note

1. Plantation in the Tropics
Plantation before 1900
 People have beenplantingtreesforthousandsof yearsforfood,shelter,ceremonial orreligious
purposes.Bible recordsAbrahamplantingatree Tamarisktree whichishistorical recordexists.
 It isactuallyinthe tropics,inthe Srilankawhere the Bodhi tree (Ficusreligiosa) isrecorded
about220 BC.
 The presentdevelopmentof manmade forestrycanbe tracedback to the sixteenthand
seventeenthcenturieswhenexplorationandexpansionof Europeaninfluence tookplace.They
collectednumerousspeciesfromthe worldtoscientificstudyamongthemmanyspeciesfailed.
 But as earlyas 1680, Teakwas introducedinSrilankawhichbecame success.In1829, Teak
successinJava, Indonesia.In1940, teakwas plantedinIndiainNilamberhills,inBangladesh,in
1871.
 In 1843, EucalyptusglobulesinNilgiri India,EucalyptusandwatalusinMadrasin1832. Andas
earlyas 1790 several Eucalyptuswere plantedinthe gardenatNandi hillsnearMysore.
 In 1823, eucalyptuswasplantedinSouthAmericainChile.
 In 1825 E. globulesandE.territi cornisinAfrica.
 Before 1900, PinuspatulawasintroducedinNew-zealandin1877.
 In 1830 Myanmar introducedteaktoarrestshiftingcultivationbyconvertingtoTaungya.
Between1856- 68, 320 ha of teakplantedandby 1900 about8,000 ha
 In 1866, Changamangaplantationof sisooinPakistan.
Plantation during1900-1945
 By 1945, inSouthAfrica180,000 ha plantationof tropical pinesandeucalyptusspecieswas
done.
 In Australia(Queensland)9,800 ha of Araucariaand pinesplanted.
 In India,by2nd
worldwar, 80,000 ha of teakwasplantedandmany more trialsof eucalyptus.
 In Brazil,between1920 and 1930, several hundredthousandhectaresof eucalyptuswere
planted.
 In SouthAfrica,in1920, about115,000 ha of wattle (Acaciamearnsii) inthe formof industrial
plantationfortanbark was carriedout.
 By 1931, 25,500 ha inKenya.
Plantation during1945- 1965
 In China,100,000-450,000 ha/year – china fir(cunninghamianalanceolata) wasplantedin
south,mosttropical provinces.
 By 1958 inAfricalargestblockplantation41,000 ha. The Usutu forestinSwaziland.Infact
between1945-65 more than80,000 ha or 5% of the total landsurface.
 Late 1950 Fiji plantedSwerteniamycrophylla
 In PapuaNewGuineain1951 plantedAraucaria
 In 1965, the approximate areaof plantationinthe tropicswas3.5-4.0 millionha(FAO,1967)
includingthose of SouthernChina.

2. Plantation during1966-1980
 Between1966 and 1977, the rate of plantinginBrazil rose from40,000 ha/ yr. By 1980, 100,000
ha were plantedandpulpmill operated.
 Between1971-79, a small countryFiji planted28,000 ha of Pinuscaribea.
 Between1966 and 1980, 15,000 ha of EucalyptusplantedinCongoandinSudan180,000 ha was
planted.
 In India,between1966 and 1979, 2.8 millionhapf new plantationwasestablish.
 In the five southerntropical provincesof China,Eucalyptusplantationexpandedrapidlyby6
millionhain1980.
 In 1980, according to FAO(1988) of 11.5 millionhaplantationintropical countries,amongthem
7.2 millionhaforindustriesand4.3 millionhafornon-industrial purpose.
 Worldforestrycongressheldin1972 “The Forestand EconomicDevelopment”;in1978, “Forest
for People”,FAO1978 “ ForestryforRural Communities”,“Trees,FoodandPeople”,“Land
Managementinthe Tropics” “ForestEnergyand EconomicDevelopment”etc.
 In the 1970, manyorganizationsinvolvedtoencourage tree plantingintropicssuchas World
Bank,ITTO, manyNGOs, INGOs,ICRAF,FAO,USAID,Winrock,Danida,Finida,Swissetchave
beensupportingforplantingtreesintropics.
 Besidesthese,manydonorcountrieshave beensupportingfortree improvementandinsocial/
community/collaborative/participatory/jointmanagementforestrysectors.
Program ofplanting up to 2000
 In Burundi,300,000 ha
 Malaysia,500,000 ha
 Ethiopia,3.5 millionha
 Indonesia,300,000 ha
 India,17 millionha
 Brazil.12 millionha
 Chinaincreasescoverage by12-20%
 Nepal increase 42%coverage