The document discusses theories of growth and development in children. It specifically discusses the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget regarding moral development. According to their theories, moral development occurs through three levels - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality. At the pre-conventional level, children's morality is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. At the conventional level, morality is based on interpersonal relationships and maintaining social order. At the post-conventional level, morality is based on universal ethical principles and individual conscience. The document provides details on the six stages that make up these three levels of moral development.
The document provides an overview of growth and development from prenatal stages through infancy. It discusses physical, cognitive, emotional and social development at each stage. In the newborn stage, it describes normal measurements for weight, height, head circumference and vital signs. It also outlines important neonatal reflexes that facilitate development. In infancy, the document notes rapid physical growth and developmental milestones in motor skills, cognition and social interaction during the first year.
This document summarizes physical development from infancy through adulthood. It outlines key milestones in gross and fine motor skill development from 1 month to 5 years of age. It then discusses physical changes in adolescence, including the growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. For adulthood, it notes that physical changes are relatively minor, involving potential muscle or fat changes from activity levels. It also outlines two principles of physical growth - cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities). Finally, it lists 10 factors that can influence physical development, including heredity, environment, nutrition, exercise, hormones, and socioeconomic status.
1. Growth and development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
2. Physical growth involves increases in height, weight, and maturation of organs and body systems, while development includes functional and behavioral changes.
3. Development is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors such as nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, education, and relationships.
This document discusses the principles of growth and development. It defines growth as the net increase in size or mass of tissues, while development refers to increasing skills and capacity over time. The document outlines 10 principles of growth and development: continuity, sequentiality, generality to specificity, differentiality, proceeding from head to feet, from center to outward, dependence on maturation and learning, from simple to complex, personal nature, and internal drive. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each principle.
The document discusses factors that influence child growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, and maturation. It then describes 16 principles of child growth and development like progression from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific skills, and critical nature of early development. The document also discusses differences between growth and development and lists genetic, environmental, prenatal, and postnatal factors that can influence a child's growth and development.
Development of Learners at Various Stage by Annah Belgira.pptxAnnahPacardoBelgira
This document discusses development from prenatal stages through early childhood. It describes the three prenatal stages of germinal, embryonic, and fetal, covering weeks 1-40 of development. Key aspects of development are then outlined for infancy/toddlerhood and early childhood, including physical, cognitive, language, motor, social, and emotional development. The stages and milestones discussed provide an overview of growth and changes from conception through age 5.
Concepts and theories growth and development and infancyjimcyjose
This document summarizes key aspects of human growth and development from conception through adolescence. It discusses physical, motor, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral development. Some main points covered include the stages of prenatal development, major milestones in infancy and childhood, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Freud's psychosexual stages, and theories of moral and faith development by Kohlberg and Fowler. Growth is described as proceeding in cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions.
The document provides an overview of growth and development from prenatal stages through infancy. It discusses physical, cognitive, emotional and social development at each stage. In the newborn stage, it describes normal measurements for weight, height, head circumference and vital signs. It also outlines important neonatal reflexes that facilitate development. In infancy, the document notes rapid physical growth and developmental milestones in motor skills, cognition and social interaction during the first year.
This document summarizes physical development from infancy through adulthood. It outlines key milestones in gross and fine motor skill development from 1 month to 5 years of age. It then discusses physical changes in adolescence, including the growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. For adulthood, it notes that physical changes are relatively minor, involving potential muscle or fat changes from activity levels. It also outlines two principles of physical growth - cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities). Finally, it lists 10 factors that can influence physical development, including heredity, environment, nutrition, exercise, hormones, and socioeconomic status.
1. Growth and development refers to the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan.
2. Physical growth involves increases in height, weight, and maturation of organs and body systems, while development includes functional and behavioral changes.
3. Development is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors such as nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, education, and relationships.
