaargemiddeld opJaargemiddeld op
jaargemiddeldjaargemiddeld /Annual
average on annual
average
Maand op dieselfde maand van die vorige jaar
• Algemeenste praktyk in SA
▫ is om die indeks vir ‘n
betrokke maand te vergelyk
met die vir die
ooreenstemmende maand
van die vorige jaar.
• Common practice in SA
 Compare the index of the
corresponding month in the
previous year.
%2.6
100*
8.104
8.1043.111
100*
Pr
Pr
01'
=





 −
=





 −
=
evious
eviousCurrent
Mrt
π
Jaargemiddeld op jaargemiddeld
Annual average on annual average
Veronderstel die VPI syfers in Suid-Afrika was as volg
in 2005, 2006 en 2007 onderskeidelik: /
Assume that the CPI figures in South Africa were as follows
in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively:
Bereken die inflasiekoers vir Suid-Afrika in 2007. /
Calculate the inflation rate for South Africa in 2007.
Jaargemiddeld op jaargemiddeld
Annual average on annual average
Inflation 2007 = (CPI2007 – CPI2006) / CPI2006 x 100
= (146.8 – 138.8) / 138.8 x 100
= 5.76%
Kerninflasie/Core Inflation
 Meet die onderliggende
inflasiedruk in die ekonomie.
 Word beraam deur sekere items uit
die VPI-mandjie te verwyder, a.g.v
hul wisselvalligheid. (bv.
Owerheid/beleid inmenging)
 Kyk bl. 476 vir voorbeelde van
goedere wat uit mandjie gelaat
word.
 Tabel 21-2
 Capture the underlying
inflationary pressures in the
economy.
 Is estimated by excluding items
from the CPI basket on the basis
their prices are highly volatile (e.g.
Government/policy intervention)
 p 498 summarises some of these
goods that are excluded.
 Table 21-2
•Vars en bevrore vleis en vis
•Vars en bevrore groente en
vrugte
•Rentekoerse op
verbandlenings en
oortrokke rekeninge
•TAX of TGW
•Eiendomstax
VPIX / CPIX ?
-Teikeninflasiekoers
-Wat is die verskil????
-Uitgesluit: verbandrentekoerse
Sedert 2008
word dit nie
meer gebruik
nie.
Die produksieprysindeks (PPI)Die produksieprysindeks (PPI)
Production Price Index (PPI)Production Price Index (PPI)
• Meet die pryse by die vlak van
die eerste betekenisvolle
transaksie (intree in mark)
▫ VB.?VB.?
• NB: PPI sluit in kapitaal-en
intermediêre goedere MAAR
sluit dienste uit
• Measures prices at the level of
the first significant commercial
transaction (entry into the
market).
▫ E.g. ?E.g. ?
• NB: PPI includes capital and
intermediate goods BUT
excludes services.
Die produksieprysindeks (PPI)
Production Price Index (PPI)
• NB: PPI sluit dienste uit
(dienste word nie vervaardig
nie)
• PPI het betrekking op ‘n heel
ander mandjie as die VPI
• Tabel 21-3 (Bl. 499) wys die
belangrikste verskille tussen
die VPI en die PPI. NB!!
• PPI meet produksiekostePPI meet produksiekoste
en nie lewenskoste nie.
• PPI is `n goeie aanduider om te
toon wat met die VPI kan
gebeur in die toekoms.
• NB: PPI does not include
services (services are not
produced)
• PPI is based on a completely
different basket then CPI
• Table 21-3 (Bl. 477) lists the
main differences between CPI
and PPI. NB!!
• PPI measures the cost ofPPI measures the cost of
productionproduction and not cost of
living.
• PPI is also a good indicator of
what might happen to CPI in the
future.
Die produksieprysindeks (PPI)
Production Price Index (PPI)
• PPI tref onderskeid tussen
invoere en plaaslike
vervaardigde goedere.
▫ Dus aanduiding gee of druk
op koste voorkom a.g.v.
plaaslike ekonomie of
buitelandse ekonomie.
• PPI distinguish between imports
and goods produced in SA.
▫ Possible to determine to what
extent the cost pressures are
emanating from the domestic
economy or from the country’s
economic links with the rest of
the world.
