This document discusses various causes of impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate) in male animals. It covers conditions like gonitis, coxitis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, priapism, and ruptured penis that can damage joints or genitals and prevent successful mating. Surgical correction or extended sexual rest may help treat some physical issues, while others like short penis may be untreatable congenital conditions.

1. IMPOTENTIA COEUNDI
PREPARED BY
DR.SUSHIL NEUPANE
B.V.SC. AND A.H.
IAAS, PAKLIHAWA, TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY, NEPAL

2. INTRODUCTION
 The fertility of a male is related to several phenomena including sperm
production, viability and fertilizing capacity of the ejaculated sperm, sexual
desire, and the ability to copulate.
 Reduced to a state of full sexual aversion and inability to copulate is called
Impotentia Coeundi.
 The bull's libido may be normal or slightly reduced, but he is unable to
copulate.
 Inability to copulate can be caused by damage to the joints, muscles, nerves,
bones, and tendons.

3. INTRODUCTION
 There are different causes of infertility in male animals, which includes genital
deformities, infection, hereditary, congenital, genetic, nutritional, hormonal
and miscellaneous.
 The different genital deformities of penis and prepuce of animals are
Balanoposthitis, Phimosis, Paraphimosis, , Phallocampsis (Penile deviation),
Priapism, Adhesions of penis and prepuce, Rupture of the corpus cavernosum
penis (ruptured, fractured or broken penis), Persistence of the penile frenulum,
Tumors of the penis and prepuce, Congenital short penis, short retractor penis
muscle.

4. Gonitis
 Gonitis is common in bulls, characterized by a short, stiff
gait and distention and enlargement of the capsule of the
stiffle joint (Ducharme, n.d.).
 Rupture of anterior cruciate ligament of stiffle occurs
commonly in smaller breeds of dogs(Stifle joint injuries By,
2018).
Fig: Gonitis
Fig: Anatomy of Stiffle joint

5. Gonitis
 Multiple factors are responsible for gonitis.
 It includes- osteochondrosis, persistent upward fixation of the patella, injuries to
the medial or lateral collateral ligaments, injuries to the cruciate ligaments or the
menisci, erosion of the articular cartilage or bacterial infection.
 Two types of gonitis- acute and chronic gonitis.
 Acute gonitis: Occasionally found in working bullocks and breeding bulls.
 Most common reason is the trauma .
b. Chronic gonitis
 More incidences in bullocks, heavy draft horse and breeding bulls
 Excessive strain on the joint.
 It may also be due to rheumatism or toxin.

6. Coxitis
 Coxitis is a disease that affects dogs and boars and is characterized by a short
stride and limb adduction (Bunger, Sarlund, Joyce, & Jensen, 1988).
 Bulls with degenerative coxitis may experience round ligament rupture.
 Hip dislocation in one or both limbs may cause inability to copulate.
Fig: Anatomy of hip joint
Fig: Coxitis in tuberculosis patient

7. Balanoposthitis
 Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the penis and prepuce.
 Infectious or non-infectious factors can cause this condition.
 Penis and prepuce infections are prevalent in dogs, bulls, and rams, sporadic in stallions,
and uncommon in boars and cats.
 Pain, inability to mate, preputial stenosis, adhesions between the penis and the prepuce,
and peripenile adhesions are all symptoms of severe balanoposthitis (Nandi, Tiwari,
Audarya, & Husbandry, 2014).
 In locations where tuberculosis is endemic, tuberculous balanoposthitis has been
reported.
 The notifiable disease of dourine is the most dangerous cause of balanoposthitis in
stallions.

