Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction PCI Syllabus, B. Pharmacy, BP101T Session III Levels of Structural Organization. Anatomical Nomenclature. Anatomical terms and their meaning

1. Session III1
Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

2. This session Topics
• Levels of Structural Organization.
• Anatomical Nomenclature.
• Anatomical terms and their meaning
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

3. Levels of Structural organization
Before you begin to study the different
structures and functions of the human body, it is
helpful to consider its basic architecture; that is, how
its smallest parts are assembled into larger structures.
It is convenient to consider the structures of the body
in terms of fundamental levels of organization that
increase in complexity, such as (from smallest to
largest): chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, and an organism.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

4. The organization of the body
often is discussed in terms of
the distinct levels of increasing
complexity, from the smallest
chemical building blocks to a
unique human organism.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

5. Chemical Level
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists
consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic
particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is
composed of one or more unique pure substances called
elements. Examples of these elements are hydrogen, oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of
these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made
up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and
neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such
as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living
things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body
structures.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

6. Cellular Level
A cell is the smallest independently functioning
unit of a living organism. Single celled organisms, like
bacteria, are extremely small, independently-living
organisms with a cellular structure. Humans are
multicellular organisms with independent cells working
in concert together. Each bacterium is a single cell. All
living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and
almost all functions of human physiology are
performed in cells or are initiated by cells.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

7. Higher levels
A tissue is a group of many similar cells
(though sometimes composed of a few related types)
that work together to perform a specific function.
An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the
body composed of two or more tissue types. Each
organ performs one or more specific physiological
functions. An organ system is a group of organs that
work together to perform major functions or meet
physiological needs of the body.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

8. Organ Systems
•Integumentrary system
•Muscular system
•Cardio-Vascular system
•Digestive system
•Urinary system
•respiratory system
•Nervous system
•Male Reproductive system
•Female Reproductive system
•Endocrine system
•Lymphatic system
There are eleven organ systems in human body including,
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

9. Anatomical Nomenclature
Over the centuries, anatomists developed a
standard nomenclature, or method of naming
anatomical structures.
Terms such as "up" or "down" obviously have
no meaning unless the orientation of the body is clear.
When a body is lying on its back, the thorax and
abdomen are at the same level. The upright sense of
up and down is lost.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

10. Basle Nomina Anatomica
In the year 1905 anatomists from all over the
globe met at a place named Basle in Germany and
decided that there must be a consensus on using
similar terms while describing Anatomy And they all
agreed to it.
This was a beginning of anatomical
nomenclature and thus is known by the city name as
Basle Nomina Anatomica.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

11. Anatomical Position
In order to standardize nomenclature,
anatomical terms relate to the standard anatomical
position.
When the human body is in the standard
anatomical position it is upright, erect on two legs,
facing frontward, with the arms at the sides with each
rotated so that the palms of the hands turn forward.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

12. Common Anatomical Terms
In the standard anatomical position, superior
means toward the head or the cranial end of the body.
The term inferior means toward the feet or the
caudal end of the body.
The frontal surface of the body is the anterior or
ventral surface of the body. Accordingly, the terms
"anteriorly" and "ventrally" specify a position closer to—or
toward—the frontal surface of the body. The back surface
of the body is the posterior or dorsal surface and the
terms "posteriorly" and "dorsally" specify a position closer
to—or toward—the posterior surface of the body.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

13. Directional Terms
•Superior
•Inferior
•Medial
•Lateral
•Anterior
•Posterior
•Cranial
•Caudal
•Proximal
•Distal
•Median
•Right
•Left
•Ventral
•Dorsal
•Prone
•Supine
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

14. Regions of the body
The principal regions of the human body include
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
4. Upper limb
5. Lower Limb
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

15. Anatomical Planes
Anatomy is often
described in planes,
referring to two-dimensional
sections of the body. A
section is a two-dimensional
surface of a three-
dimensional structure that
has been cut. A plane is an
imaginary two-dimensional
surface that passes through
the body.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

16. Anatomical Planes
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an
organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs
directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or
median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it
is called a parasagittal plane, or less commonly a longitudinal section.
The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an
organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.
The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane, following
Latin corona, which means "crown".
The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or
organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes
produce images referred to as cross sections.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

17. Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

18. Body Cavities
A body cavity is any
space or compartment, or
potential space in the
animal body. Cavities
accommodate organs and
other structures; cavities as
potential spaces contain
fluid. The two largest
human body cavities are
the ventral body cavity, and
the dorsal body cavity.
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

19. Body Cavities
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

20. Session IV Topics
• These are the topics we will discuss in the next
session of HAP, so come prepared.
• Body Systems,
• Integumentary system,
• Skeletal system,
• Their composition and function
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Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS