Human Development Paper

Human Development Paper
Human Development
James West
PSY/280
September 26 2012
Robert Keele
Human Development
Human growth and development starts from the moment a child is conceived and continues until the day we die. There are many different stages
of development all depending on the person's beliefs on how we develop. All theories explain a specific growth and development for a specific time
for an individual starting from birth to the time of their death. Not all the theories are agreed on because they are based on different individuals erase
each and findings, and the time that the theory was developed. In this paper we will break down three of them. The first one is the infancy part of life
and how Erik Erikson viewed the development....show more content...
We learn to depend on other people to eat and drink, and learn to start to depend on people.
Another stage in human growth and development is called the phallic stage. Sigmund Freud believed this stage took place from the age of three to six
years old. This is the stage that children become more aware of the sexual regions of their bodies. Not only do they become more self aware but
also start to notice their parents and kids around them. This helps them learn the difference in "boy" or "girl" male or female. During this stage it is
not uncommon for a child to hook them self onto the parent of opposite sex and start a rivalry with the parent of the same sex (Garcia, 1995).
"Individuals who show higher levels in phallic stage of psychosexual development fixation are more likely to develop sexually" (" Sexual
Compulsivity, Promiscuity and Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development Fixation. ," 2012, para. 3).
Intimacy versus isolation is stage six in Erik Ericksons eight stages of human development. This stage takes place from approximately 19–40 years of

age (Orlofsky, Marcia, & Lesser, 1973). The big question that people face in this stage is will I be loved or will I be alone. During this stage people
start to develop more long term relationships. Friendship, dating, marriage and family play a big role in the happiness of this stage. This is when we
leave the people that we grew up with and start our own lives. By establishing
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Personal Reflection On Human Development
Human Development has been such an interesting class this semester because of the captivating topics that have allowed me to thoroughly enjoy
what I am reading and taking notes on. Halfway through this semester I decided to change my major from Nursing to Public Relations because I
decided that I liked surrounding myself with people, but I don't want to be responsible for saving one's life. Although I have never been assigned a
Personal Reflection Paper for a class; I think this assignment has a lot of benefits not only for the teacher, but also for the student. This course can be
examined and applied to anyone's life because it examines how a human develops and what causes them to develop in a certain direction. One of the
numerous topics that we discussed this semester that I can apply to my life is social development of children and in particular, self–esteem.
Self–esteem is the way we feel about ourselves. At one point of the week we could have high self–esteem and feel super confident, but we could also
have low self–esteem and feel that we are not as valuable as others. My father made a very bad impact on my life; causing me to feel so unworthy
and showing me how not to treat my future kids. He would always talk so negatively towards my sister and me. My parents got divorced when I was
in third grade and I was totally blind–sided. I knew that my parents had a bad relationship because they would fight constantly, but I never thought it
would end in divorce. I feel

Human Development Reflection Paper
Reflection on Human Development: Emerging Adulthood In human development, the gap between adolescence and adulthood is referred to as
emerging adulthood, which lasts all throughout one's twenties. Although the age range defining young adulthood differs between constructs, many
researchers consider internal indicators and milestones to determine early adulthood. Markers of early adulthood may include independence,
accepting responsibility, going to college, and having a career (Papalia & Martorell, 2014). Physical development in emerging adults can decline due
to the likelihood of one's decision to smoke and binge drink, which can lead to lung disease and heart failure (Papalia & Martorell, 2014). Several
cognitive concepts suggest that adults encompass a higher level of thinking that Piaget proposes in his formal operational stage. In fact, reflective
thinking allows an individual to question ideas and form new patterns from his/her conclusions (Papalia & Martorell, 2014). Also, young adults have
the ability to use postformal thought, which refers to a more fluid cognitive process that uses logic as well as emotional awareness (Papalia &
Martorell, 2014). Researchers argue that young adults continue his/her psychosocial development through the course of recentering, in which he/she
gradually shifts from accepting family expectations to becoming accountable for his/her own responsibilities (Papalia & Martorell, 2014). Stages of
Development by Theorists The cognitive theories found in emerging adulthood emphasizes the process of associating mental milestones with the
responsibilities that adults now hold. Schaie's lifespan model of cognitive development focuses on the transition between acquiring knowledge and
how the skill is put into practice. A young adult in Schaie's achieving stage uses what he/she has previously learned and incorporate that knowledge to
further his/her career path (Papalia & Martorell, 2014). Erikson's psychosocial model continues in early adulthood with his intimacy versus isolation
phase. Emerging adults have already gained a sense of self in the previous stage, but is now expected to form long lasting relationships with those he
/she finds compatible. Those who establish intimate