South Africa’s Inflation??
www.sarb.co.za
Die implisiete BBP-deflator
The implicit GDP deflator
• Ekonome stel egter dikwels belang in
die Δ in die pryse van alle finale
goedere en dienste wat gedurende ‘n
bepaalde jaar in die ekonomie
geproduseer word.
• Nominale – Reele BBPNominale – Reele BBP
• Die reële BBP meet die waarde van
die BBP volgens die pryse in ‘n
bepaalde basis jaar (relatief tot ‘n
ander jaar se pryse / konstante pryse).
• Dit verskaf die grondslag vir die
berekening van ekonomiese groei.
• Economists are interested in the
price Δ in all final goods and
services produced in the
economy for a particular year.
• Nominal – Real GDPNominal – Real GDP
• The real GDP measures the value
of the GDP in terms of the prices
ruling in a certain base year.
• This provides the basis for
calculating economic growth.
Die implisiete BBP-deflator
The implicit GDP deflator
100*
.Re
.
. 





=
JaarX
JaarX
JaarX
GDPal
GDPNom
Defl
100*
.
..
1
1







 −
=
−
−
JaarX
JaarXJaarX
JaarX
Defl
DeflDefl
π
Die implisiete BBP-deflator
The implicit GDP deflator
• Bereken die inflasiekoers vir 1999 vanuit die onderstaande tabel. Toon
alle vergelykings en berekeninge /
• Use the table below to calculate the inflation rate for 1999. Show all
equations and calculations.
Die implisiete BBP-deflator
The implicit GDP deflator
1998
1998
1998
.
. *100
Re .
365,987
*100
389,432
93.98
Nom GDP
Defl
al GDP
 
=  ÷
 
 
=  ÷
 
=
1999
1999
1999
.
. *100
Re .
398,254
*100
403,528
98.69
Nom GDP
Defl
al GDP
 
=  ÷
 
 
=  ÷
 
=
1999 1998 1999
1999
1998 1998
. . .
*100 1 *100
. .
98.69 93.98 98.69
*100 1 *100
93.98 93.98
5.01%
Defl Defl Defl
Defl Defl
π
   −
= = − ÷  ÷
   
−   
= = − ÷  ÷
   
=
21.4 Die oorsake van inflasie
The causes of inflation
• Sommige elemente van die
inflasieproses kan verduidelik
word deur vier benaderings tot die
verklaring van inflasie te
ondersoek.
• Die vier benaderings is:
▫ Die monetaristiese benadering...Die monetaristiese benadering...
Doen selfDoen self
▫ Die onderskeid tussen vraagtrekinflasie
en kostedrukinflasie
▫ Die strukturalistieseDie strukturalistiese
benadering ... Doen selfbenadering ... Doen self
▫ Die konflikbenadering ... DoenDie konflikbenadering ... Doen
selfself
• We can explain some elements of
the inflation process by examining
four approaches to diagnosing
inflation
• The approaches are:
▫ The monetarist approach…selfThe monetarist approach…self
studystudy
▫ The demand-pull and cost-push
approach
▫ The structural approach…selfThe structural approach…self
studystudy
▫ The conflict approach...self studyThe conflict approach...self study
Die monetaristiese benadering tot inflasie: die kwantiteitsteorie van geld
The monetarists approach to inflation: Quantity theory of money
• Inflasie veroorsaak deur volgehoue hoë
groei in die M (geld voorraad), en sal
laer groei in die M mettertyd tot laer
inflasie lei.
• Dus hoë inflasie kan nie sonder hoë
groeikoerse in die aanbod van geld in
stand gehou word nie
(Kwantiteitsteorie van geld).
• Die ruilvergelyking is eintlik ‘n
identiteit (dus ALTYD waar) en kan
soos volg saamgevat word:
▫ MV = PY
• Inflation is caused by continuous high
growth in M (quantity of money), and
low rates of money growth will produce
low inflation.
• High rates of inflation cannot be
sustained without persistently high
rates of growth in the money supply
(Quantity theory of money)
• The equation of exchange is actually and
identity (always holds) and may be
stated as follows:
▫ MV = PY
• Die omloopsnelheid van geld (V) is
‘n aanduiding van die aantal kere
wat die gemiddelde rand gedurende
‘n bepaalde tydperk van hand
verwissel.
