3. Introduction
(Biography of Werner Karl Heisenberg )
A German Theoretical physicist who made foundational
contributions to quantum mechanics.
A very well known for asserting the uncertainty principle
of quantum theory.
He made contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field
theory, and particle physics.
he formulated the Uncertainty Principle at Niels Bohr’s
institute in Copenhagen, while he was working on the
mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics.
4. The main body of Werner’s 1927 paper (German), he
used the word “ Unbestimmtheit” (indeterminacy)to
describe the theoretical principle.
In his endnote he switch to the word “Unsicherheit”
(uncertainty).
In his book The physical principles of the quantum
theory (english- version) was published in 1930, the
word uncertainty was used and became the commonly
used term in english language.
5. Heisenberg's gamma-ray
microscope
Heisenberg's gamma-ray
microscope for locating an
electron (shown in blue).
The incoming gamma ray
(shown in green) is
scattered by the electron
up into the microscope's
aperture angle θ. The
scattered gamma-ray is
shown in red. Classical
optics shows that the
electron position can be
resolved only up to an
uncertainty Δx that
depends on θ and the
wavelength λ of the
incoming light.
6. Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle
In the latter part of the 19th century, Newtonians
mechanics, Maxwell equations of
electromagnetism, and thermodynamics were thought
no basic laws were left to discover.
In 1927 , Werner Heisenberg formulated the
uncertainty principle, which describes the nature of
this determinacy.
the uncertainty principle states that the position and
velocity cannot both be measured,exactly, at the same
time.
uncertainty principle derives from the measurement
problem, the intimate connection between the wave
and particle nature of quantum objects
7. The Two Uncertainty Relations
Position-Momentum Relation-can be precisely
derived from the Schrodinger equation
-
x - the uncertainty in the x-coordinate of the
position of an object.
p- the uncertainty in the x-component of the
momentum of that object.
h- Planck’s constant.
8. Energy-Time Relation- referred to as an uncertainty
relation for energy and time.
E – energy
t- time
h- Planck’s constant
10. Big Bang Theory
It is a explanation of what happened at the very
beginning of our universe. ( back)
According to the standard theory, our universe
sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7
billion years ago.
Singularities are zones which defy our current
understanding of physics.
-They are thought to exist at the core of black holes
11. Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure.
The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter
is actually squished into infinite density . These zones of
infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is
thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely
hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. (back)
It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are
inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique
planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with
several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring
through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding
universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which
appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the
Big Bang theory.