This document discusses the principles of growth and development. It defines growth as the net increase in size or mass of tissues, while development refers to increasing skills and capacity over time. The document outlines 10 principles of growth and development: continuity, sequentiality, generality to specificity, differentiality, proceeding from head to feet, from center to outward, dependence on maturation and learning, from simple to complex, personal nature, and internal drive. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each principle.
The document discusses factors that influence child growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, and maturation. It then describes 16 principles of child growth and development like progression from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific skills, and critical nature of early development. The document also discusses differences between growth and development and lists genetic, environmental, prenatal, and postnatal factors that can influence a child's growth and development.
Development of Learners at Various Stage by Annah Belgira.pptxAnnahPacardoBelgira
This document discusses development from prenatal stages through early childhood. It describes the three prenatal stages of germinal, embryonic, and fetal, covering weeks 1-40 of development. Key aspects of development are then outlined for infancy/toddlerhood and early childhood, including physical, cognitive, language, motor, social, and emotional development. The stages and milestones discussed provide an overview of growth and changes from conception through age 5.
Concepts and theories growth and development and infancyjimcyjose
This document summarizes key aspects of human growth and development from conception through adolescence. It discusses physical, motor, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral development. Some main points covered include the stages of prenatal development, major milestones in infancy and childhood, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Freud's psychosexual stages, and theories of moral and faith development by Kohlberg and Fowler. Growth is described as proceeding in cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions.
CHILD DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND PIAGET'S THEORYnishakataria10
Concept, principles, stages of development,
Piagets theory of cognitive development, its stages and important terma about the theory
B.ed first year notes.
This document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and abilities. The document outlines the major stages of growth from infancy to adolescence and lists factors that can influence development such as genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, and socioeconomic status. It also provides examples of developmental milestones in areas like gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social skills that children typically reach at certain ages from birth to 2 years old.
Child and Adolescent Development Lecture NotesjovenilBacatan
This lecture notes focus on developmental processes that occur from conception through the end of adolescence and include theories of human development.
Growth refers to increases in size due to cell multiplication, while development involves qualitative changes in skills and abilities due to maturation and experience. Development includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from birth through adulthood in a generally predictable sequence. Some key principles of child development are that it proceeds from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific, and simple to complex. Development is influenced by both heredity and environment.
The document discusses key concepts related to child growth and development. It defines growth as the process of physical maturation resulting in an increase in size, while development refers to functional and physiological maturation and the progressive increase in skills and capacity. It outlines several principles of growth and development, including that it proceeds from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific, and is continuous, sequential, and predictable. Development depends on maturation and learning and is influenced by heredity and environment.
After completing this class, students will be able to differentiate between growth and development, describe principles of growth and development, and list factors that influence it. Growth is a physical change in size, while development is an increase in complexity of function and skills. Development is influenced by maturation, environment, genetics, and occurs sequentially in a head-to-toe and center-to-extremities pattern. Factors like nutrition, family, health, culture and temperament also influence growth and development from conception through the lifespan.
This document discusses individual differences across the lifespan, beginning with infancy from birth to 2 years. During infancy, physical development is rapid as infants triple in weight and grow one-third in height in the first year. Cognitively, infants develop object permanence and categorization abilities. Socially and emotionally, infants begin to smile at others by 2 months and express emotions like anger and sadness by 6 months.
The document discusses growth and development in preschoolers between ages 3-5 years. It covers biological, psychological, moral and social development during this stage. Biologically, growth slows and physical skills refine. Psychologically, children develop initiative and cognitive skills like language improve. Morally, they follow basic rules. Socially, independence grows but security needs remain. Play is important for development during this stage of life.
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science.docxbissacr
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science
Child development is one aspect of the broader, interdisciplinary field of developmental science, which includes the entire lifespan. Researchers in the area of child development typically divide these initial years into five age periods encompassing conception through adolescence.
PRENATAL PERIOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD PERIOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PERIOD
ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Does society or culture have an impact on child development? Of course! Each individual has a different religious, ethnic, and economic background. Since all of those factors influence our development, there has been a rise in research studies that address the cultural context of children’s lives. Researchers are examining the effect of culturally specific beliefs and practices on development.