▫ V = PY/M
• Vb bl. 506
• Drie sleutelaannames:
▫ Die omloopsnelheid van geld is stabiel
▫ Die geldhoeveelheid word eksogeen
deur die monetêre owerhede bepaal.
▫ Die reële produksie word deur die
beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit van die
onderskeie produksie faktore bepaal.
• The velocity of circulation (V) is an
indication of the number of times
the average rand changes hands
during a particular period.
▫ V = PY/M
• E.g. p 484
• Three key assumptions:
▫ The velocity of circulation of money is
stable
▫ The quantity of money is exogenously
determined by the monetary
authorities.
▫ Real output is determined by the
quality of the various factors of
production.
Vraagtrek/Demand-pull
• AD styg, AS bly dieselfde
• “te veel geld wat te min
goedere jaag”
• ONTHOU: AD = C + I + G + X – Z
• Dus styging in AD a.g.v.
Styging in C,I,G,X
• DUS: M styg
• ADAD increase, AS will
remains unchanged.
• “too much money chasing
too few goods”
• Remember: AD = C + I + G + X – Z
• THUS an increase in AD is
caused by an increase in
C,I,G,X
• THUS: M increase
Fig 21.1 Vraagtrek/Demand-pull
Vraagtrek/Demand-pull
• Fix?Fix?
▫ MP ... i .... M
▫ FP ... T ... G
• Fix?Fix?
▫ MP ... i .... M
▫ FP ... T ... G
Hoofstuk 16 en 19
Kostedruk/Cost-Push inflation
• Styging in produksieStyging in produksie
kostekoste
▫ Hoër kostes lei tot minder
aanbod
▫ Dus AS skuif links
• 5 hoof oorsake5 hoof oorsake
▫ Styging in lone
▫ Styging in ingevoerde kapitaal
& intermed. goedere
▫ Styging in wins grens
▫ Daling in produktiwiteit
▫ Natuurrampe
• Increase in productionIncrease in production
costcost
▫ Higher cost leads to lower
supply
▫ AS shifts to the left
• 5 main sources5 main sources
▫ Increase in wages and
salaries
▫ Increase in imported capital
& intermediate goods
▫ Increase in profit margins
▫ Decrease in productivity
▫ Natural disasters
Kostedruk/Cost-Push inflation
• Kostedrukinflasie het dus ‘n
negatiewe uitwerking op
produksie, inkome en
indiensneming.
• Dus stagflasie, omdat stygende
pryse (inflasie) met verhoogde
werkloosheid (stagnasie)
gepaard gaan.
• Kostedrukinflasie word bekamp
deur inkomebeleid (22).
• MP & FP kan dit nie oplos
nie.
• Cost-push inflation has a
negative impact on
production, income and
employment.
• Stagflation occurs, because
increasing prices (inflation)
are accompanied by
increased unemployment.
• Cost-push inflation can be
combat with an incomes
policy.
• MP & FP cannot combat
cost-push inflation.
Figuur 21-2 Kostedrukinflasie
Die strukturalistiese benadering tot
inflasie/ Structuralist approach to inflation
• Steeds vraagtrek en kostedruk,
maar plaas die onderskeid in ‘n
veel breër konteks.
• Die inflasie proses is die resultaat
van die wisselwerking tussen drie
verwante stelle faktore:
▫ Die onderliggende faktore,
wat die agtergrond skep
waarteen die inflasieproses
plaasvind.
▫ Die inisiërende faktore,
wat ‘n bepaalde inflasieproses
aan die gang sit of vererger.
• Retains the distinction between
demand-pull and cost-push, but
in a broader context.
• The inflation process is the result
of the interaction between three
interrelated sets of factors:
▫ The underlying factors,
which provide the background
against which the inflation
process occurs.
▫ The initiating factors,
which triggers or intensify a
particular inflation process.
Die strukturalistiese benadering tot
inflasie/ Structuralist approach to inflation
▫ Die
voortplantingsfaktore,
wat die aanvanklike impuls
deur die ekonomie en oor
tyd versprei en sodoende ‘n
volgehoue proses van
stygende pryse genereer.
▫ The propagating factors,
which transmit the
initiating impulse through
the economy and over time,
and in so doing generate or
sustain the process of rising
prices.
Die konflikbenadering tot inflasie
Conflict approach to inflation
• Eise en bydraes nie gelyk nie
• Die gelykheid tussen die eise
en bydraes word deur
prysverhogings herstel.