Human Development Index
Introduction:
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human
development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries. The Human Development Index
(HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of
measuring well–being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under–developed
country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. There are also HDI for states, cities, villages, etc. by local
organizations or...show more content...
EYSI 2. Education Index (EI) = 0.951
ln (GNIpc) – ln (163) 3. Income Index (II) = ln(108,211) – ln (163)
Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: HDI = в€
љ LEI . EI . II
2010 report:
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values
based on estimates for 2010.
Criticisms:
The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of grounds, including failure to include any ecological considerations, focusing
exclusively on national performance and ranking (although many national Human Development Reports, looking at subnational performance, have
been published by UNDP and others–so this last claim is untrue), not paying much attention to development from a global perspective and based on
grounds of measurement error of the underlying statistics and formula changes by the UNDP which can lead to severe misclassifications of countries
in the categories of being a 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development country. Other authors claimed that the Human Development

Reports "have lost touch with their original vision and the index fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray".The index has also been
criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the

The Influence Of Human Development
Human development is a complex, lifelong process. The course of growth is shaped by a number of influences, of which can either foster growth into a
healthy and functional person, or contribute to the detriment of development. Ultimately, these influences, whether positive or negative, contribute to
the uniqueness of the individual over the course of his or her lifetime. Because it is certainly possible that everything in which with a person comes into
contact leaves a mark on that person's temperament (and subsequent behavior), and that different types of influences have different consequences with
varying degrees of gravity, it is necessary to examine each source of influence individually. In doing so, we can strive to promote influences that
produce positive outcomes, while discouraging those that yield negative ones. This school of thought becomes particularly relevant within the
academic sphere, and raises questions about what sort of influences contribute to and detract from academic achievement. What can parents and
educators do to ensure that students have the best possible chances of meeting their academic potential? How is this experience different between
different ethnic groups?
A common discussion within Psychology is whether personality and behavior can be more accurately contributed to nature (the genetic tendency for a
person to act or appear in a certain way) or nurture (the effect of environment and upbringing). Regarding academic performance, will people who are
naturally more intelligent, focused, or perfectionistic always do better in school than those who are not? Alternatively, can the right opportunities and
support system make up for deficits in the aforementioned areas? It is safe to say that neither of these statements are entirely true for every person, and
that both nature and nurture play a role in academic achievement.
Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory contributes to the significance of the nurture role, and explores the relationship between a person's
environment and their development. He suggests that development can be explained only when environment is understood as a whole. Just as
environmental ecosystems can be organized from specific to broad (organism,

Essay about Human Growth and Development
Human Growth and Development
Peter Nyarkoh
PSY/280
July 17, 2010
Khurshid Khan
Human Growth and Development Human growth and the life span perspective begin from the day of conception and continue throughout the life span.
It is a lifelong process which involves periods and domains of very great importance. Psychologist, sociologist, and others have done many researches
into the life span of humans and have made various conclusions as to how humans behave at any given time in the life span. According to experts, the
life span perspective of human development involves three key developmental domains (Hernandez, 2008). These are the physical domain, the
cognitive domain, and the social domain. The physical domain deals with the...show more content...
Let us discuss three of the six theories; these are the psychodynamic (psychoanalytic), the cognitive, and the learning development theories.
Psychoanalytic theory The psychoanalytic development theory is primarily based on the fact that, all humans have some kind of inner conflicts that
goes on throughout the life span. It also maintains that humans always act based upon sexual urges and aggressive instincts (Ojiem, 2008). This theory
was introduced by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud stated that there are three different parts of human psyche that always conflicts throughout
human development. He calls these the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the aspect of one's personality that is selfish and always wants to do
every bad thing. The ego is the inner self that determines whether to do something or not. And the superego acts as a monitor and evaluator of the ego
functioning, and comparing every act with values and standards. Freud also discussed the five stages of human psycho–sexual development, which
include the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage.
Cognitive theory This theory focuses on information processing and how they affect human development. The theory is associated with Jean Piaget
(1896–1980). He also proposed the existence of four major stages, during which children and adolescents master their ability to use symbols and to
reason in abstract ways. He believed that all humans develop in

