For years, science fiction has portrayed different forms of Bio-Infotization, the most promising portrayal being the Borg’s nanobytes. Once they are injected into an individual, the programmable nanobytes propel themselves through the blood then latch on to individual cells. The nanobytes then rewrite the DNA of the cells altering their biochemistry, possibly forming more complicated structures and networks such as electronic networks with data storage and processing nodes. What guarantees are there that this technology is secure? How long will it be before this technology fall into the hands of rogue governments and terrorists? Cyber terrorism has the ability of truly creating an army of zombie warriors, who can be controlled in the same manner as a botnet army.

1. Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking
DNA for a Brave New World
Gregory “Junkbond” Carpenter
Cyber Imagineer
June 2, 2015

2. Gregory “Junkbond” Carpenter, CISM
27 Years US Army
Infantry
Intelligence
Medical Service
NSA/CSS
Information Warfare Support Center
Military Performer of the Year
Co-Author: “Reverse Deception:
Organized Cyber Threat
Counterexploitation”

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acting in a private capacity and not in connection with their
official duties, may prepare information for public dissemination
through non-NSA/CSS forums or media, provided a disclaimer is
used, for any documents in which an NSA/CSS affiliation is cited,
stating that the views and opinions expressed in the material are
those of the author and do not reflect those of NSA/CSS.
According to NSA /CSS Policy 1-30

