2. Growth:
It refers to an increase in physical size of the
whole or any of its parts, it can be measured
in inches or centimeters or pounds or
kilograms.
It is a quantitative changes in child’s body.
3. Development
It refers to a progressive increase in skill and
capacity to function.
It is qualitative.
4. Maturation
It refers to an increase in competence, an
ability to function at a higher level depending
on the child’s heredity.
5. 1.Growth and development are continuous
process from conception until death
There are highs and lows in terms of the rate
of growth and development
Pubertal growth spurt followed by a gradual
decrease in growth until it ceases altogether
by the union of epiphysis
6. All times an individual is learning new skills
Growth is continuous, but does not mean
that it always occurs at the same rate.
Tremendous growth is present during infancy
and decelerates about the fourth year
followed by a slow and uniform rate of
growth lasting till puberty
7. 2.Growth and development proceed in an
orderly sequence
Growth in height occurs only in one sequence
from smaller to larger
Development also proceeds in a predictable
order. E.g. the majority of children sit before
they creep, creep before they stand, stand
before they walk, walk before they run
8. Occasionally a child will skip a stage one or
pass through it so quickly that the mother
doesn’t observe the stage
Occasionally a child will progress in a
different order, but most children follow a
predictable sequence of growth and
development
9. 3.Different children pass through the
predictable stages at different rates
All stage of development have a range of
time rather than a certain point at which they
are usually accomplished
Two children may pass through the motor
sequence at different rates. E.g. one begins
walking at 9 months the other at 18 months.
Both are developing normally
10. 4.All body systems do not develop at the same
rate
Certain body tissues mature more rapidly
than others. E.g. lymphoid tissue is more
hyperplastic during childhood and after
puberty it undergoes involution.
Thymus gland is large in infants and causes
confusion about heart size
11. 5. Development is cephalocaudal
‘Cephalo’ is a Greek word meaning “head”,
‘Caudal’ means “tail”.
Development proceeds from head to tail
A newborn can lift only his head off the
table when he lies in a prone position
12. By 2 months, he can lift his head and chest off
the bed
By 4 month, she can lift his head, chest and
abdomen
By 5 months, he has control enough to turn
over
By 9 months, he can control enough to crawl
By 1 year, he can stand upright and perhaps
and walk
13. 6.Development proceeds from proximal to distal parts;
from gross skill to the refined
This is closely related to cephalocaudal growth
It can be easily observed by the progress of upper
extremity development
7.Development proceeds from general to specific
As child matures general movements become specific
8.Primitive reflexes must be lost before development
can proceed
9.There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences
or learning
10.A great deal of behavior and skill is learned by
practice
17. Sex
- Male child is larger and heavier than female
infant
Ordinal position in the family
- Children learn from the older sibling
- Parents gain confidence in rearing second
child
- First child develop more anxious than the
second
-Young child receives great attention
19. Hormone
- Deficiency of thyroid causes mental
retardation, cretinism with stunted physical
growth
- Excess of thyroid produces advanced linear
growth
- Somatotrophic hormone or GH secretes by
anterior pituitary gland has major effect on
linear growth, i.e. gigantism, lack results in
dwarfism
20. -Testosterone the male gonadal hormone
stimulates the development of secondary
sexual characteristics and the production of
spermatozoa in young man.
- Estrogen stimulates the development of
secondary sexual characteristics and the
production of ova in young women
- An excess of any of these hormones results in
precocious puberty and deficiency results in
delayed sexual development
22. Structures of the body
- A rate of growth of the neural system is rapid
before school age, most rapid during the first
18 months of life.
- Growth of lymphoid tissue is rapid up to 11
years and gradually declines
-The growth of genital is slow until puberty and
increases rapidly during adolescence
23. Emotion
Lack of parent child attachment
Lack of love and security
Disturbed children neither sleep / eat well
Exercise
Stimulated physical activity and muscle
development by increasing circulation
24. Intelligence
Correlates to physical development
Child of intelligence is likely to be taller and
better developed
Children with less intelligence will never excel
no matter how enriched are their environment
Illness and injury
Reduce weight and cause hindrance in child’s
progress
25. Intra uterine development
Nutritional deficiencies, drugs and infection
during pregnancy
Maternal DM
Rubella,TORCH
Placental malfunction
Smoking, alcohol
26.
27. Prenatal period: conception to birth
Ovum: conception to two weeks
Embryo: 2 weeks to 8 weeks
Fetus: 8 weeks to 40 weeks
Newborn: birth to 4 weeks (28 days)
Infant: one month to one year
28. Toddler: one year to three year
Preschooler: 3 years to 6 years
School age / gang age / loose tooth age:
6 – 12 years
Adolescent:
Early: 12 – 14 years
Late: 14 – 18 years