Human Development
HSV 504: Human Development–Early Memory Development
Dianne Wright
Post University
Introduction
Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in
children's cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood
memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund
Freud's cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S. Vygotsky, however, described children's early memory development as a holistic process that involved
society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsky,
...show more content...
However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered rude in the west to discriminate
based on smell. To say someone's breath smells bad in public is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely spoken in public. Yet, body odor is
the primary smell that would intrigue a very young child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not good and the child learns to
distance herself from that sensory pleasure. Schachtel also said that with passing of time the highly sensitive sensory experiences are lost to the
children because they are repressed (Crain, 2005).
Schachtel believed that adults are less sensitive to their earlier sensory perceptions due to socialization (Crain, 2005). The senses become defined as
either good or bad, and adults have extensive vocabulary labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005).
Schachtel further explains the only adults that would still have their earlier perceptions intact after parental and peer socialization would be creative
individuals like writers and painters (Crain, 2005).
When a child gets older, many things that were accepted in infancy can become less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses,
sight and touch. Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of protective environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a
pioneer in

Essay on Human Development: Nature vs. Nurture
The nature versus nurture debate is an old issue within the field of psychology.
"The nature–nurture issue is a perennial one that has resurfaced in current psychiatry as a series of debates on the role that genes (DNA) and
environments play in the etiology and pathophysiology of mental disorders" (Schaffner)
The debate is essentially about what is inherited (nature) and what is experienced by environmental factors (nurture) and how they affect human
development. Naturally, the nature versus nurture debate relates to many controversies such as intelligence, gender identities, violent behaviors, and
sexual orientation.
There are countless studies on whether intelligence is an inherited trait or if it is influenced by environmental...show more content...
Based on these conclusions made by the study, it is acceptable to infer that there is a greater difference in intelligence that can be attributed to
hereditary factors. The results also show what a drastic change that hereditary factors can impose on intelligence; I found this quite interesting as I
previously thought that environmental factors would influence studying patterns and etc. Though the study was conducted in a professional manner,
the theory of possessing more intelligence based on hereditary conditions would need to be researched more. There are ongoing studies on the
nature–nurture and intelligence question.
Another study on intelligence has shown:
"A definite tendency for children in homes of higher socio–economic status, especially those with more highly educated parents, to make above
average scores after two years of age, whereas children whose parents have less education make lower scores" (Bayley).
Based on this and the aforementioned study, we can see where controversy can occur. Both studies claim to have taken into account environmental
factors, but the second study concludes that environmental factors do play a role in the development of intelligence of children. The two differing
viewpoints are what cause the debate. According to Kendra Cherry, "The majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influenced by
both nature and nurture..." If this were proven to be true, both

The Development Of Human Development Essay
Human Development in Children aged 11years
Human development refers to the biological and psychological development in the human being throughout the lifespan. It consists of the development
from infancy, childhood and adolescence to adulthood.
In this essay I will analyse two practiced based experiences to demonstrate my understanding of human development. For my first practiced based
experience, I will be drawing on Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Development Theory. His key concepts of The Zone of Proximal Development, More
Knowledgeable Others, and Internalisation.
For my second practiced based experience I will draw on Erik Erikson's Theory of Identity Development. His key concept of psychosocial development
stages.
My first experience concerns an 11year old girl named Ella.
I was sitting in the library with Ella after she had completed her E–asTTle testing. While we were waiting to head back to the classroom Ella was
completing a math's project. She explained to me that she was in a higher learning level math's group and was completing a math's badge. Mrs. Jones
head of math's for year 7/8 is assisting Ella with her math's badge and told me that Ella is doing extremely well.
My second experience was observing a group of 5 girls that had gone outside to practice their presentation of an Anzac day story to be delivered
before their peers. When one of the girls proceeded to deliver her part of the presentation, Katy another of the girls in the group sidled up to her,