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Vygotsky believed that social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for children to develop the ways of thinking and behaving that comprise a community’s culture. He saw cognitive development as a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from peers and adults as they take on new challenges. One additional discovery of cross-cultural research is that each individual culture may emphasize different tasks for childr
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) posited that our environment, consisting of our home, school, neighborhood, and beyond, is a series of structures that form a system. Each layer of that system interacts with the others and has a powerful impact on development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, children develop within this complex system of relationships and are affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM
An Illustration of Ecological Systems Theory: The Transition to Siblinghood
The early weeks after a new baby enters the family are full of profound changes. While the arrival of a newborn sibling is a normative life event for many children, the transition to siblinghood can result in a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Some children welcome the new arrival, while others experience a developmental setback in a specific area like toilet training. Volling (2005) provides a developmental ecological systems approach to examine changes in both child and family functioning that occur with the birth of a new baby.
‹ 1/5 ›
Significant changes occur within the immediate family (microsystem). Because the mother may spend most of the early weeks after the birth caring for the newborn, the quality of the father–child relationship may be particularly important for sibling adjustment.
Development as a Dynamic System
According to a theory known as dynamic systems perspective, a child.
This document discusses growth and development from prenatal stages through adolescence. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The prenatal period involves rapid somatic and neurological development, with organs forming and body proportions changing. After birth, newborns experience weight loss followed by weight gain, and their senses and motor skills develop over the first month. During infancy from 1 month to 1 year, growth is rapid as weight doubles or triples and length increases steadily. Key milestones in motor, cognitive, social, and emotional development also occur.
Growth refers to an increase in size due to cell multiplication and addition of intracellular substances. Development is a broader term that refers to qualitative changes involving maturation of functions and acquisition of skills through experience that allows for improved functioning. Some key principles of growth and development include: 1) progression from head to toe, 2) progression from the center of the body outward, and 3) dependence on biological maturation and environmental learning. Development generally proceeds from simple to complex skills and is a continuous process building upon previous stages.
The document summarizes theories of growth and development including Erikson's psychosocial development theory and Kohlberg's moral development theory. Erikson's theory outlines 8 stages of development from infancy to old age defined by psychosocial crises and the development of ego strengths. Kohlberg's theory describes 3 levels and 6 stages of moral reasoning development from obedience to rules to principled moral reasoning. The document also discusses factors influencing growth such as heredity, environment, intelligence and principles of development including continuity and predictability.
This document outlines 17 principles of growth and development:
1) Development proceeds from head to toe (cephalocaudal) and from the center of the body outward (proximodistal).
2) Growth and development is a continuous process from conception through death.
3) Development follows an orderly, sequential pattern unique to each species.
4) Growth and development are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
5) Growth occurs at an uneven pace and there is coordination between increases in size and maturation of functions.
Development describes growth throughout the lifespan from conception to death, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social and personality changes. It involves both biological and environmental factors. Child development encompasses physical, cognitive, social and emotional growth. It follows general patterns from birth through adolescence but with wide individual differences due to heredity and environment. Understanding child development principles helps ensure children's needs are met at each stage.
The document provides an overview of several theories of growth and development. It discusses Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. It also outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's psychosocial theory and stages, Fowler's stages of faith development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Additionally, it summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and Gilligan's theory of moral development. The document defines key concepts such as growth, development, and provides characteristics of growth and development.
This document discusses the principles of growth and development. It defines growth as a physical process that can be measured quantitatively through indicators like height, weight and bone size. Development refers to systematic changes in complexity of function and skills. Some key principles discussed are:
1) Development proceeds from head to toe and from the center of the body outward
2) It follows sequential stages from simple to complex abilities
3) Rates vary between individuals and different parts of the body develop at different paces
4) Maturation and learning drive development as children gain new capabilities at different stages
The document discusses key concepts in developmental psychology including definitions of development, growth, and maturation. It outlines basic principles like development following an orderly sequence and being influenced by both nature and nurture. Specific prenatal development stages from fertilization to birth are described week by week. Milestones of sensory, motor, emotional, cognitive, and social development from infancy through childhood are also outlined.