4. Outline
• War and Peaceis well known as beingoneof thelongestnovelsever written,thoughnotthelongest.Itis actuallytheseventh longestnovel ever written in a Latinor Cyrillicbased alphabetandis subdividedintofourbooksor volumes,eachwith subpartscontainingmany chapters.[citationneeded]
• Tolstoy never documentedwhy in 1867hechanged thenameof his novel fromTheYear 1805to War and Peace.Hemay haveborrowed thetitlefromthe1861 workof Pierre-JosephProudhon:La Guerreetla Paix ('Warand Peace' in French),.[4] Thetitlemay alsobeanotherreferenceto Titus,who is described asbeinga master of "war and peace"in TheTwelveCaesars,written by Suetonius in119CE.Titus (anglicizedto "Tit"by someEnglishtranslations) is mentioned several times in WarandPeaceandmay bea musefor thecharacters,strugglingto master their own lives through the dramatictransitions of war andpeace.
• He began writingWar andPeacein theyear thathefinallymarried and settleddownathis countryestate.Thefirsthalf of thebook was written under thename"1805".
• Duringthewritingof thesecond half,heread widelyand acknowledged Schopenhauer asoneof hismain inspirations.However, Tolstoydeveloped his own views of historyandtheroleof theindividual within it.[9]
• The firstdraftof War andPeacewas completed in1863.In 1865,theperiodical RusskiyVestnik published thefirstpartof this earlyversion under thetitle1805.Inthefollowingyear,itpublished moreof thesameearly version.Tolstoywas dissatisfiedwith thisversion,although heallowed several partsof itto bepublishedwith a different endingin 1867,still underthesametitle"1805".Heheavilyrewrotetheentirenovel between 1866and1869.[5][9] Tolstoy's wife,SophiaTolstaya,copiedas manyas seven separatecompletemanuscripts byhandbeforeTolstoyconsidered itagainready forpublication.[9] Theversionthatwas published inRusskiyVestnik had a verydifferentendingfromtheversion eventuallypublished underthetitleWar andPeacein 1869.
• The completed novel was then called Voynai mir (newstyleorthography;in EnglishWarandPeace).
• The 1805 manuscript(sometimes referred to as "theoriginal War andPeace") was re-edited andannotated in Russiain 1983 and sincehas been translated separatelyfromthe"known"version,to English,German,French,Spanish,Dutch,Swedish,Finnish,Albanian,andKorean.Thefactthatso many versionsof War and Peacesurvivemakeitoneof the bestinsightsintothemental processes of a greatnovelist.
• Russianswho had read theserialized versionwereanxiousto acquirethecompletefirstedition,whichincluded epilogues,anditsoldoutalmostimmediately.Thenovel was translated almostimmediatelyafter publication intomany other languages.
• The novel canbegenerally classified ashistorical fiction.Itcontainselements presentin manytypes of popular18th and 19th centuryliterature,especially theromancenovel.War and Peaceattainsits literary statusby transcendinggenres.
• Tolstoy was instrumental in bringinga newkind of consciousnessto thenovel.Hisnarrativestructureis noted forits "god-like"abilityto hoveroverandwithinevents,butalso intheway itswiftly and seamlesslyportrayeda particularcharacter's pointof view.His useof visual detail isoften cinematic inits scope,usingtheliterary equivalentsof panning,wideshots and close-ups,to givedramaticinterestto battlesandballroomsalike.Thesedevices,whilenotexclusiveto Tolstoy,arepartof thenew styleof thenovel thatarosein themid-19th century and of whichTolstoyprovedhimself a master.[10]
• Tolstoy incorporated extensivehistorical research.Hewas alsoinfluencedby manyothernovels.[9] Aveteran of theCrimean War,Tolstoywas quitecritical of standardhistory,especiallythestandardsof militaryhistory,inWarandPeace.Tolstoyreadall thestandard histories availablein Russian and FrenchabouttheNapoleonic Warsand combined moretraditional historical writingwith thenovel form.Heexplains atthestartof thenovel's thirdvolumehisown views onhowhistory oughtto bewritten.His aimwas to blurthelinebetween fictionandhistory,in orderto get closer to thetruth,as hestates in VolumeII.
• The novel is set60 yearsearlier than when Tolstoywroteit,"in thedays of ourgrandfathers,"as heputsit.Hehad spoken with peoplewho had lived throughwar duringtheFrench invasion of Russia in1812,so thebookisalso,in part,accurateethnography fictionalized.Heread letters,journals,autobiographical andbiographical materials pertainingto Napoleon andthedozens of otherhistorical characters inthenovel.Thereareapproximately160real personsnamed or referred to in Warand Peace.[11]
• Although Tolstoy wrotemostof thebook,includingall thenarration,in Russian,significantportionsof dialogue(including its openingparagraph) arewritten in Frenchandcharactersoften switchbetween thetwo languages.Thisreflected 19th century Russianaristocracy,whereFrench,a foreign tongue,was widely spokenandconsidered a languageof prestigeandmorerefined thanRussian.[12] This cameaboutfromthehistorical influencethroughoutEuropeof thepowerful courtof theSun King,LouisXIV of France,leadingto members of theRussianaristocracybeingless competentinspeakingtheirmother tongue.In WarandPeace,for example,JulieKaragina,PrincessMarya's friend,hasto takeRussianlessonsin order to master her nativelanguage.
• Ithas been suggested[13] thatitis a deliberateliterarydeviceemployed by Tolstoy,to useFrenchto portrayartificeand insincerity asthelanguageof thetheater and deceitwhileRussianemerges as a languageof sincerity,honesty andseriousness. Itdisplaysslightirony thatas Pierreandothers socializeand useFrench phrases,they will beattacked by legionsof Bonapartists in a veryshorttime.Itis sometimes used in satireagainstNapoleon.In thenovel,when Pierreproposes to Hélène,hespeaksto her in French—Jevousaime("I loveyou").When themarriagelater emerges to bea sham,Pierreblames thoseFrenchwords.
• The useof French diminishes as thebook progresses and thewars with theFrenchintensify,culminatingin thecaptureandeventual burningof Moscow.Theprogressiveeliminationof Frenchfromthetextis a means of demonstratingthatRussia hasfreed itself fromforeigncultural domination.[13] Itis also,atthelevel of plotdevelopment,a way of showingthata once-admiredandfriendly nation,France,has turnedintoan enemy.By midway through thebook,several of theRussianaristocracy,whosecommandof Frenchis farbetter than theircommandof Russian,areanxiousto findRussiantutorsfor themselves.
