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San Diego 400 years of change
- 1. San Diego 400 years of Change David A. Bainbridge Associate Professor MGSM Alliant International University ENV3800 Environmental History 2007
- 2. The La Jolla People • Little known, perhaps 5000 years ago • Gatherer hunters • Stone tools
- 3. The Kumeyaay • 1-2000 BP to present • Moved in, evolved or replaced? • Sophisticated land managers • Firestick agriculture, agroforestry, planting, transplanting, and introducing new species • Hunting, fishing
- 4. The Explorers • Early days not well known • Francisco de Ulloa 1539 • Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo 1542 • Sir Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish • Spanish treasure ships • Sebastian Vizcaino 1642
- 5. Ships brought disease Fur trade ship
- 6. The explorers • Perez 1774 • James Cook 1778 • George Vancouver 1792 • Robert Gray 1792-3 • Russian fur trade (Ft. Ross 1812) • American fur traders and hunters • Pirates and scoundrels
- 7. The settlers • Spanish settled Baja starting in 1685 • Loreto 1697 • Baja Indian war 1734-1737 • San Diego 1769 • De Anza Overland to San Gabriel in 1776 with 240 people, 695 horses and mules and 355 cattle
- 8. Spanish Goals • Colonization, blocking the Russians, Americans and English • Income for Spain and • Conversion of natives to the Catholic faith
- 9. The Missions • Subdue the natives, disease, work, land removal • Cattle ranching - large herds – 40,000 at San Luis Rey by 1812 • Vineyards, orchards, crops • Dams and irrigation • Firewood and timber cutting • Introduced weeds
- 11. Soft Gold • Sea otters • Beaver • Bear • other mammals
- 12. Contra-bandistas » Sea otter harvest by Russian, British, American, Spanish and Mexican » Almost all illegal but fur ships better armed and willing to defy authorities » Tens of thousands taken from the coast, channel islands, all the way down Baja
- 13. The Americans • Fur traders, Smith 1827 • Hudson’s Bay trappers to the Gulf of California • Horse thieves • Traders - to Santa Fe and beyond
- 14. The Mexicans • Mexican independence in 1822 • Missions declined • Wealthy ranchos and landowners • Hides and tallow • 1829-30 drought killed 40,000 animals • 1.25 million hides sent out 1820-1845
- 15. Californios • Cattle ranchers • Horsemen • Defeated the US Army at the Battle of San Pasqual • Cowhides sold to visiting ships
- 16. More trade, settlers and visitors • Introduced new ideas and new diseases and weeds • Whaling stations • More settlers from America and abroad • Took native lands and suppressed management practices like firestick agriculture
- 17. The Gold Rush • 1849 rush brought thousands to California • Demand for meat drove up prices and profits (and more cattle ranching) • Further decline of Natives (disease, killing, hunger) • 1.5 billion cubic yards of sediment washed into rivers • Mercury, cyanide and other pollutants
- 18. Settlement • A spinoff of the gold rush • By 1862 there were 3 million cattle and 9 million sheep • Farmers, loggers, ranchers, and city folk arrived and set up new businesses and families • Land speculators, crooks, timber pirates
- 19. Overgrazing
- 20. San Diego • 1850 Davis' Folly - the first failed attempt. Davis paid $2,304 for 160 acres, built a $60,000 wharf 600 feet long. "New town" was started by present Front and Broadway. Davis brought in prefab houses from Maine • The 1851 Fire in San Francisco cost Davis $700,000 and he had to drop his SD development • In 1853 a steamer ran into the wharf and damaged it • In 1862 the army detachment used it for firewood
- 21. Horton Arrives • The 1857 Panic led to a decline before the war • Many Confederates came after the war (and so did the KKK) • 1867 - Alonzo Horton arrived from SF. "I thought San Diego must be a heaven on earth" • Elected trustees and bought 960 acres for $265. His first bid for $100 on 200 acres was met with laughter – the audience knew it was worth only $20.