Developmental psychology involves the progressive changes that occur due to maturation and experience over time. Key concepts include development, growth, and maturation. Development follows an orderly sequence and rate of development varies between individuals. Early development is more critical than later stages. Both nature and nurture influence biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social development from prenatal stages through adulthood.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
CHILD DEVELOPMENT STAGES AND PIAGET'S THEORYnishakataria10
Concept, principles, stages of development,
Piagets theory of cognitive development, its stages and important terma about the theory
B.ed first year notes.
This document discusses growth and development in children. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in physical size while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and abilities. The document outlines the major stages of growth from infancy to adolescence and lists factors that can influence development such as genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, and socioeconomic status. It also provides examples of developmental milestones in areas like gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social skills that children typically reach at certain ages from birth to 2 years old.
Child and Adolescent Development Lecture NotesjovenilBacatan
This lecture notes focus on developmental processes that occur from conception through the end of adolescence and include theories of human development.
Growth refers to increases in size due to cell multiplication, while development involves qualitative changes in skills and abilities due to maturation and experience. Development includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from birth through adulthood in a generally predictable sequence. Some key principles of child development are that it proceeds from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific, and simple to complex. Development is influenced by both heredity and environment.
The document discusses key concepts related to child growth and development. It defines growth as the process of physical maturation resulting in an increase in size, while development refers to functional and physiological maturation and the progressive increase in skills and capacity. It outlines several principles of growth and development, including that it proceeds from head to tail, center to periphery, general to specific, and is continuous, sequential, and predictable. Development depends on maturation and learning and is influenced by heredity and environment.
After completing this class, students will be able to differentiate between growth and development, describe principles of growth and development, and list factors that influence it. Growth is a physical change in size, while development is an increase in complexity of function and skills. Development is influenced by maturation, environment, genetics, and occurs sequentially in a head-to-toe and center-to-extremities pattern. Factors like nutrition, family, health, culture and temperament also influence growth and development from conception through the lifespan.
This document discusses individual differences across the lifespan, beginning with infancy from birth to 2 years. During infancy, physical development is rapid as infants triple in weight and grow one-third in height in the first year. Cognitively, infants develop object permanence and categorization abilities. Socially and emotionally, infants begin to smile at others by 2 months and express emotions like anger and sadness by 6 months.
The document discusses growth and development in preschoolers between ages 3-5 years. It covers biological, psychological, moral and social development during this stage. Biologically, growth slows and physical skills refine. Psychologically, children develop initiative and cognitive skills like language improve. Morally, they follow basic rules. Socially, independence grows but security needs remain. Play is important for development during this stage of life.
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science.docxbissacr
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science
Child development is one aspect of the broader, interdisciplinary field of developmental science, which includes the entire lifespan. Researchers in the area of child development typically divide these initial years into five age periods encompassing conception through adolescence.
PRENATAL PERIOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD PERIOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PERIOD
ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Does society or culture have an impact on child development? Of course! Each individual has a different religious, ethnic, and economic background. Since all of those factors influence our development, there has been a rise in research studies that address the cultural context of children’s lives. Researchers are examining the effect of culturally specific beliefs and practices on development.
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Vygotsky believed that social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for children to develop the ways of thinking and behaving that comprise a community’s culture. He saw cognitive development as a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from peers and adults as they take on new challenges. One additional discovery of cross-cultural research is that each individual culture may emphasize different tasks for childr
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) posited that our environment, consisting of our home, school, neighborhood, and beyond, is a series of structures that form a system. Each layer of that system interacts with the others and has a powerful impact on development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, children develop within this complex system of relationships and are affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM
An Illustration of Ecological Systems Theory: The Transition to Siblinghood
The early weeks after a new baby enters the family are full of profound changes. While the arrival of a newborn sibling is a normative life event for many children, the transition to siblinghood can result in a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Some children welcome the new arrival, while others experience a developmental setback in a specific area like toilet training. Volling (2005) provides a developmental ecological systems approach to examine changes in both child and family functioning that occur with the birth of a new baby.