• War and Peacehasbeen translatedintomany languages.Ithasbeen translatedintoEnglishon several occasions,startingwith ClaraBell workingfroma Frenchtranslation.Thetranslators ConstanceGarnettandLouiseand Aylmer MaudeknewTolstoy personally.Translations haveto deal with Tolstoy’soften peculiarsyntax andhisfondnessfor repetitions.About2%of War and Peaceis inFrench;TolstoyremovedtheFrenchin a revised 1873edition,only to restoreitlater.[13] Mosttranslators followGarnettretainingsomeFrench,Briggs usesno French,whilePevear-Volokhonskyand Amy Mandelker's revisionof theMaudetranslationbothretain theFrenchfully.[13] (For a listof translationsseebelow)
• The novel begins intheyear 1805duringthereign of Tsar Alexander I andleadsup to the1812Frenchinvasion of Russia byNapoleon.Theera of CatherinetheGreat(1762–1796),when theroyal courtin Paris was thecentreof western Europeancivilization,[14] is still freshin theminds of olderpeople.Catherine,fluentin French andwishingto reshapeRussiainto a greatEuropeannation,madeFrench thelanguageof her royal court.For thenextonehundred years,itbecamea social requirementfor members of theRussiannobility to speak FrenchandunderstandFrenchculture.[14] Thishistorical andcultural contextin thearistocracyis reflected inWarandPeace.Catherine's grandson,AlexanderI,cameto thethronein 1801attheageof 24.In thenovel,hismother,MaryaFeodorovna,isthemostpowerful woman intheRussiancourt.
• War and Peacetellsthestoryof fivearistocraticfamilies—theBezukhovs,theBolkonskys,theRostovs,theKuragins and theDrubetskoys—andtheentanglementsof their personal lives with thethen contemporary historyof 1805 to 1813,principally Napoleon'sinvasionof Russiain 1812.TheBezukhovs,whileveryrich,area fragmented familyas theoldCount, Kirill Vladimirovich,has fathered dozensof illegitimatesons.TheBolkonskys arean old establishedandwealthyfamilybased atBaldHills.OldPrince Bolkonsky,Nikolai Andreevich,servedas a general underCatherinetheGreat,in earlierwars.TheMoscowRostovs havemanyestates,butneverenough cash.They area closely knit,lovingfamily who livefor themomentregardlessof their financial situation.TheKuraginfamily hasthreechildren,who areall of questionablecharacter.TheDrubetskoy familyisof impoverished nobility,andconsistsof an elderlymother andher onlyson,Boris,whomshewishesto push upthe career ladder.
• Tolstoy spentyearsresearchingandrewritingthebook.Heworked fromprimary sourcematerials(interviewsandother documents),as well asfromhistorybooks,philosophy texts and other historical novels.[9] Tolstoy also used a greatdeal of his own experienceintheCrimeanWarto bringvivid detail andfirst-handaccounts of howtheRussianarmy was structured.[15]
• The standard Russiantextof War and Peaceis dividedintofourbooks(fifteen parts) andan epiloguein two parts –onemainlynarrative,theother thematic.Whileroughlythefirsthalf of thenovel is concerned strictly with thefictional characters, thelater parts,aswell as oneof thework's two epilogues,increasinglyconsistof essays aboutthenatureof war,power,history,andhistoriography.Tolstoy interspersedtheseessaysinto thestoryina way thatdefies previousfictional convention.Certain abridged versionsremovetheseessaysentirely,whileothers,published even duringTolstoy's life,simplymoved theseessays intoan appendix.
• CountPyotrKirillovich (Pierre) Bezukhov:Thelarge-bodied,ungainly,andsocially awkward illegitimateson of an old Russiangrandee.Pierre,educated abroad,returns to Russiaas a misfit.Hisunexpected inheritanceof a largefortunemakeshimsociallydesirable.Pierreis thecentral character andoften a voicefor Tolstoy'sown beliefs orstruggles.
• PrinceAndrey Nikolayevich Bolkonsky:Astrongbutskeptical,thoughtful and philosophical aide-de-campin theNapoleonicWars.
• Princess MariaNikolayevna Bolkonskaya:Sister of PrinceAndrew,PrincessMaria isa pious womanwhoseeccentric fatherattempted to giveher a good education.The caring,nurturingnatureof her largeeyes in her otherwisethinandplainfacearefrequentlymentioned.
• CountIlyaAndreyevich Rostov:Thepater-familias of theRostov family;terriblewith finances,generousto a fault.
• CountessNatalya Rostova:Wifeof CountIlyaRostov,mother of thefour Rostovchildren.
• CountessNatalya Ilyinichna (Natasha) Rostova:Acentral character,introducedas "notpretty butfull of life"and a romanticyounggirl,although impulsiveand highlystrung,sheevolves through trials and sufferingandeventually finds happiness.Sheis an accomplished singeranddancer.
• CountNikolai Ilyich(Nikolenka) Rostov:An hussar,thebeloved eldestsonof theRostov family.
• Sofia Alexandrovna(Sonya) Rostova:Orphaned cousinof Vera,Nikolai,Natasha,andPetya Rostov.
• CountessVera IlyinichnaRostova:Eldestof theRostov children,shemarries theGerman career soldier,Berg.
• Pyotr Ilyich(Petya) Rostov:Youngestof theRostov children.
• PrinceVasily SergeyevichKuragin:Aruthlessman who is determinedto marryhis children well,despitehavingdoubtsaboutthecharacterof someof them.
• Princess ElenaVasilyevna(Hélène) Kuragin:Abeautiful andsexuallyalluringwoman who hasmanyaffairs,including(itis rumoured) with her brother Anatole.
• PrinceAnatoleVasilyevichKuragin:Hélène's brother and a veryhandsomeand amoral pleasureseeker who issecretlymarried yettries to elopewith Natasha Rostova.
• PrinceIppolitVasilyevich:Theeldestandperhapsmostdim-witted of theKuragin children.
• PrinceBoris Drubetskoy:Apoorbutaristocratic youngman drivenby ambition,even attheexpenseof his friendsandbenefactors,who marriesfor money,ratherthanlove,an heiress,JulieKaragina.
• Princess AnnaMihalovnaDrubetskaya:Themother of Boris.
• FyodorIvanovichDolokhov:Acold,almostpsychopathicofficer,heruins Nikolai Rostov byluringhimintoan outrageousgamblingdebt(by which he, Dolokhov,profits),heonly showsloveto hisdotingmother.
• Adolf KarlovichBerg:A youngRussian officer,who desires to bejustlikeeveryoneelse.
• Anna PavlovnaScherer:Also knownas Annette,sheis thehostess of thesalonthatisthesiteof much of thenovel's actionin Petersburg.
• MariaDmitryevna Akhrosimova:An olderMoscowsociety lady,sheis an elegantdancer andtrend-setter,despiteher ageand size.
• Amalia EvgenyevnaBourienne:AFrench woman who lives with theBolkonskys,primarilyas Princess Marya'scompanion.
• VasilyDmitrichDenisov:Nikolai Rostov'sfriend and brotherofficer,who proposes to Natasha.
• PlatonKarataev:Thearchetypal good Russianpeasant,whomPierremeets in theprisoner of war camp.
• NapoleonI of France:theGreatMan,whosefateis detailedin thebook.
• General Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov:Russiancommander-in-chief.
• Osip Bazdeyev:theFreemasonwho interestsPierrein hismysteriousgroup,startinga lengthysubplot.[citation needed]
• Tsar AlexanderI of Russia:Hesigned a peacetreaty with Napoleon in1807andthen wentto war with him.