- 22. New Town • 1868 - New San Diego Hotel, new piers • Free lots to house builders - also lots for $10 (selling 60-100 a day). He sold $5,500 worth in one day • 1440 acres set aside for Balboa Park • 1869 - Horton grossed $300,000 dollars • 1870 - Chamber of Commerce formed, 1871 Census reveals 85 occupations, 22 physicians, 20 saloonkeepers, 33 lawyers • 1872 County courthouse built
- 23. The Panic of 1873 • 1873 railroad started (Texas and Pacific). • Bond salesmen in France were caught by the Panic of 1873 • This was caused by rampant speculation • Bank loans in the US had increased at 7 times the rate of deposits • Catastrophic to many people, including many middle and upper class • This ended development in San Diego for a while
- 24. 1870s • 1874 flood • Still many Indians living in the area • Income was from honey, wheat, wool, whale oil, hides, fish, salt • Recreational hunting (dove, rabbits, deer, antelope), fishing for trout in creeks and sea fishing. One pair of hunters killed 35,000 quail in a winter • 1883 Montgomery first flight San Diego in a glider
- 25. Fruit • 1883 railroad from SD-San Bernardino completed. 1884 washed out! • 1885 repaired and reaches Barstow • Much progress in gardening, farming. Fruit, honey, potatoes, shipped. • 1885 first skyscraper • Railroad fares which had been $100 from Chicago drop to $50 and then $1 in a fare war between railroads
- 26. Progress • 1886 - electricity. • 1887 - real estate boom, values increase 10 times in a few months • Mission Valley lands sells for up to $135 acre • 64 food stores, 71 saloons, 120 houses of prostitution • Wyatt Earp arrives and sets up gambling houses • Seances all the rage
- 27. Development • 1888 - New subdivisions and cities - Pacific Beach, La Jolla, Del Mar, Encinitas are booming • Hotel del Coronado built • Sweetwater dam (for water), flume to Cuyamaca Lake (35 miles), Otay dam and Morena dam started - trying to get water • 1889 - Over speculation again. Of 8 banks in 1889 only 3 survive into the mid 1890s
- 28. The Panic of 1893 • Triggered by the failure of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad with negotiable assets of $100,000 and debts of $18 million • Silver valuation changes, drops 40% 1890-1893 • New competition from farm production in Australia, Canada, Argentina.
- 29. A hard landing • In 1880 a bushel of wheat sold for 95¢ in 1895 only 50¢, similar declines for corn and cotton • Market crash catches many • Unemployment 20% plus • 600 banks fail in the U.S. and 156 railroads • Immigration from Europe swells as worldwide depression continues
- 30. Rebound begins • 1898 - Theosophical society arrives, karma, occult, yoga. Pt Loma colony. • 1902 - work starts on Balboa Park, • 1915 - Exposition Balboa Park, 3 million visitors • This brought F.D. Roosevelt to S.D., he appreciated the quality of the harbor and North Island was purchased. Sets the stage for the big military buildup
- 31. Population and wood demand Year Population firewood cords 1810 250 250 1874 1,500 1,500 1880 2,000 2,000 1886 7,500 7,500 1887 35,000 30,000 1890 16,000 15,000
- 32. Modern times 1930s Great depression 1940s WWII boom 1960s and 1970s Vietnam war boom 1980-2000 tourism development and sprawl 1990s Casino boom starts 2002 Iraq war boom 200? Solar development begins
- 33. Future Challenges Water Energy Education Economic equity Economic diversification Biodiversity Community Climate change — wildfires, drought
- 34. More information » www.furwar.com 1765-1840. » Dana, R.H. 1840. Two Years Before the Mast. » Lanman, C.W., K. Lundquist, H. Perryman, J. Eli Asarian, B. Dolman, R. B. Lanman and M. Pollock. 2013. The historical range of beaver (Castor canadensis) in coastal California and the San Francisco Bay Area: An updated review of the evidence. California Fish and Game 99(4): 193–221. » Anderson, M.K. 2013. Tending the Wild. UC Press. » Palumbi, S.R and C. Sotka. 2011.The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. Island Press. » Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple. 1972. The California Indians: A Source Book. UC Press.