Human Development
1. What are the three basic dimensions of human development according to the United Nations, and what is one example of a statistic that offers
insight into each of these three dimensions? A: The three basic dimensions of human development according to the United Nations are knowledge, a
decent standard of living, and a long and healthy life. One example of a statistic that offers insight into each of these three dimensions is per capita
GDP. Other statistics that offer insight into each of these three dimensions are school enrollment rates, literacy rates, and life expectancy at birth. 2.
Which of the UN Millennium Declaration's eight development goals focus directly on improving the lives of females? A: The third and fifth of the
UN Millennium Declaration's eight development goals focus directly on improving the lives of females. The third of the UN...show more content...
What is trafficking and how is it different from slavery? A: Trafficking happens when children and adults fleeing poverty or searching for better
prospects are deceived, bullied, and manipulated into working in conditions that they do not want and that they do not choose. Trafficking is different
from slavery because the family does not sell their child. Instead, the parents send the child away with a recruiter with hopes that the recruiter will
send money and their child will earn money to send back home. 4. What is the most common job for girls who are trafficked? A: The most common
jobs for girls who are trafficked are domestic servants or street vendors. 5. Which two institutions have been largely responsible for lending money to
developing countries in the era after decolonization? A: The World Bank (bank) and the International Monetary Fund (financial institution) have been
largely responsible for lending money to developing countries in the era after decolonization. 6. What demands must typically be met in order for a
developing country to secure a structural adjustment

Why Is Human Development Important?
Why Is An Understanding of Human Development Important In Care Work? In this essay I will look at the different stages of human development
and how this understanding can be useful for care workers and also the dangers that can occur to individuals as well as care professionals if care
workers do not have the proper knowledge or understanding to help their service users. I will also look at the different theories on human development
and what factors affect human development. Human Development is a very complicated process which is why it is important for care professionals to
understand the strands of human development so they can understand the changes people are experiencing at different points of their life and help you
to better...show more content...
Emotional development–learning what emotion is and also how to show emotion. Cultural development–learning own countries language, learning
customs of your country. All of these are important to understand in order for care workers to know if the service users are on the right track or if
there is anything that needs to be done that could help them to improve their lives for example if a child is not meeting their milestones they may
have an illness that needs to be addressed or there may be abuse or neglect that care workers need to be aware of. (Class Notes 2014) (Encyclopedia
Britannica 2014) There are many theories on Human Development which include Psychoanalytic theory– this help us to understand human behaviour,
it tells us that to understand adults we have to look back at what happened to them as children for instance an adult who can not cope in a social
setting may have been bullied as a child and is now afraid to speak to new people or Every time the vehicle she is riding in stops suddenly, Mrs.
Smith panics. She thinks this is because she was in a car accident when she was a child, and in each new situation the fear of another accident
crashes over her like a wave or another example is Jack's mother left his family when he was a child. Ever since then, he has had a very difficult time
trusting people because he is afraid they will abandon him. Sigmund Freud is said to be the founder of this theory "Freud believed that the

Causes and Extent of Change
В¬В¬Climate change has caused dramatic changes in landforms around the world, and beaches have received much of the worst consequences from
this. Alongside this, human development has kept on expanding, especially into previously "pristine" environments, thus removing "access" to a great
deal of the sand that was in the area. Human expansion has also resulted in the introduction of exotic or invasive species of flora, that may have
impacted the native vegetation that existed on the beachfront, and as a result, changed the structure of the pre–existing sand. This is generally due to
the exotic species impacting the food web, and spreading very quickly, likely due to having many seedlings or having few predators in the new
environment.
In Collaroy Beach, the increase in human development has resulted in various consequences, the most prominent being the reduction in the size of the
sand dune system, which has occurred to a large extent in the beach, evident by the clear lack of a hind dune. The same has occurred in Lauderdale
beach, and to a similar extent as Collaroy. However, as Lauderdale receives far more storms than Collaroy, and thus is more likely to need the "sand
bank" stored up, it can be argued that the consequences of human development occurred to a larger extent at Lauderdale beach. On the other hand, with
the increasing effects of climate change, the difference in amount and effect of storms may become less relevant, as more storms will

Essay Case Study of Human Development
Case Study of Human Development
Anne is a 22–year–old Caucasian female currently enrolled in college. She is enrolled as a full time student majoring in Criminal Justice. She lives in
a single room on campus and is three hours away from her family. She is currently in the Later Adolescence stage of development and is dealing with
several different life issues. During the previous life stage, Early Adolescence, several developmental tasks had to be dealt with by the subject. While
physical maturation was going on Anne had problems with severe acne and had no real growth spurt. To this day she remains only five feet tall. Her
development of formal operations came at a normal rate for adolescence. However, during these years...show more content...
She is learning to be out on her own for the first time in her life. Because she is away at school she does not have the guidance that her parents once
gave her. She has to make decisions about her life and life choices. So far she has not had much success in making these choices. She almost
decided to quit school and move in with her boyfriend. This poor planning has left her very behind in school making her have to attend for an extra
year in order to graduate. She also decided that it was all right to smoke marijuana. This led to problems with the law, which is not good considering
that she is a criminal justice major. Next year she will be moving into an apartment and will have to work in order to support herself. This is another
step toward autonomy from her parents.
Anne is figuring out the different aspects of her gender identity. She is taking on new life roles everyday. She must balance her time between being a
student, friend, co–worker, lover, all the while making the transition from child to adult. She has been having trouble making the transition from
childhood to adulthood. After high school she was holding on to her childhood for dear life but now is learning how to let go and move on.
Now that she is on her own Anne must make decisions about what she feels are her values and morals. She is now deciding what she feels is right and
what is wrong. Anne is finding out what causes she wants to support and what she wants to fight