• Many of Tolstoy's charactersinWarandPeacewerebased on real-lifepeopleknownto Tolstoy himself.Hisgrandparents and theirfriendswerethemodels for many of themain characters,his great-grandparents wouldhavebeen of thegenerationof PrinceVassilyor CountIlyaRostov.Someof thecharacters,obviously,areactual historic figures.
• War and Peacehasa largecastof characters,themajorityof whomareintroduced in thefirstbook.Someareactual historical figures,such asNapoleonandAlexanderI.Whilethescopeof thenovel isvast,itis centeredaround fivearistocraticfamilies.Theplotand theinteractionsof thecharacterstakeplacein theera surroundingthe1812French invasion of Russia duringtheNapoleonicwars.[16]
• The novel begins inJuly1805in SaintPetersburg,ata soiréegiven byAnna PavlovnaScherer—themaidof honourandconfidanteto thequeen mother Maria Feodorovna.Manyof themain characters and aristocraticfamilies inthenovel areintroduced asthey enter Anna Pavlovna's salon.Pierre(Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhovistheillegitimatesonof a wealthy count,an elderly man who isdyingafter a seriesof strokes.Pierreis aboutto become embroiled in a strugglefor hisinheritance.Educated abroadathisfather'sexpensefollowinghis mother's death,Pierreis essentiallykindhearted,butsociallyawkward,andowingin partto hisopen,benevolentnature,finds itdifficultto integrateintoPetersburgsociety.Itis known to everyoneatthesoiréethatPierreis hisfather's favoriteof all theoldcount’s illegitimatechildren.
• Also attendingthesoiréeis Pierre'sfriend,theintelligentand sardonic PrinceAndrei NikolayevichBolkonsky,husbandof Lise,thecharmingsociety favourite.FindingPetersburgsociety unctuous anddisillusionedwith married lifeafter discoveringhiswifeis empty and superficial,PrinceAndrei makesthefateful choiceto bean aide-de-camp to PrinceMikhail IlarionovichKutuzov inthecomingwar againstNapoleon.
• The plotmoves to Moscow,Russia's ancientcity and former capital,contrastingits provincial,moreRussianwaysto thehighlymanneredsociety of Petersburg.TheRostov family areintroduced.CountIlyaAndreyevich Rostovhasfouradolescentchildren.Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believesherself inlovewith Boris Drubetskoy,a disciplined youngman who is aboutto jointhearmy as anofficer.Twenty-year-oldNikolai Ilyichpledges his loveto Sonya(Sofia Alexandrovna),his fifteen-year-oldcousin,an orphan who hasbeen broughtup by theRostovs.Theeldestchildof theRostov family,Vera Ilyinichna,is cold andsomewhathaughtybuthasa good prospectivemarriagein a Russian-Germanofficer,Adolf KarlovichBerg.Petya (PyotrIlyich) is nineand theyoungestof theRostov family;likehisbrother,heis impetuousandeager to jointhearmy when of age.The heads of thefamily,CountIlyaRostovandCountessNatalya Rostova,arean affectionatecouplebutforever worriedabouttheir disorderedfinances.
• At Bald Hills,theBolkonskys' country estate,PrinceAndrei departs forwar andleaves histerrified,pregnantwife Lisewith his eccentric fatherPrinceNikolai Andreyevich Bolkonsky and devoutly religioussister MariaNikolayevna Bolkonskaya,who refuses to marrythesonof a wealthy aristocraton accountof her devotion to her father.
• The secondpartopens with descriptionsof theimpendingRussian-Frenchwar preparations.AttheSchöngrabernengagement,Nikolai Rostov,who is nowconscripted as ensignin a squadronof hussars,hashisfirsttasteof battle.Boris Drubetskoy introduces himto PrinceAndrei,whomRostovinsults ina fitof impetuousness.Even morethanmostyoungsoldiers,heis deeplyattracted by TsarAlexander'scharisma.Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, VasilyDmitrichDenisov,andbefriendstheruthless,and perhaps,psychopathicFyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov.Both Bolkonsky,Rostov and Denisovareinvolved inthedisastrousBattleof Austerlitz,in whichAndrei iswoundedas heattempts to rescuea Russian standard.
• Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov brieflyreturningon homeleaveto Moscow.Nikolai findstheRostov familyfacingfinancial ruindueto poor estatemanagement.Hespendsan eventful winter athome,accompanied by hisfriend Denisov,hisofficer fromthePavlograd Regimentin which heserves.Natasha hasblossomed into a beautiful younggirl. Denisovfallsin lovewith her,proposesmarriagebutis rejected.Although hismother pleadswith Nikolai to findhimself a good financial prospectin marriage,Nikolai refuses to accedeto hismother'srequest.Hepromises to marry hischildhoodsweetheart, thedowry-lessSonya.
• PierreBezukhov,upon finallyreceivinghis massiveinheritance,is suddenlytransformed froma bumblingyoungman into therichestandmost eligiblebachelor intheRussian Empire.Despiterationallyknowingthatitis wrong,heis convinced intomarriagewith PrinceKuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène(Elena Vasilyevna Kuragina),to whomheis superficially attracted.Hélène,who is rumoured to beinvolved inan incestuousaffair with herbrother,theequally charmingand immoral Anatol,tellsPierrethatshewill neverhavechildren with him.Hélèneis rumouredto havean affair with Dolokhov,who mocksPierrein public.Pierreloseshis temper andchallenges Dolokhov,a seasoned dueller and ruthlesskiller,to a duel.Unexpectedly,Pierrewounds Dolokhov.Hélènedenies heraffair,butPierreisconvinced of her guiltand,after almostbeingviolentto her,leavesher.In hismoral and spiritual confusion,PierrejoinstheFreemasons,andbecomes embroiled inMasonicinternal politics.Much of BookTwo concernshisstruggles with his passionsandhisspiritual conflicts to bea
better man. Now a rich aristocrat,heabandons hisformer carefreebehavior and entersupona philosophical questparticular to Tolstoy:howshouldonelivea moral lifein an ethically imperfectworld? Thequestioncontinuallybaffles Pierre.Heattempts to liberatehisserfs,butultimatelyachieves nothingof note.
• Pierreis vividlycontrastedwith theintelligentandambitious PrinceAndrei Bolkonsky.Andrei recoversfromhis near fatal artillery woundin a military hospital andreturnshome,onlyto find hiswife Lisedyingin childbirth.Heis stricken by hisguilty consciencefor nottreating Lisebetter when shewas alive,and ishaunted bythepitiful expressionon hisdeadwife's face.His child, Nikolenka,survives.
• Burdened with nihilisticdisillusionment,PrinceAndrei doesnotreturnto thearmy butchoosesto remain onhisestate,workingon a projectthatwouldcodifymilitarybehaviorto solveproblems of disorganization responsiblefor thelossof lifeon the Russianside.Pierrevisitshimandbrings newquestions:whereis God inthisamoral world? Pierreis interested in panentheismandthepossibilityof an afterlife.