‹ 1/5 ›
Significant changes occur within the immediate family (microsystem). Because the mother may spend most of the early weeks after the birth caring for the newborn, the quality of the father–child relationship may be particularly important for sibling adjustment.
Development as a Dynamic System
According to a theory known as dynamic systems perspective, a child.
This document discusses growth and development from prenatal stages through adolescence. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in size, while development refers to qualitative improvements in skills and functions. The prenatal period involves rapid somatic and neurological development, with organs forming and body proportions changing. After birth, newborns experience weight loss followed by weight gain, and their senses and motor skills develop over the first month. During infancy from 1 month to 1 year, growth is rapid as weight doubles or triples and length increases steadily. Key milestones in motor, cognitive, social, and emotional development also occur.
Growth refers to an increase in size due to cell multiplication and addition of intracellular substances. Development is a broader term that refers to qualitative changes involving maturation of functions and acquisition of skills through experience that allows for improved functioning. Some key principles of growth and development include: 1) progression from head to toe, 2) progression from the center of the body outward, and 3) dependence on biological maturation and environmental learning. Development generally proceeds from simple to complex skills and is a continuous process building upon previous stages.
The document summarizes theories of growth and development including Erikson's psychosocial development theory and Kohlberg's moral development theory. Erikson's theory outlines 8 stages of development from infancy to old age defined by psychosocial crises and the development of ego strengths. Kohlberg's theory describes 3 levels and 6 stages of moral reasoning development from obedience to rules to principled moral reasoning. The document also discusses factors influencing growth such as heredity, environment, intelligence and principles of development including continuity and predictability.
This document outlines 17 principles of growth and development:
1) Development proceeds from head to toe (cephalocaudal) and from the center of the body outward (proximodistal).
2) Growth and development is a continuous process from conception through death.
3) Development follows an orderly, sequential pattern unique to each species.
4) Growth and development are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
5) Growth occurs at an uneven pace and there is coordination between increases in size and maturation of functions.
Development describes growth throughout the lifespan from conception to death, including physical, emotional, intellectual, social and personality changes. It involves both biological and environmental factors. Child development encompasses physical, cognitive, social and emotional growth. It follows general patterns from birth through adolescence but with wide individual differences due to heredity and environment. Understanding child development principles helps ensure children's needs are met at each stage.
The document provides an overview of several theories of growth and development. It discusses Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. It also outlines Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's psychosocial theory and stages, Fowler's stages of faith development, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Additionally, it summarizes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and Gilligan's theory of moral development. The document defines key concepts such as growth, development, and provides characteristics of growth and development.
This document discusses the principles of growth and development. It defines growth as a physical process that can be measured quantitatively through indicators like height, weight and bone size. Development refers to systematic changes in complexity of function and skills. Some key principles discussed are:
1) Development proceeds from head to toe and from the center of the body outward
2) It follows sequential stages from simple to complex abilities
3) Rates vary between individuals and different parts of the body develop at different paces
4) Maturation and learning drive development as children gain new capabilities at different stages
The document discusses key concepts in developmental psychology including definitions of development, growth, and maturation. It outlines basic principles like development following an orderly sequence and being influenced by both nature and nurture. Specific prenatal development stages from fertilization to birth are described week by week. Milestones of sensory, motor, emotional, cognitive, and social development from infancy through childhood are also outlined.
Developmental psychology involves the progressive changes that occur due to maturation and experience over time. Key concepts include development, growth, and maturation. Development follows an orderly sequence and rate of development varies between individuals. Early development is more critical than later stages. Both nature and nurture influence biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social development from prenatal stages through adulthood.
Similar to CHN I UNIT V G& D THEORIES 1& 2.pdf (20)
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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2. Why should you know about your child's growth
and development?