• Dit kan beskou word of as ‘n
nominale verhoging in die
waarde van die produksie of as
‘n reële daling in die waarde
van die effektiewe eise.
• Imbalance between growth in
real national income and the
growth in total effective claims
on this income.
• The equilibrium between the
claims and national income is
resorted by price increases.
• Can be viewed as a nominal
increase in the value of the
production or as a real decline
in the value of effective claims.
21.5 Anti-inflasionêre beleid
Die koste van anti-inflasionêre beleid
• Voordat besluit word op die
aangewese stappe om inflasie
te bekamp, moet beleidmakers
oorweging skenk aan die
volgende:
▫ Die aard van die inflasie wat
ervaar word
▫ Die moontlike onderlinge
verwantskappe tussen
inflasie en die ander
doelwitte of probleme.
▫ Die potensiële koste indien
doelwitte nie bereik word nie
• Before deciding on the
appropriate steps to combat
inflation, policymakers should
consider the following:
▫ The nature of the inflation
being experienced
▫ The possible
interrelationships between
inflation and other
objectives or problems.
▫ The possible cost of failing to
achieve other objectives.
Hoog of
Laag
Droogte
Buiteland
Koste of newe-
effekte in 'n
poging om inflasie
te verlaag
Inflasiemikpuntestelling
Inflation targeting
• Die hoofkenmerke is dus:
▫ Die aankondiging van
kwantitatiewe mikpunte.
▫ Die voorrang wat
prysstabiliteit as die
hoofdoelwit van die
monetêre beleid moet
geniet.
▫ ‘n breë, pragmatiese
benadering tot die ontleding
van inflasie
▫ Deursigtigheid
▫ Aanspreeklikheid
• The key features are:
▫ The announcement of
quantitative targets.
▫ The primary of price
stability as the objective of
monetary policy.
▫ A broad-based, pragmatic
approach to the analysis of
inflation
▫ Transparency
▫ Accountability.
Inflasiemikpuntstelling in SA
• Gemiddelde inflasiekoers tussen 3% -
6%
• Die SARB gebruik die repokoers as sy
beleidinstrument, en hierdie koers
word deur die president van die SARB
in oorleg met die Bank se Monetêre
Beleidskomitee (MBK) vasgestel.
• Voorts word ‘n Monetary Policy
Review ook elke ses maande
gepubliseer.
• Voorts doen die president van die
SARB gereeld verslag aan die
Parlementêre Portefeuljekomitee oor
Finansies en word die SARB se
beleidstandpunt ook dikwels aan die
media en in openbare toesprake
verduidelik.
- What?
- 4 Aspects
- CPI
- GDP deflator
• The monetarist approachThe monetarist approach
• The demand-pull and cost-The demand-pull and cost-
push approachpush approach
• The structural approachThe structural approach
• The conflict approachThe conflict approach
- Inflation targeting
Inflation

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Inflation

  • 3.
  • 5. Uitkomstes/Outcomes • Omskryf, definieer, bespreek en bereken inflasie • Onderskei tussen verskillende maatstawwe van inflasie • Onderskei tussen die vier benaderings tot die verklaring van waarom inflasie plaasvind. • Verduidelik vraagtrek- en kostedrukinflasie • Bespreek die verskillende beleidsmaatreëls wat gebruik kan word om inflasie te bekamp • Define, discuss and calculate inflation • Distinguish between the different measures of inflation • Distinguish between four approaches to explaining what causes inflation • Explain demand-pull and cost-push inflation • Discuss the different policies that can be used to combat inflation
  • 6. 21.1 Def. Inflasie/Inflation • Inflasie: ‘n volgehoue en aanmerklike styging in pryse oor die algemeen, waar die kwaliteit van produkte dieselfde bly. • Vier aspekte? • Inflation: a continuous and considerable rise in prices in general, but the quality of the product remains the same. • Four aspects?