Human Development Theories Essay
Human Development Theories
In addition to Freud's psychodynamic theory there are four other human development philosophies; biological, cognitive, behavioral and systems
model. Even though these theories differ they all contain the same basic assumptions. People will continue to grow. People exhibit both stability and
flux as they pass through life. People are holistic, of mind body and spirit. Lastly, individual people must be understood in the context of relationships
and setting (Cash White, 2012).
There are three main concepts in the theory of Biological human development. Gesell's maturation theory is that a child will develop according to a
predetermined biological schedule. "There is an inner timetable that determines the...show more content...
As a result of Darwin's studies other ethnologist began making discoveries. Lorenz's imprinting studies on goslings concluded there's an early critical
period in which imprinting occurs. Social attachments are formed impart by the imprinting process. According to Bowlby, a six month old baby will
have narrowed their attachment to just a few people with one in particular and will become afraid of strangers (Crain, 2011). Additionally, Ainsworth
discovered three different forms of attachment among individual babies. Depending on how secure or insecure a child feels patterns of attachment are
formed. Consequently, both Bowlby and Ainsworth's position was the same as Gesell's, "evolution has provided infants with signals and gestures that
promote healthy development and it is wisest to respond to them" (Crain, 2011, p. 66).
Piaget "forged the single most comprehensive and compelling theory of intellectual development" (Crain, 2011, p. 118), a theory ofpsychology that
attempts to explain human behavior by trying to understand the thought process behind why people do what they do. In Piaget's cognitive development
theory he suggested that child think differently than adults do and from this he developed a stage theory of development. As one of the first theorists to
state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world and that they

Why We Study Human Development Essay
I believe there are two important reasons why we study human development. One, to improve the lives of young children; two, improve parenting
practices. Erik Erikson was one of the forefathers who tried to break down human development into stages. The stages are trust versus mistrust,
autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus identity confusion, intimacy versus isolation,
generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Santrock (2013) stated, "At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts
individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased
vulnerability and enhanced potential. The more successfully an individual resolves the crises, the healthier his or her development will be" (p. 22).
In my short eighteen years of life, I have only experienced five of the eight life stages. The stages I have encountered do accurately describe my
stages of growth. The first stage, Trust versus Mistrust, occurs from birth until the end of the first year. According to Santrock (2013) "Trust in
infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live" (p. 23). My parents expressed that when I
was an infant, my personality was surprisingly mellow and trusting. They even deemed me with the nickname "Easy E" because of my unorthodox
attitude. I was born in Humbolt,

Developmental Psychology Essay
Development Psychology
Development psychology refers to the scientific study of the systematic psychological changes that normally occur to human beings throughout their
growth period from birth to old age. It was originally concerned with children and infants, but it has since expanded to include the entire life span of
mankind including adolescence and adulthood. Development psychology covers the extent to which human development occurs through gradual
accumulation of knowledge, and the extent to which children born with inmate mental structures learn through experience. Several psychological
theories and approaches like the behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive approaches have been developed to explain the
...show more content...
The ability of an individual to learn from other people's experience is a unique character associated with conditioning controlled behavior. Children
are more likely and willing to repeat certain behaviors in cases where they have been rewarded, as they have developed the feeling that what they did
is acceptable.
The cognitive approach to development psychology; developed by Jean Piaget in 1934, deals with nature of knowledge, and how human intelligence is
developed and utilized (Piaget, 1983, p. 46). In this theory, Piaget asserts that reality, which is defined in two conditions that explains change brought
about by dynamic systems, involves states and transformations. Transformation refers to all kinds of changes a living organism undergoes and state is
the condition in which the living organism can be found between the transformers. He further argues that humans should have functions to represent
reality and the transformational process if their intelligence is to be adaptive.
In his theory, Piaget proposes two types of intelligence that are responsible for static and dynamic aspects of reality that is, figurative and operative
intelligence respectively. Figurative intelligence involves all the means of representation that are used to retain state that appears between
transformations, like shape, form, or location. It involves imitation, drawing, perception, language and mental imagery. Operative intelligence on the
other hand, involves