• Pierre's estranged wife,Hélène,begs himto takeher back,andagainsthisbetter judgmentand intryingto abideby theFreemasonlaws of forgiveness,hedoes.Despiteher vapid shallowness,Hélèneestablishes herself as aninfluential hostessin Petersburgsociety.
• PrinceAndrei feels impelled to takehisnewlywritten military notionsto Petersburg,naivelyexpectingto influenceeither theEmperor himself or thosecloseto him.YoungNatasha,alsoin Petersburg,is caughtup intheexcitementof dressingfor her firstgrandball,whereshemeets PrinceAndrei and brieflyreinvigorates himwith her vivacious charm.Andrei believes hehas foundpurposein lifeagain and,after payingtheRostovs several visits,proposes marriageto Natasha.However,old PrinceBolkonsky,Andrei'sfather,dislikestheRostovs,opposes themarriage,and insists on a year'sdelay.PrinceAndrei leaves to recuperatefromhis woundsabroad,leavingNatashainitiallydistraught.Shesoonrecoversher spirits,however,andCountRostovtakesher andSonyato spendsometimewith a friend in Moscow.
• Natasha visits theMoscowopera,whereshemeets Hélèneand her brother Anatole.Anatol has sincemarried a Polishwoman whomhehas abandonedin Poland.Heis veryattractedto Natasha and isdetermined to seduce her.HélèneandAnatoleconspiretogether to accomplishthisplan. AnatolekissesNatashaandwrites herpassionateletters,eventually establishingplansto elope.Natashais convinced thatsheloves Anatoleandwrites to PrincessMaria,Andrei'ssister,breakingoff her engagement.At the lastmoment,Sonya discoversher plansto elopeandfoilsthem.Pierreis initially horrified byNatasha'sbehavior,butrealizes hehasfallen inlovewith her.During thetimewhen theGreat Cometof 1811–2streaksthesky,lifeappearsto begin anewfor Pierre.
• PrinceAndrei coldlyaccepts Natasha's breakingof theengagement. He tells Pierrethathis pridewill notallowhimto renew his proposal.Ashamed,Natashamakes a suicideattemptand is leftseriously ill.
• With thehelp of her family,especiallySonya,andthestirrings of religiousfaith,Natashamanages to persevereinMoscowthrough thisdarkperiod.Meanwhile,thewholeof Russiais affectedby thecomingconfrontationbetween Napoleon's troopsandtheRussianarmy.Pierreconvinceshimself through gematria thatNapoleon istheAntichristof theBook of Revelation.OldprinceBolkonsky dies of a strokewhiletryingto protecthisestatefromFrenchmarauders.No organized help fromany Russianarmyseems availableto theBolkonskys,butNikolai Rostovturns upattheir estatein timeto help putdownan incipientpeasantrevolt.Hefindshimself attracted to PrincessMaria,butremembers hispromiseto Sonya.
• Back in Moscow,thewar-obsessedPetya manages to snatch a loosepieceof theTsar's biscuitoutsidetheCathedral of theAssumption;hefinallyconvinces his parentsto allowhimto enlist.
• Napoleonhimself is a main character inthissection,and thenovel presents himin vividdetail,as botha thinker andwould-bestrategist.Histoiletteandhiscustomaryattitudesandtraitsof mind aredepicted indetail.Also described arethewell-organized forceof over 400,000French Army (only140,000 of themactuallyFrench-speaking) thatmarches quicklythrough theRussiancountrysidein thelatesummer and reachestheoutskirts of thecity of Smolensk.Pierredecides to leaveMoscowandgo to watch theBattleof Borodino froma vantagepointnextto a Russian artillerycrew.After watchingfor a time,he begins to join incarryingammunition.In themidstof theturmoil heexperiencesfirsthandthedeath anddestruction of war; Eugène's artillery continues to pound Russian supportcolumns,whileMarshalsNey and Davoutsetup a crossfirewith artillerypositionedon theSemyonovskayaheights.Thebattlebecomes a hideousslaughter for both armiesandendsin a standoff.TheRussians,however,havewon a moral victoryby standingup to Napoleon'sreputedlyinvinciblearmy.For
strategic reasons andhavingsuffered grievous losses,theRussian army withdraws thenextday,allowingNapoleon to march onto Moscow.AmongthecasualtiesareAnatoleKuragin andPrinceAndrei.Anatolelosesa leg,and Andrei suffersa grenadewoundin theabdomen.Both arereporteddead,buttheirfamiliesarein such disarraythatno onecan benotified.
• The Rostovs havewaited until thelastminuteto abandonMoscow,even after itis clearthatKutuzov has retreated pastMoscowandMuscovites arebeinggiven contradictory,often propagandistic,instructionson howto either fleeor fight.Count Rostopchin ispublishingposters,rousingthecitizensto puttheir faith inreligiousicons,whileatthesametime urgingthemto fight with pitchforks if necessary.Beforefleeinghimself,hegives ordersto burnthecity.TheRostovs havea difficulttimedecidingwhatto takewith them, butin theend,Natashaconvinces themto loadtheircartswith thewoundedanddyingfromtheBattleof Borodino.Unknownto Natasha,PrinceAndrei isamongstthewounded.
• When Napoleon's GrandArmy finally occupies anabandoned andburningMoscow,Pierretakes off on a quixoticmission to assassinateNapoleon.Hebecomes ananonymous man inall thechaos,sheddinghis responsibilities by wearingpeasantclothes and shunninghisduties andlifestyle.Theonlypeoplehesees whilein thisgarbareNatasha and someof her family,as they departMoscow.Natasharecognizes and smilesathim,and hein turn realizesthefull scopeof hislovefor her.
• Pierresaves thelifeof a French officer who foughtatBorodino,yetis taken prisonerby theretreatingFrenchduringhis attempted assassination of Napoleon,after savinga woman frombeingraped bysoldiersin theFrench Army.
• Pierrebecomes friends with a fellowprisoner,PlatonKarataev,a peasantwith a saintlydemeanor,who is incapableof malice.In Karataev,Pierrefinallyfindswhathehas been seeking:an honestperson of integrity(unlikethearistocrats of Petersburgsociety) who is utterlywithoutpretense.Pierrediscoversmeaningin lifesimplybylivingand interactingwith him.After witnessingFrenchsoldiers sackingMoscowandshootingRussian civiliansarbitrarily,Pierreisforced to march with theGrandArmy duringits disastrousretreatfromMoscowin theharshRussianwinter.After months of trial andtribulation—duringwhichthefever-plagued Karataev isshotby theFrench—Pierreisfinally freed by a Russian raidingparty,after a small skirmishwith theFrenchthatsees the youngPetya Rostovkilledin action.
• Meanwhile,Andrei,wounded duringNapoleon's invasion,has been taken in asa casualtyandcaredfor by the Rostovs,fleeingfromMoscowto Yaroslavl.Heis reunitedwith Natashaandhissister Maria beforetheend of thewar.Havinglostall will to live,heforgives Natasha ina lastactbeforedying.
• As thenovel draws to a close,Pierre's wifeHélènediesfroman overdoseof abortionmedication(Tolstoy does notstateitexplicitlybuttheeuphemismheuses isunambiguous).Pierreis reunited with Natasha,whilethevictoriousRussiansrebuild Moscow.Natashaspeaksof PrinceAndrei's death and Pierreof Karataev's.Both areawareof a growingbondbetween themin their bereavement.With thehelp of PrincessMaria,Pierrefindsloveatlastand,revealinghisloveafter beingreleasedby his former wife's death,marries Natasha.
• The firstpartof theepiloguebeginswith theweddingof PierreandNatasha in1813.Itis thelasthappyeventfor theRostov family,whichis undergoinga transition.CountRostov dies soon after,leavinghiseldestson Nikolai to takechargeof thedebt-ridden estate.
• Nikolai finds himself with thetask of maintainingthefamilyon thevergeof bankruptcy.Hisabhorrenceattheidea of marryingfor wealthalmostgets in hisway,butfinallyhemarries thenow-richMaria Bolkonskayaandin sodoingalso saves his familyfromfinancial ruin.
• Nikolai andMaria then moveto Bald Hills with hismother and Sonya,whomhesupportsfor therestof their lives.Buoyed by hiswife's fortune,Nikolai paysoff all hisfamily's debts.They alsoraisePrinceAndrei's orphaned son,Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky.
• As in all good marriages,therearemisunderstandings,butthecouples — PierreandNatasha,Nikolai and Maria— remaindevoted to their spouses.Pierreand Natasha visitBald Hills in1820,much to thejubilationof everyoneconcerned.Thereis a hint intheclosingchapters thattheidealistic,boyish Nikolenkaand Pierrewouldboth becomepartof theDecembristUprising.Thefirstepilogueconcludes with Nikolenkapromisinghewoulddo somethingwith whicheven hislatefather "wouldbesatisfied..."(presumablyasa revolutionary inthe Decembristrevolt).
• The secondpartof theepiloguecontainsTolstoy'scritiqueof all existingforms of mainstreamhistory.The19th-century GreatManTheoryclaims thathistorical eventsaretheresultof theactionsof "heroes"andother greatindividuals;Tolstoyarguesthatthisis impossiblebecauseof howrarely theseactionsresultin greathistorical events.Rather,heargues,greathistorical events aretheresultof many smaller eventsdriven bythethousandsof individualsinvolved (hecompares this to calculus, andthesumof infinitesimals).Hethen goes on to arguethatthesesmaller eventsaretheresultof an inverserelationshipbetween necessityandfree-will,necessitybeingbased onreason and thereforeexplainableby historical analysis,and free-will beingbased on "consciousness"andthereforeinherentlyunpredictable.
• The novel thatmadeits author"thetruelionof theRussianliterature"(accordingto IvanGoncharov)[17][18] enjoyed greatsuccesswith thereadingpublic uponits publicationand spawned dozensof reviews andanalytical essaysin thepress,someof which (by Pisarev,Annenkov,Dragomirovand Strakhov) formed thebasisfor theresearch of laterTolstoyscholars.[18] Yet theRussianpress's initial responseto thenovel was muted,mostcriticsfeelingbewilderedby thismammoth workthey couldn’tdecidehowto classify.Theliberal newspaper Golos (TheVoice,April 3,#93,1865) was oneof thefirstto react.Its anonymousreviewer poseda question later repeated bymanyothers:"Whatcould this possiblybe? Whatkindof genrearewe supposed to fileitto?..Whereis fictioninit,and whereis real history?"[18]
• Leonid Pasternak's 1893illustrationto War and Peace"
• Writer andcriticNikolai Akhsharumov,writingin VsemirnyTrud(#6,1867) suggested thatWar andPeacewas "neithera chronicle,nor a historical novel",buta genremerger,this ambiguity neverunderminingits immensevalue.Pavel Annenkov,who praised thenovel too,was equallyvaguewhen tryingto classifyit."Thecultural historyof onelargesectionof our society,thepolitical and social panoramaof itin thebeginningof thecurrentcentury,"was hissuggestion."Itis the[social] epic,thehistory novel and thevastpictureof thewholenation'slife,"wroteIvan Turgenev inhisbid to defineWar and Peaceintheforewordfor his Frenchtranslationof "TheTwo Hussars"(publishedin ParisbyLeTemps in 1875).
• In general,theliterary leftreceivedthenovel coldly.They sawitas totallydevoid of social critique,andkeen on theidea of national unity.They sawits majorfaultas the"...author'sinability to portraya newkindof revolutionary intelligentsiain his novel,"as criticVarfoomey Zaytsev putit.[19] Articles byD.Minayev,V.Bervi-FlerovskyandN.ShelgunovinDelomagazinecharacterizedthenovel as "lackingrealism",showingits charactersas "cruel andrough","mentallystoned","morally depraved"and promoting"thephilosophyof stagnation".Still,Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin,who neverexpressedhisopinion of thenovel publicly,in theprivateconversation was reportedto haveexpresseddelightwith "howstrongly this Counthas stungourhighersociety".[20] DmitryPisarev in hisunfinished article"Russian Gentryof Old"(Staroyebarstvo,OtechestvennyeZapiski,#2,1868) whilepraisingTolstoy's realismin portrayingmembers of high society,still was unhappywith theway theauthor,as hesawit,'idealized' theoldnobility,expressing"unconsciousandquitenatural tendernesstowards"the
Russian dvoryanstvo.On theoppositefront,theconservativepress and "patriotic"authors(A.S.Norov and P.A.Vyazemsky amongthem) were accusingTolstoyof consciouslydistortingthe1812history,desecratingthe"patrioticfeelings of ourfathers"andridiculingdvoryanstvo.[18]
• Oneof the firstcomprehensivearticles on thenovel was thatof Pavel Annenkov,published in#2,1868issueof VestnikEvropy.Thecriticpraised Tolstoy'smasterful portrayal of man atwar,marveled atthecomplexityof thewholecomposition,organicallymerginghistorical factsandfiction."Thedazzlingsideof thenovel",accordingto Annenkov,was "thenatural simplicity with which[theauthor] transports theworldlyaffairsand bigsocial eventsdownto thelevel of a character who witnesses them." Annekovthoughtthehistorical galleryof thenovel was incompletewith thetwo "greatraznotchintsys",SperanskyandArakcheev,anddeplored thefactthattheauthorstopped atintroducingto thenovel "thisrelativelyrough butoriginal element".In theend thecriticcalled thenovel "thewholeepochin theRussianfiction".[18]
• Slavophiles declaredTolstoytheir"bogatyr"andpronouncedWarandPeace"theBibleof thenew national idea".Several articleson WarandPeacewerepublished in1869–1870in Zaryamagazineby Nikolai Strakhov."War and Peaceisthework of genius,equal to everythingthattheRussianliteraturehas produced before,"hepronounced inthefirst,smaller essay."Itis nowquiteclearthatfrom1868 when theWar and Peacewas published thevery essenceof what we call Russianliteraturehasbecomequitedifferent,acquiredthenewformand meaning,"thecriticcontinuedlater. Strakhovwas thefirstcriticin Russiawho declared Tolstoy's novel to bea masterpieceof level previouslyunknown in Russianliterature.Still,beinga trueSlavophile,hecouldnotfail to seethenovel as promotingthemajorSlavophiliac ideasof "meek Russian character'sssupremacy over therapaciousEuropeankind"(using Apollon Grigoriev's formula).Yearslater,in 1878,discussing Strakhov's own book TheWorldas a Whole,Tolstoycriticized bothGrigoriev'sconcept(of "Russian meeknessvs.Western