  • 7. ▫ NeutraalNeutraal – maak voorsiening vir alle moontlike oorsake van inflasie, help om anti- inflasionêre beleid te vorm. ▫ ProsesProses – volgehoue styging in pryse kom voor, nie eenmalige styging nie. ▫ ‘n aanmerklikeaanmerklike (of beduidende) toename in pryse ▫ pryse oor die algemeenalgemeen, nie net ‘n enkele produk nie, maar oor die hele ekonomie. ▫ NeutralNeutral – allows for all possible causes of inflation to be taken into account, and provides a sounder basis for anti-inflation policy. ▫ ProcessProcess – continuous increase in prices, not a once-and-for-all increase. ▫ A considerableconsiderable increase in prices ▫ Prices in generalgeneral,, not an increase in the price of a particular good.
  • 8. 21.2 Die meting van inflasie 21.2 Measurement of inflation • Gewildste aanwyser van die algemene pryspeil: VPIVPI • Verbruikersprysindeks • ‘n indeks wat die koste van ‘n verteenwoordigendeverteenwoordigende mandjiemandjie verbruikers goedere en –dienste weerspieël • Most commonly used indicator of the general price level: CPICPI • Consumer Price Index • The cost of a representativerepresentative basketbasket of consumer goods and services Behuising 22.3% Openbare vervoer 3.5% Voedsel 24.2% Meubels en toerusting 2.8% Klerasie en skoeisel 3.6% Voertuie 5.1% Vervoergoedere 5.2% Drank en tabak 2.7% Ander 30.6%
  • 9. 21.2 Die meting van inflasie 21.2 Measurement of inflation  Inflasiekoers  Die persentasieveranderingDie persentasieverandering in die VPIin die VPI  van een periode tot ‘nvan een periode tot ‘n volgende (uitgedruk pervolgende (uitgedruk per jaar)jaar)  ALTYD %ALTYD %  Wanneer gesê word dat die inflasiekoers 10% is, beteken dit dus dat pryse teen ‘n (gemiddelde) koers van 10% per jaar toeneem.  Inflation rate  The percentage change inThe percentage change in the CPIthe CPI  from one period to the nextfrom one period to the next (per year)(per year)  ALWAYS %ALWAYS %  When we say that the inflation rate is 10%, this means that prices are increasing at a rate of 10% per year.
  • 10. • VPI word maandeliksVPI word maandeliks gepubliseer (12 syfers)gepubliseer (12 syfers) • CPI is calculated monthly (12 figures) Twee metodes (jaarlikse inflasie) / Two methods (yearly inflation) • Maand op maand vanMaand op maand van die vorigedie vorige jaar /jaar / Month on the same month during the previous year • Jaargemiddeld opJaargemiddeld op jaargemiddeldjaargemiddeld /Annual average on annual average
  • 11. Maand op dieselfde maand van die vorige jaar • Algemeenste praktyk in SA ▫ is om die indeks vir ‘n betrokke maand te vergelyk met die vir die ooreenstemmende maand van die vorige jaar. • Common practice in SA  Compare the index of the corresponding month in the previous year. %2.6 100* 8.104 8.1043.111 100* Pr Pr 01' =       − =       − = evious eviousCurrent Mrt π
  • 12. Jaargemiddeld op jaargemiddeld Annual average on annual average Veronderstel die VPI syfers in Suid-Afrika was as volg in 2005, 2006 en 2007 onderskeidelik: / Assume that the CPI figures in South Africa were as follows in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively: Bereken die inflasiekoers vir Suid-Afrika in 2007. / Calculate the inflation rate for South Africa in 2007.
  • 13. Jaargemiddeld op jaargemiddeld Annual average on annual average Inflation 2007 = (CPI2007 – CPI2006) / CPI2006 x 100 = (146.8 – 138.8) / 138.8 x 100 = 5.76%
  • 14. Kerninflasie/Core Inflation  Meet die onderliggende inflasiedruk in die ekonomie.  Word beraam deur sekere items uit die VPI-mandjie te verwyder, a.g.v hul wisselvalligheid. (bv. Owerheid/beleid inmenging)  Kyk bl. 476 vir voorbeelde van goedere wat uit mandjie gelaat word.  Tabel 21-2  Capture the underlying inflationary pressures in the economy.  Is estimated by excluding items from the CPI basket on the basis their prices are highly volatile (e.g. Government/policy intervention)  p 498 summarises some of these goods that are excluded.  Table 21-2 •Vars en bevrore vleis en vis •Vars en bevrore groente en vrugte •Rentekoerse op verbandlenings en oortrokke rekeninge •TAX of TGW •Eiendomstax
  • 15. VPIX / CPIX ? -Teikeninflasiekoers -Wat is die verskil???? -Uitgesluit: verbandrentekoerse Sedert 2008 word dit nie meer gebruik nie.
