Cardiovascular Diseases, Epidemiology, Prevention

1. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular
Diseases
Dr.Athar Khan
Department of Community Medicine
Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry
Karachi
matharm@yahoo.com

2. Learning Objectives
▪ Discuss Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ List the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Identify New Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
▪ List the preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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3. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ “Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a class of diseases
that involve the Heart or Blood Vessels”.
▪ WHO
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4. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Cardiovascular Diseases
Include The Following:
▪ Coronary Heart Disease
▪ Cerebrovascular Disease
▪ Peripheral Arterial
Disease
▪ Rheumatic Heart Disease
▪ Congenital Heart Disease
▪ Deep Vein Thrombosis
▪ Pulmonary Embolism
▪ Cardiovascular Diseases Include The Following:
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5. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪ Heart Attacks and Strokes are
usually Acute Events and are
mainly caused by a Blockage.
▪ The cause of Heart Attacks
and Strokes are usually the
presence of a combination of
risk factors such as:
▪ Tobacco use
▪ Unhealthy Diet
▪ Obesity
▪ Physical Inactivity
▪ Harmful use of Alcohol
▪ Hypertension
▪ Diabetes
▪ Hyperlipidemia.
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6. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
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7. Over 80% of all premature NCD deaths
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10. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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11. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable:
❑ Raised Systolic Blood Pressure
❑ Raised Diastolic Blood Pressure
❑ Smoking
❑ Raised LDL Cholesterol
❑ Reduced HDL Cholesterol
❑ Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
❑ Hyperglycemia
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12. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable Behavioural
Risk Factors
❑ Physical inactivity
❑ Unhealthy diet
❑ Tobacco use
❑ Harmful use of alcohol
Modifiable Metabolic Risk
Factors
❑ Raised blood pressure
❑ Overweight/obesity
❑ Hperglycemia (high blood
glucose levels) and
❑ Hyperlipidemia (high
levels of fat in the blood)
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13. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Non- Modifiable:
❑ Age
❑ Gender
❑ Family History
❑ Previous Cardiovascular Events
❑ Previous Cerebro-Vascular Events
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14. New Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
The common emerging cardiovascular risk factors
included:
▪ Coronary artery calcium score
▪ Lipoprotein (a)
▪ Homocysteine
▪ C-reactive protein
▪ Fibrinogen
▪ Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
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16. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
PRIMARY PREVENTION:
▪ Health Education
▪ Healthy Diet Pattern
▪ Physical Activity
▪ Smoking Cessation
▪ Reduce the intake of foods that are High in Fat,
Sugar and Salt
▪ Abstinence from Alcohol
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18. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪ Treatment with the following Medications are
necessary:
▪ Aspirin
▪ Beta-Blockers
▪ Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
▪ Statins
The benefits of these Interventions are largely effective when used
together with Smoking Cessation and have lead to Prevention of 75% of
Recurrent vascular events.3/29/2020 DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD 18

19. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪ Angioplasty
▪ Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
The benefits of these Interventions are largely effective when used
together with Smoking Cessation and have lead to Prevention of 75% of
Recurrent vascular events.3/29/2020 DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD 19

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21. Framingham Heart Study
The Framingham Heart Study is a
Long- Term, ongoing
Cardiovascular Cohort Study on
residents of the town of Framingham,
Massachusetts.
The study began in 1948 with 5,209
Adult Subjects from Framingham,
and is now on its Third Generation
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23. ❑ Life Course Approach
❑ Empowerment of People and Communities
❑ Evidence based Strategies
❑ Universal Health Coverage
❑ Management of conflicts of interest
❑ Human Rights Approach
❑ National and International Cooperation
❑ Multisectoral Actions
Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020
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