bestiality") andStrakhov's interpretationof it.[21]
• Battleof Schöngrabern byK.Bujnitsky
• Among thereviewers weremilitarymen and authorsspecializingin thewar literature.Mostassessed highlytheartfulnessandrealismof Tolstoy'sbattlescenes.N.Lachinov,a member of the Russky Invalidnewspaper stuff (#69,April 10,1868) calledtheBattleof Schöngrabernscenes"bearingthehighestdegreeof historical and artistictruthfulness"andtotallyagreed with theauthor'sviewon the Battleof Borodino,whichsomeof his opponentsdisputed.Thearmy general and respected militarywriter Mikhail Dragomirov,in anarticlepublished inOruzheinySbornik(TheMilitary Almanac,1868-1870),whiledisputingsomeof Tolstoy'sideas concerningthe"spontaneity"of wars andtheroleof commander inbattles,advised all theRussianArmy officers to useWarandPeaceas theirdeskbook,describingits battlescenes as "incomparable"and "servingfor an ideal manual to everytextbookon theories of militaryart."[18]
• Unlikeprofessional literary critics,mostprominentRussianwriters of thetimesupportedthenovel wholeheartedly. Goncharov,Turgenev,Leskov,DostoyevskyandFethaveall goneon recordas declaringWar and Peacethemasterpieceof theRussianliterature.IvanGoncharov ina July 17,1878,letter to PyotrGanzen advised himto choosefor translatinginto DanishWarandPeace,adding:"Thisis positivelywhatmightbecalleda RussianIlyad.Embracingthewholeepoch,itis thegrandioseliteraryevent,showcasingthegalleryof greatmen painted bya lively brushof thegreatmaster...This is oneof themost,if notthemost profoundliteraryworkever.[22] In 1879,unhappy with GanzenhavingchosenAnna Karenina to startwith, Goncharov insisted:"War and Peaceis theextraordinarypoemof a novel,both incontentand execution.Italsoserves asa monumentto Russianhistory'sglorious epochwhen whateverfigureyou takeis a colossus,a statuein bronze.Even [thenovel's] minorcharacters carry all thecharacteristicfeatures of theRussian peopleandits life."[23] In1885,expressing
satisfactionwith thefactthatTolstoy'sworkshavenowbeen translated into Danish, Goncharov againstressed theimmenseimportanceof War andPeace."CountTolstoyreallymounts over everybodyelsehere[in Russia],"heremarked.[24]
• FyodorDostoyevsky(in a May30,1871,letter to Strakhov) described WarandPeaceas "thelastword of thelandlord'sliteratureandthebrilliantoneatthat".In a draftversionof theTeenager novel hedescribedTolstoyas "a historiographof thedvoryanstvo,orrather,its cultural elite.""Theobjectivity and realismimpartwonderful charmto all scenes,andalongsidepeopleof talent,honouranddutyheexposes numerous scoundrels,worthlessgoons and fools,"headded.[25] In1876 Dostoyevskywrote:"My strongconvictionis thata writer of fictionhasto havemostprofoundknowledge- notonlyof thepoetic sideof hisart,butalso thereality hedeals with,inits historical as well ascontemporarycontext.Here[in Russia],as far asI seeit,only onewriter excels inthis,CountLev Tolstoy."[26]
• Nikolai Leskov,then an anonymousreviewer in BirzhevyVestnik(TheStock ExchangeHerald),wroteseveral articles praisinghighly War and Peace,callingit"thebestever Russian historical novel"and"theprideof thecontemporaryliterature".Marvelingattherealismand factual truthfulnessof Tolstoy'sbook, Leskovthoughttheauthordeserved thespecial creditfor "havinglifted up thepeople's spiritupon thehigh pedestal itdeserved". "Whileworkingmostelaboratelyuponindividual characters,theauthor,apparently,hasbeen studyingmostdiligentlythecharacterof thenationas a whole;thelifeof peoplewhosemoral strength cameto beconcentrated intheArmy thatcameup to fightmighty Napoleon.In thisrespectthenovel of CountTolstoycouldbeseen as an epicof theGreatnational warwhich upuntil nowhashadits historiansbutnever had itssingers," Leskov wrote.[18]
• Afanasy Fet,in a January1,1870,letter to Tolstoy,expressed hisgreatdelightwith thenovel."You'vemanaged to showus in greatdetail theother,mundanesideof lifeand explainhoworganically does itfeed theouter,heroic sideof it,"headded.[27]
• Ivan Turgenev graduallyre-considered his initial skepticismas to thenovel’s historical aspectandalsothestyleof Tolstoy's psychological analysis.Inhis1880articlewritten in theformof a letter addressedto EdmondAbou,theeditorof theFrench newspaperLeXIX-eSiecle,TurgenevdescribedTolstoyas "themostpopularRussianwriter"and War andPeaceas "oneof themostremarkablebooks of ourage".[28] "Thisvastworkhasthespiritof an epic,wherethelifeof Russiaof thebeginningof our century ingeneral and indetails has been recreated bythehandof a truemaster...Themanner in which CountTolstoyconductshistreatiseis innovativeandoriginal.Thisis thegreatwork of a greatwriter,andin itthere’s true,real Russia,"Turgenevwrote.[29] Itwas largely dueto Turgenev'sefforts thatthenovel startedto gain popularitywith theEuropeanreadership.ThefirstFrench editionof theWar andPeace(1879) paved theway for theworldwidesuccess of Leo Tolstoy and hisworks.[18]
• Sincethen many world famousauthorshavepraised Warand Peaceas a masterpieceof theworld literature. GustaveFlaubertexpressedhisdelightin a January1880letter to Turgenev,writing:"This isthefirstclasswork!Whatanartistand whata psychologist!Thefirsttwo volumes areexquisite.I used to utter shrieksof delightwhilereading.Thisispowerful, verypowerful indeed."[30] Later JohnGalsworthy called WarandPeace"thebestnovel thathadever been written". RomainRolland,rememberinghis readingthenovel as a student,wrote:"this work,likelifeitself,has nobeginning,no end.Itis lifeitself inits eternal movement."[31] Thomas MannthoughtWarand Peaceto be"thegreatestever war novel in thehistoryof literature."[32] ErnestHemingway confessed thatitwas fromTolstoythathe'd been takinglessonson howto "writeaboutwar inthemoststraightforward,honest,objectiveandstarkway.""I don'tknowanybodywho couldwriteaboutwar better thanTolstoy did,"Hemingwayasserted in his1955 Men atWar.TheBestWar Stories of All Timeanthology.[18]
• IsaakBabel said,after readingWarandPeace,"If theworld could writeby itself,itwouldwritelikeTolstoy."[33] Tolstoy "givesus a uniquecombinationof the'naiveobjectivity' of theoral narratorwith theinterestindetail characteristic of realism.This isthereason forourtrustin hispresentation."[34]