8. Balanoposthitis
 Antiseptics (1:2000 acriflavine or potassium permanganate solution, 1
percent H2O2 solution) or antibiotics can be used to douche the prepuce in
mild cases.
 Antiseptics and antibiotics in oily preparations can also be beneficial.
 In extreme cases, systemic antibiotics are prescribed, and sexual rest is
necessary during therapy.
Fig: Balanoposthitis in dog

9. Phimosis
 Phimosis is the inability of the penis to be extruded beyond the
preputial orifice.
 The condition has been infrequently reported in juvenile cats and
comprises only 0.5% of canine penile and preputial lesions.
 Congenital causes of phimosis include an abnormally small or
absent preputial orifice, inadequate penile length as seen with
penile hypoplasia, and persistent connective tissue bands
adhering the penis to the preputial mucosa.
 Acquired causes of phimosis are those that result in fibrosis and
subsequent stenosis of the preputial orifice.
Fig: Phimosis in dog

10. Phimosis
 Trauma from excessive grooming of the perineum, by either the
dam or littermates, is believed to be the most common cause, but it
is also postulated to occur secondary to infection (UTI,
balanoposthitis and neoplasia).
 Clinical signs usually include excessive licking of the prepuce,
dribbling urine after urination, stranguria, and preputial swelling.
 Diagnosis has previously been limited to physical examination with
an inability to extrude the penis and a visibly small preputial
opening, with the exception of one study that described the use of
contrast abdominal radiography in a dog with congenital stenosis of
the preputial orifice.
 Surgical enlargement of the preputial orifice.
Fig: Correction of
Phimosis

11. Phimosis
 Congenital stenosis in dogs may be corrected by a dorsal incision of the external
preputial orifice.
 In bull, dog or ram, the usual procedure to correct a simple stenosis of the preputial
orifice caused by cicatricle tissue is to remove a triangular portion of the skin from the
ventral portion of the sheath or prepuce.
 The base of the triangle is at the preputial orifice.
 After the skin is removed, an incision is made through the midline of the prepuce to the
apex of the triangle.
 After the careful hemostasis the preputial membrane is sutured to the skin by
interrupted catgut sutures.
 Chronic prolapse of the prepuce is a very common cause of posthitis and phimosis. It is
common in Bos indicus cattle.

12. Paraphimosis
 Paraphimosis is the inability to completely retract the penis
into the preputial cavity.
 Resulting into swelling, oedema, and balanoposthitis.
 Causes:
 Secondary to swelling and oedema of prepuce
 Paralysis of the penis due to spinal diseases,
 After resection (cutting away) retractor penis muscle in bulls.
 Most common in the dog and the stallion (domestic species
too).
 Skin at the preputial orifice becomes inverted, trapping the
extruded penis and impairing venous drainage (Saxena,
2017).
Fig: Paraphimosis in b. bull
Fig: Paraphimosis in dog

13. Paraphimosis
 A medical emergency, If untreated, ulceration, ischemic
necrosis, or gangrene may develop.
 Oedema may be controlled by the use of cold water and ice
packs,
 Later use of anti-inflammatory drugs and diuretics is essential
 The penis is replaced inside the prepuce by sliding the prepuce
first in a posterior direction, extruding the penis further
 If complicated, amputation of the penis may become necessary
(Amann & Veeramachaneni, 2006). Fig: Correction of Paraphimosis
Fig: Correction of Paraphimosis

14. Priapism
 Priapism is persistent penile erection in the absence of
sexual stimulation.
 Sustained priapism may result in edema, increased risk
of abrasion, tissue drying and necrosis of the penis.
 The prognosis depends on the type of priapism and the
amount of time that passes before therapeutic
intervention.
Fig: Priapism in stallion
Fig: Priapism in dog

15. Priapism
 Surgical methods, such as aspiration and
shunting procedures, have traditionally been
used to treat priapism but carry a risk of
postsurgical complications.
 Use of a-agonists for treatment of priapism in
humans is often successful and avoids the risks
of impotence and other surgical complications.
 Investigation of the use of a-agonists for
treatment of priapism in animals should be
considered.
Fig: Correction of Priapism
Fig: Correction of Priapism

16. Phallocampsis or Deviations of the
penis
A. Ventral or Rainbow deviation
 Rainbow deviation is a rare occurrence.
 Intromission is prevented by ventral deviation, which
happens when the dorsal ligament becomes too thin and
strained to support the distal portion of the penis during
erection.
B. Lateral deviation
 It can happen as a result of damage to the penis or
prepuce.
 The elastic tissue scars or adhesions drag the penis to one
side or the other.
Fig: Ventral Deviation

17. Phallocampsis
C. Spiral or corkscrew type:
 The most common deviation observed in bulls between 2 ½ and 5 years
of age.
 Spiral deviation occurs at the peak of erection.The spiral configuration is
caused by the dorsal apical ligament slipping off to the left-hand side of
the penis resulting in a counterclockwise spiral as viewed from the rear.
 Up to 50 percent of normal bulls have been shown to develop spiral
deviation during copulation.
 The condition is often noticed in normal bulls during masturbation,
following intromission, and when erection is produced by an electro
ejaculator.
 It is not considered pathologic until its occurrence is observed on
repeated natural breeding trials in which it occurs prior to entrance into
the vulva and thereby prevents intromission.
Fig: Phallocampsis

18. Phallocampsis
D. S-shaped deviation:
 It is relatively rare deviation and usually occurs in older bulls with an
excessively long penis.
 The apical ligament is sufficient in strength but insufficient in length and the S-
shape results during erection.

19. Rupture of the corpus cavernosum penis
(ruptured, fractured or broken penis)
 The corpus cavernosum is sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most
of the blood in the penis during erection.
 Rupture of corpus cavernosum is a common and serious condition of bulls.
 It also occurs sporadically in boars and rams (Saxena, 2017).
 This condition occurs when a cow move suddenly at the moment of ejaculation or
the ejaculatory thrust being directed against the anus of the cow rather than the
vagina.
 The condition is more common in younger than older bulls, due to the enthusiasm
and inexperience( Purohit, 2020).

20. Rupture of the corpus cavernosum penis
 Immediately after rupture, the animal refuses to make
further attempts to copulate.
 Other clinical signs include shortness of gait, preputial
oedema and prolapse of penis.
 Hemorrhages occurs from the site of rupture and
hematoma develop the hematoma is initially soft and
fluctuant, but later it becomes firm and hard.
 If untreated hematomata become infected, and
abscesses and fibrous adhesions develop between the
penis and prepuce.
 Prognosis is poor due to adhesion after treatment.
Fig: Broken Penis
Fig: Fracture of penis of dog

21. Rupture of the corpus cavernosum penis
Conservative treatment:
 Sexual rest for 90 days.
 Antibiotic therapy to prevent abscess formation in the
hematoma
 Daily massage of the affected area to prevent formation of
adhesions.
Surgical treatment:
 Evacuation of the hematoma.
 At many times the site of rupture of the tunica albuginea is
identified and closed,Sexual rest after surgery should only last
for a few days, as long period of inactivity promotes adhesions.
 Affected bulls should be teased regularly.
Fig: Restorative surgery
of penis

22. Persistence of the penile frenulum
 Persistence of the penile frenulum is commonly found in young bulls.
 It has also been occasionally reported in boars and dogs.
 The anomaly is congenital and suspected to be a heritable condition
(Saxena, 2017).
 At approximately 4 months in bulls, the penis and prepuce begin to separate
under the influence of male hormones.
 Separation should be completed by 8 to 11 months of age.
 The frenulum normally ruptures during separation of the penis from the
prepuce ( Purohit, 2020).
 During erection, ventral bending of the penis occurs in affected animals.
 This condition prevents intromission in Bos taurus breed but may not
interfere with breeding in Bos indicus bulls due to the length of the prepuce.
Fig: Persistence of penile
frenulum

23. Persistence of the penile frenulum
 The condition can be easily corrected surgically.
 To surgically correct this condition the bull is
restrained in a chute and the penis is extended.
 The frenulum is infiltrated with 5 CC of 2%
lidocaine at the penile and preputial attachments.
 It is then ligated at each end with 2-0 absorbable
suture materials and excised.
 Sexual rest is allowed for 2 weeks.
 Healing occurs rapidly.
 However, surgical correction is not advisable
because possibility of heritable condition.
Fig: Restorative surgery of penis