  • 16. Die produksieprysindeks (PPI)Die produksieprysindeks (PPI) Production Price Index (PPI)Production Price Index (PPI) • Meet die pryse by die vlak van die eerste betekenisvolle transaksie (intree in mark) ▫ VB.?VB.? • NB: PPI sluit in kapitaal-en intermediêre goedere MAAR sluit dienste uit • Measures prices at the level of the first significant commercial transaction (entry into the market). ▫ E.g. ?E.g. ? • NB: PPI includes capital and intermediate goods BUT excludes services.
  • 17. Die produksieprysindeks (PPI) Production Price Index (PPI) • NB: PPI sluit dienste uit (dienste word nie vervaardig nie) • PPI het betrekking op ‘n heel ander mandjie as die VPI • Tabel 21-3 (Bl. 499) wys die belangrikste verskille tussen die VPI en die PPI. NB!! • PPI meet produksiekostePPI meet produksiekoste en nie lewenskoste nie. • PPI is `n goeie aanduider om te toon wat met die VPI kan gebeur in die toekoms. • NB: PPI does not include services (services are not produced) • PPI is based on a completely different basket then CPI • Table 21-3 (Bl. 477) lists the main differences between CPI and PPI. NB!! • PPI measures the cost ofPPI measures the cost of productionproduction and not cost of living. • PPI is also a good indicator of what might happen to CPI in the future.
  • 18. Die produksieprysindeks (PPI) Production Price Index (PPI) • PPI tref onderskeid tussen invoere en plaaslike vervaardigde goedere. ▫ Dus aanduiding gee of druk op koste voorkom a.g.v. plaaslike ekonomie of buitelandse ekonomie. • PPI distinguish between imports and goods produced in SA. ▫ Possible to determine to what extent the cost pressures are emanating from the domestic economy or from the country’s economic links with the rest of the world.
  • 20.
  • 21. Die implisiete BBP-deflator The implicit GDP deflator • Ekonome stel egter dikwels belang in die Δ in die pryse van alle finale goedere en dienste wat gedurende ‘n bepaalde jaar in die ekonomie geproduseer word. • Nominale – Reele BBPNominale – Reele BBP • Die reële BBP meet die waarde van die BBP volgens die pryse in ‘n bepaalde basis jaar (relatief tot ‘n ander jaar se pryse / konstante pryse). • Dit verskaf die grondslag vir die berekening van ekonomiese groei. • Economists are interested in the price Δ in all final goods and services produced in the economy for a particular year. • Nominal – Real GDPNominal – Real GDP • The real GDP measures the value of the GDP in terms of the prices ruling in a certain base year. • This provides the basis for calculating economic growth.
  • 22. Die implisiete BBP-deflator The implicit GDP deflator 100* .Re . .       = JaarX JaarX JaarX GDPal GDPNom Defl 100* . .. 1 1         − = − − JaarX JaarXJaarX JaarX Defl DeflDefl π
  • 23. Die implisiete BBP-deflator The implicit GDP deflator • Bereken die inflasiekoers vir 1999 vanuit die onderstaande tabel. Toon alle vergelykings en berekeninge / • Use the table below to calculate the inflation rate for 1999. Show all equations and calculations.