Human Development,Family and Society Essay
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY AND SOCIETY
Author: S.Aswathi – I MBA SSM School of Management, Komarapalayam.
Co–Author: A.Pravinth – I MBA SSM School of Management, Komarapalayam.
ABSTRACT
This paper gives an overview of Human development, family and society from three angles via., biology, psychology and humanity. In biological
terms, this entails growth from a one–celled zygote to an adult human being. Whereas in terms of psychology, it refers to the gradual accumulation of
knowledge and is the scientific study of changes that occur in life of human beings. In terms of humanity, it involves studies of the human condition
with its core being the capability approach, which therefore needs both the resources and ability to use them. There...show more content...
Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social
context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly–focused approach.
Developmental psychology informs several applied fields, including: educational psychology, child psychopathology, and forensic developmental
psychology. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including social psychology, cognitive
psychology, ecological psychology, and comparative psychology.
HUMAN(ITY) DEVELOPMENT
Human development is a well–being concept within a field of international development. It involves studies of the human condition with its core being
the capability approach. Human development encompasses more than just the rise or fall of national incomes. Development is thus about expanding
the choices people have, to lead lives that they value, and improving the human condition so that people have the chance to lead full live. Thus, human
development is about much more than economic growth, which is only a means of enlarging people's choices. Fundamental to enlarging these choices
is building human capabilities –the range of things that people can do or be in life. A person, therefore, needs both the resources and the ability to use
them in order to

Essay on Eight Periods of Human Development
There are eight periods of human development that include, prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood,
middle adulthood, and late adulthood. These eight periods make up the three major developmental periods; child, adolescent and adult development.
The prenatal period takes place in the first two weeks of conception. Heredity and environmental influences (which are often negative) are also
developed during this stage. At this stage the organism is more susceptible to these influences, than during any other period. Infancy is the next stage,
various changes start to occur and attachments start to form. Coordination, sensory and motor skills start to develop, as well as the expression of...show
more content...
They form relationships with their peers, develop spoken vocabulary, and began to decipher between genders and their roles. Middle childhood is the
development of personality, motivation, and inter–personal relationships. Growth at this stage is usually slowed until puberty is reached. Children at
this age tend to learn by hands–on learning activities.
The adolescent individuals begin to reach sexual maturity and established their identity as an adult. This period marks the transition in which individuals
think and reason. They also start to encounter conflicts between their family and their peers.
Finally, adulthood consists of early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Early adulthood is a stage where individuals are physically in
their best condition. Memory and thinking abilities are sharp, life decisions are made, and they take on roles of independence. Middle adulthood is
when individuals start to reflect on their lives as a whole. Retirement planning and sadness over unaccomplished goals began to surface, during this
particular stage. Some physical changes such as hearing and vision start to take place. Focusing more on health, relationships and becoming tolerable
with death are all signs of late adulthood development. The immune system, vision, hearing, and muscle strength start to decline. Loss of memory is a
cognitive trait that is related

Human Behavior And Human Development Essay
While the study of human genes is increasingly improving our understanding of human development, it is not solely our genetic makeup that
determines how we will develop. Humans as a species share many universal traits, which make it easy to disregard the large influence the environment
plays in development. Throughout the lifespan, the environment presents itself in many different positions that help determine and shape human
development. By looking at the influence of the environment and genetics on human development we are able to create a more holistic view of this
process and gain a better understanding of the complexities involved within it. Through this comprehensive lens, it is easy to see how probabilistic
human development offers the greatest amount of explanation, unlike the predetermined views of genetic influence in the past, and that environmental
influence has an extensive impact on human behavior. Throughout human history, there have been many shared processes and factors related to
development. Evolutionary psychology is a branch of psychology that has developed based on the idea that humans have shared behavioral traits.
Demonstrations of these shared human traits can be seen in fixed patterns. These fixed patterns, such as yawning and attachment, are unlearned
behaviors ever present in human development, allowing us to overestimate the power of genetics on human development as a whole (Newman &
Newman, 2016). While fixed patterns do have a largely

Human Development Paper

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Human Development Paper