Human life starts from a single ferlized cell. This cell is under constant interaction with
the environment in the mother’s womb and after birth with the outside world. This
interaction leads to the Growth and Development of the child. The increasing of an
organ or limb of the baby, in size and weight is Growth. Division of each cell and their
growing into thousands in number, or their changing tissues, blood or bone, is part of
the process of Development.
The primary purpose of studying the growth and development of children is to
understand them better. As a NURSE, teacher or a parent, you, can manage children
more effectively if you are aware of how they grow and develop in a systematic manner
right from the moment of conception. An orderly pattern is found in the growth of
every organ of the body and area of development.
Although the development process is continuous, the rate or speed of development
varies at different ages of the child. For example, children grow most rapidly during the
first three years of life. In their middle childhood, i.e., from 6 - 12 years, their rate of
growth is comparatively slow whereas it is accelerated again when they approach
adolescence. A knowledge of the trends and patterns of growth and development will
enable you to know how children grow and develop; when and what to expect from
them, how to guide them in each stage and provide the environment for their optimum
development.
4. STAGES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:-
Prenatal period: Conception to birth, encompassing
the embryonic period (conception to 8 weeks) and the
fetal period(8 weeks -ending in birth).
Newborn(Neonatal) period: from birth to 2 to 4 weeks
Infancy: from 2-4 weeks to one year.
Toddler: from 1-3years ofage.
Early child hood (Preschool): From 3 to 6 years.
Late child hood (School): From the puberty to the
beginning of the adult life is called adolescence.
7. BIOLOGICALGROWTH
Changes in general body growth:
Changes results from different rates of growth in
different parts of the body during consecutive stages of
development
eg :- the infants head constitutes 1/4th of the entire
length of the body at birth, where as the adult’s head is
only 1/8th of body length
8. BIOLOGICALGROWTH
Length orheight:
Some children reach adult heights in their early teens,
but others continue to grow throughout late
adolescence.
The periods of rapid growth are infancy &puberty.
9. BIOLOGICALGROWTH
Weight:
Weight is influenced by all the increments in size &is
probably the best gross index of nutrition &health.
Obesity may result from a glandular deficiency, but it
is more likely due to over eating to a diet containing
too much starch &fat and too little protein or lack of
exercises.
10. BIOLOGICAL GROWTH
Head circumference:
The circumference of the head is an important
measurement since it is related to intracranial volume.
An increase in circumference permits an estimation of
the rate of brain growth. This measurement has a
relatively narrow normal range of a particular age
group.
11. BIOLOGICALGROWTH
Thoracic diameter:
Chest measurements increase as the child grows &the
shape of the chest changes. At birth the transverse &
anteroposterior diameters are nearly equal. The
transverse diameter increases more rapidly than does
the anteroposterior diameter i.e the width becomes
greater than the depth.
12. BIOLOGICALGROWTH
Abdominal &pelvicmeasurements:
The abdominal circumference is not fixed by a bony
cage as in the chest; consequently it is affected by the
infant’s nutritional state, muscle tone, gaseous
digestion &even the phase of respiration. The pelvic
bi-cristal diameter (the maximal distance between the
external margins of the iliac crest) is not affected by
variations in posture &musculature &is a good index
of a child’s slenderness or stockiness.
13. MOTORDEVELOPMENT
Motor development depends on the maturation of the
muscular, skeletal &nervous systems. The sequences
of skills follow the cephalocaudal &proximal
direction.
Motor development is termed as 1. Gross motor.
2. Fine motor
14. MOTORDEVELOPMENT
Gross motor activities include turning, reaching, sitting,
standing &walking.
Fine motor development is the involvement of reflexes.
The child learns to use hands & fingers for thumb
apposition, palmer grasp, release, pincer grasp and so
on.
Motor development is not affected by sex, geographic
residence, or level of parental education, although
adequate nutrition &good health exert a positive
influence. Motor development varies widely in young
children.