24. Congenital short penis
 Impotence due to the congenital short penis is an occasional
cause of infertility.
 Observation of serviceability is the cornerstone of diagnosis
of the congenital short penis.
 A presumptive diagnosis is possible if penile protrusion with
the aid of a pudendal nerve block or with the bull
anesthetized on a table is >25 cm from the preputial orifice to
the tip of the penis in an adult bull (Gilbert, 1989).
 This is a heritable and can cause infertility because of the
difficulty in the copulation.
Fig: Congenital short
penis

25. Short retractor penis
 The short retractor penis prevents penile extension.
 Diagnosis is by feeling a tight band at erection where
the retractor penis muscle is situated (Of & Impotentia,
1967).
 A short unilateral retractor penis results in a bulge
unilaterally by the scrotum on erection.
 Failure of erection in bulls may be a congenital
condition but is generally a sequela of trauma and/or
hematoma of the penis (Purohit, 2020).
Fig: Short retractor penis

26. Adhesions of the penis and prepuce
 Adhesion in the region of sigmoid flexure may be due to horn injuries in
bull and ram.
 Due to these adhesions normal penile protrusion is prevented.
 Vigorous thrust during semen collection with artificial vagina may
produce injury or even tear the prepuce or injure the circumference of the
penis.
 Subsequent infections may produce abscesses and may even produce
adhesion.
 Surgical treatment of the adhesion leads to more severe form of adhesion.
 Treatment with antibiotics both locally in oily base as well as by
parenteral route along with complete sexual rest is given.

27. Penile neoplasia
 Fibropapilloma of the penis is common and is caused by the Bovine
papilloma virus.
 The papillomas are removed by dissecting through the epithelium at
the base of the growth.
 Penile carcinoma are best treated by radical amputation of the penis,
with an urethrostomy on the penile stump within the sheath or
directly to the preputial skin.
 Administration of an autogenous tissue vaccine markedly reduces
the incidence of recurrences.
 Sexual rest is provided for 2 to 4 weeks after surgery.
 Recurrence is common if the bull is in an active stage of the disease.
 Administration of a wart vaccine (commercial or autogenous) may
reduce recurrence.
Fig: Penile fibrosarcoma
in bull

28. REFERENCES
 Bunger, C., Sarlund, K., Joyce, F., & Jensen, O. M. (1988). Carrageenan-induced coxitis in
puppies. 59(3), 249–253.
 Camp, S. D. Van. (1997). Common causes of infertility in the bull. 13(2), 203–231.
 Ducharme, N. G. (n.d.). Stifle Injuries in Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food
Animal Practice, 12(1), 59–84.
 Fesseha, H. (2020). Acute Paraphimosis in Bull and its Surgical Management Practique
Clinique et Investigation Acute Paraphimosis in Bull and its Surgical Management. (June).
 Gilbert, R. O. (1989). The diagnosis of short penis as a cause of impotentia coeundi in
bulls. Theriogenology, 32(5), 805-815.
 Nandi, S., Tiwari, A. K., Audarya, S., & Husbandry, A. (2014). Investigation of an outbreak
of infectious pustular balanoposthitis in cattle breeding bulls at a frozen semen bank.
(December).
 Of, S., & Impotentia, B. (1967). Surgery of bovine impotentia coeundi ii Short, Contracted
and ImmobiIised Musculi re/rac/ores penis C. 38(4), 395–398.
 Parmar, S. C. (2018). Impotentia Coeundi and Impotentia Generandi : A Male Infertility
Impotentia Coeundi and Impotentia Generandi : A Male Infertility. (July).
 Purohit, G. N., & Sciences, A. (2020). Congenital genital abnormalities in male domestic.
(December).
 Saxena, M. S. (2017). Veterinary Andrology and Artificial Insemination. (September).

29. THANK YOU