  • 24. Die implisiete BBP-deflator The implicit GDP deflator 1998 1998 1998 . . *100 Re . 365,987 *100 389,432 93.98 Nom GDP Defl al GDP   =  ÷     =  ÷   = 1999 1999 1999 . . *100 Re . 398,254 *100 403,528 98.69 Nom GDP Defl al GDP   =  ÷     =  ÷   = 1999 1998 1999 1999 1998 1998 . . . *100 1 *100 . . 98.69 93.98 98.69 *100 1 *100 93.98 93.98 5.01% Defl Defl Defl Defl Defl π    − = = − ÷  ÷     −    = = − ÷  ÷     =
  • 25. 21.4 Die oorsake van inflasie The causes of inflation • Sommige elemente van die inflasieproses kan verduidelik word deur vier benaderings tot die verklaring van inflasie te ondersoek. • Die vier benaderings is: ▫ Die monetaristiese benadering...Die monetaristiese benadering... Doen selfDoen self ▫ Die onderskeid tussen vraagtrekinflasie en kostedrukinflasie ▫ Die strukturalistieseDie strukturalistiese benadering ... Doen selfbenadering ... Doen self ▫ Die konflikbenadering ... DoenDie konflikbenadering ... Doen selfself • We can explain some elements of the inflation process by examining four approaches to diagnosing inflation • The approaches are: ▫ The monetarist approach…selfThe monetarist approach…self studystudy ▫ The demand-pull and cost-push approach ▫ The structural approach…selfThe structural approach…self studystudy ▫ The conflict approach...self studyThe conflict approach...self study
  • 26. Die monetaristiese benadering tot inflasie: die kwantiteitsteorie van geld The monetarists approach to inflation: Quantity theory of money • Inflasie veroorsaak deur volgehoue hoë groei in die M (geld voorraad), en sal laer groei in die M mettertyd tot laer inflasie lei. • Dus hoë inflasie kan nie sonder hoë groeikoerse in die aanbod van geld in stand gehou word nie (Kwantiteitsteorie van geld). • Die ruilvergelyking is eintlik ‘n identiteit (dus ALTYD waar) en kan soos volg saamgevat word: ▫ MV = PY • Inflation is caused by continuous high growth in M (quantity of money), and low rates of money growth will produce low inflation. • High rates of inflation cannot be sustained without persistently high rates of growth in the money supply (Quantity theory of money) • The equation of exchange is actually and identity (always holds) and may be stated as follows: ▫ MV = PY
  • 27. • Die omloopsnelheid van geld (V) is ‘n aanduiding van die aantal kere wat die gemiddelde rand gedurende ‘n bepaalde tydperk van hand verwissel. ▫ V = PY/M • Vb bl. 506 • Drie sleutelaannames: ▫ Die omloopsnelheid van geld is stabiel ▫ Die geldhoeveelheid word eksogeen deur die monetêre owerhede bepaal. ▫ Die reële produksie word deur die beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit van die onderskeie produksie faktore bepaal. • The velocity of circulation (V) is an indication of the number of times the average rand changes hands during a particular period. ▫ V = PY/M • E.g. p 484 • Three key assumptions: ▫ The velocity of circulation of money is stable ▫ The quantity of money is exogenously determined by the monetary authorities. ▫ Real output is determined by the quality of the various factors of production.
  • 28. Vraagtrek/Demand-pull • AD styg, AS bly dieselfde • “te veel geld wat te min goedere jaag” • ONTHOU: AD = C + I + G + X – Z • Dus styging in AD a.g.v. Styging in C,I,G,X • DUS: M styg • ADAD increase, AS will remains unchanged. • “too much money chasing too few goods” • Remember: AD = C + I + G + X – Z • THUS an increase in AD is caused by an increase in C,I,G,X • THUS: M increase
  • 30. Vraagtrek/Demand-pull • Fix?Fix? ▫ MP ... i .... M ▫ FP ... T ... G • Fix?Fix? ▫ MP ... i .... M ▫ FP ... T ... G Hoofstuk 16 en 19
  • 31. Kostedruk/Cost-Push inflation • Styging in produksieStyging in produksie kostekoste ▫ Hoër kostes lei tot minder aanbod ▫ Dus AS skuif links • 5 hoof oorsake5 hoof oorsake ▫ Styging in lone ▫ Styging in ingevoerde kapitaal & intermed. goedere ▫ Styging in wins grens ▫ Daling in produktiwiteit ▫ Natuurrampe • Increase in productionIncrease in production costcost ▫ Higher cost leads to lower supply ▫ AS shifts to the left • 5 main sources5 main sources ▫ Increase in wages and salaries ▫ Increase in imported capital & intermediate goods ▫ Increase in profit margins ▫ Decrease in productivity ▫ Natural disasters
  • 32. Kostedruk/Cost-Push inflation • Kostedrukinflasie het dus ‘n negatiewe uitwerking op produksie, inkome en indiensneming. • Dus stagflasie, omdat stygende pryse (inflasie) met verhoogde werkloosheid (stagnasie) gepaard gaan. • Kostedrukinflasie word bekamp deur inkomebeleid (22). • MP & FP kan dit nie oplos nie. • Cost-push inflation has a negative impact on production, income and employment. • Stagflation occurs, because increasing prices (inflation) are accompanied by increased unemployment. • Cost-push inflation can be combat with an incomes policy. • MP & FP cannot combat cost-push inflation.