15. SENSORYDEVELOPMENT
The sensory system is functional at birth, the child
gradually learns the process of associating meaning
with a perceived stimuli. As myelination of the
nervous system is achieved, the child is able to
respond tospecific stimuli.
16. THEORIESOFGROWTH&
DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF THEORIES OF GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT:
Intellectual development or Jean piaget theory or cognitive
development.
Moral development orJean piaget &Lawrence Kohlberg
theory.
Emotional development or Erik. H Erikson theory or
psychosocial development.
Development of sexuality or Sigmund Freud’s theory or
psycho-sexual theory or development.
Spiritual development or James. W Fowler’s theory.
Language development.
Development of selfconcept.
17. CATEGORIES
Categories of development:
Theoretical foundationsof personality development:
Psycho-sexual development (Freud)
Psycho-social development (Erickson)
Theoretic foundations of mentaldevelopment:
Cognitive development (Piaget)
Language development
Moral development (Kohlberg)
Spiritual development(Fowler’s)
Development of selfconcept:
Body image
Self esteem
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27. THEORYOF“LAWRENCEKOHLBERG& JEANPIAGET”:
(Motor development)
Moral development described by Kohlberg(1963) is
based on cognitive developmental therapy &consist of
following three levels.
Kohlberg postulates six stages of potential moral
development organized in three levels.
Pre-conventional morality.
Conventional morality.
Post-conventional morality.
28. Level-1: pre-conventional morality:-
The pre-conventional level of moraldevelopment
parallels the pre-operational level of cognitive
development &intuitivethought.
Culturally oriented to the labels of good/ bad &right/
wrong, children integrate these in terms of physical
pleasurable consequences of their actions.
They avoid punishment &obey without question
The elements of fairness, give &take, and equal
sharing are evident, they are interpreted in a very
practical, concrete manner without loyalty, gratitude
or justice.
29. Stage 0: the good is what I like &want (0-2 years of
age)
The infants & younger toddlers are egocentric, liking
or loving that which helps them and disliking or
hating that which hurts them.
Stage 1:punishment- obedience orientation (2-3
years).
The older toddlers & young pre-school children
believe that if they are not punished, their acts are
right. If they are punished their acts are wrong.
Children therefore, act to avoid displeasing those who
are in power. This is the stage where mothers
repeatedly say“NO-NO”.
30. Stage 2 : Instrumental hedonism and concrete
reciprocity (4 to 7 years of age). Children focus on the
pleasure motive. They consider those actions right that
meet their own needs or those of other. They carry out
rules tosatisfy themselves
31. Level II CONVENTIONALMORALITY
This level corrects the behaviour and the authority, if
the behaviour not acceptable the children feel guilty.
Stage 3: Orientation to interpersonal relations of
mutuality (7 or 8 to 9 years). Children of early school
age are becoming socially sensitive and want to gain
the approvalof others.
If their actions help them gain the approval of their
family, peers, teachers they are right. Disturbed
relationships result their actions arewrong.
32. Stage 4: Maintenance of social order, fixed rules, and
authority (10-12years ofage).
Children want to do what is right and what they
consider to be their duty. They obey rules for their own
sake. Children see justice as reciprocity between the
individuals and the social system.
For example they assume responsibility on the school
safety patrol and when carrying out their duties, show
respect for those in authority. They want to maintain
order among their peers.
33. LEVEL– III POST CONVENTIONAL,AUTONOMOUS,
(OR) PRINCIPLED LEVEL:
Stage 5: Adolescence &adulthood.
Adolescent make choices on the basis of principles that
have been thoughtabout, accepted &internalized.
What ever actions conform to these principles are
considered right inspite of the praise or blame of others.
5(a) : Social contract, utilitarian law makingprespective.
5 (b) : Higher law and conscience orientation. They are
concerned that good laws be created that will maximize the
individual’s welfare. They do not want something without
paying for it, and if they belong to group they work towards
its goal.
34. Stage 6 : Universal ethical principle of orientation.
This is the level of highest moral value, and period in
which individual can motivate, evaluate themselves.
They have reached the level of self-actualization.