5. UBERNET
The spread of the
‘Ubernet’ will diminish the
meaning of borders, and
new ‘nations’ of those with
shared interests may
emerge and exist beyond
the
capacity
of
current nation-
states to control.

6. Where are we going as a society?
Digital Life in 2025
Experts predict the Internet will become ‘like electricity’ — less visible,
yet more deeply embedded in people’s lives for good and ill

8. Current Technologies
• SYSTEMS-BASED NEUROTECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING THERAPIES
- NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ILLNESS
• RESTORING ACTIVE MEMORY
- NEUROPROSTETICS TO BRIDGE GAPS IN AN INJURED BRAIN
• IN VIVO NANOPLATFORMS
- ADAPTABLE NANOPARTICLES
• NEURO FUNCTION, ACTIVITY, STRUCTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
VIZUALIZATION & DECODING OF THE BRAIN
• MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
- SUSTAINMENT OF RESIDENT TISSUE
• BIOCHRONICITY
- CELLULAR LANALYSIS OF CELL-CYCLE PROGRESSION, GROWTH, METABOLISM, AGING & DEATH

9. Neurological Implications

10. How Big are they, really???

11. Sample Nonorobots

13. Pandemic!
Or just a zombie
apocalypse?
(No flies were swatted in
the making of this slide)

16. Scientists Urge Temporary Moratorium
On Human Genome Edits 20 March 2015
A new technology called CRISPR could allow scientists to alter the
human genetic code for generations. That's causing some leading
biologists and bioethicists to sound an alarm. They're calling for a
worldwide moratorium on any attempts to alter the code, at least
until there's been time for far more research and discussion.

17. For the first time, scientists have edited DNA in
human embryos, a highly controversial step long
considered off limits.
Junjiu Huang and his colleagues at the Sun Yat-
sen University in Guangzhou, China, performed a
series of experiments involving 86 human
embryos to see if they could make changes in a
gene known as HBB, which causes the sometimes
fatal blood disorder beta-thalassemia.
I Won’t Do That! 13 April 2015

18. How Do We Use Nanotechnology at the Cellular Level?

19. Processes

21. How Big Are Nanorobots?

22. Injections
Immunizations
Intra venous (IV)
Delivery Methods

23. Anatomy of a Nanobot

24. Remote Control Mechanism

25. How are they Constructed?

26. QUESTIONS?
Gregory Carpenter
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