  • 34. Die strukturalistiese benadering tot inflasie/ Structuralist approach to inflation • Steeds vraagtrek en kostedruk, maar plaas die onderskeid in ‘n veel breër konteks. • Die inflasie proses is die resultaat van die wisselwerking tussen drie verwante stelle faktore: ▫ Die onderliggende faktore, wat die agtergrond skep waarteen die inflasieproses plaasvind. ▫ Die inisiërende faktore, wat ‘n bepaalde inflasieproses aan die gang sit of vererger. • Retains the distinction between demand-pull and cost-push, but in a broader context. • The inflation process is the result of the interaction between three interrelated sets of factors: ▫ The underlying factors, which provide the background against which the inflation process occurs. ▫ The initiating factors, which triggers or intensify a particular inflation process.
  • 35. Die strukturalistiese benadering tot inflasie/ Structuralist approach to inflation ▫ Die voortplantingsfaktore, wat die aanvanklike impuls deur die ekonomie en oor tyd versprei en sodoende ‘n volgehoue proses van stygende pryse genereer. ▫ The propagating factors, which transmit the initiating impulse through the economy and over time, and in so doing generate or sustain the process of rising prices.
  • 36. Die konflikbenadering tot inflasie Conflict approach to inflation • Eise en bydraes nie gelyk nie • Die gelykheid tussen die eise en bydraes word deur prysverhogings herstel. • Dit kan beskou word of as ‘n nominale verhoging in die waarde van die produksie of as ‘n reële daling in die waarde van die effektiewe eise. • Imbalance between growth in real national income and the growth in total effective claims on this income. • The equilibrium between the claims and national income is resorted by price increases. • Can be viewed as a nominal increase in the value of the production or as a real decline in the value of effective claims.
  • 37. 21.5 Anti-inflasionêre beleid Die koste van anti-inflasionêre beleid • Voordat besluit word op die aangewese stappe om inflasie te bekamp, moet beleidmakers oorweging skenk aan die volgende: ▫ Die aard van die inflasie wat ervaar word ▫ Die moontlike onderlinge verwantskappe tussen inflasie en die ander doelwitte of probleme. ▫ Die potensiële koste indien doelwitte nie bereik word nie • Before deciding on the appropriate steps to combat inflation, policymakers should consider the following: ▫ The nature of the inflation being experienced ▫ The possible interrelationships between inflation and other objectives or problems. ▫ The possible cost of failing to achieve other objectives. Hoog of Laag Droogte Buiteland Koste of newe- effekte in 'n poging om inflasie te verlaag
  • 38. Inflasiemikpuntestelling Inflation targeting • Die hoofkenmerke is dus: ▫ Die aankondiging van kwantitatiewe mikpunte. ▫ Die voorrang wat prysstabiliteit as die hoofdoelwit van die monetêre beleid moet geniet. ▫ ‘n breë, pragmatiese benadering tot die ontleding van inflasie ▫ Deursigtigheid ▫ Aanspreeklikheid • The key features are: ▫ The announcement of quantitative targets. ▫ The primary of price stability as the objective of monetary policy. ▫ A broad-based, pragmatic approach to the analysis of inflation ▫ Transparency ▫ Accountability.
  • 39. Inflasiemikpuntstelling in SA • Gemiddelde inflasiekoers tussen 3% - 6% • Die SARB gebruik die repokoers as sy beleidinstrument, en hierdie koers word deur die president van die SARB in oorleg met die Bank se Monetêre Beleidskomitee (MBK) vasgestel. • Voorts word ‘n Monetary Policy Review ook elke ses maande gepubliseer. • Voorts doen die president van die SARB gereeld verslag aan die Parlementêre Portefeuljekomitee oor Finansies en word die SARB se beleidstandpunt ook dikwels aan die media en in openbare toesprake verduidelik.
  • 40. - What? - 4 Aspects - CPI - GDP deflator • The monetarist approachThe monetarist approach • The demand-pull and cost-The demand-pull and cost- push approachpush approach • The structural approachThe structural approach • The conflict approachThe conflict approach - Inflation targeting